Topic of Sociology, Population, Population Structure, Movements and Concentration, Population Change, Sources of population change, Birth Rate, Death Rate, Migration Rate and its types, Population Structures, Population Pyramids, Birth rate, Crude Birth rate, Age specific fertility rates, Mortality, Crude death rate, Age specific mortality rate, Events that impact death rate, War, Genocide, How to reduce death rate, Migration, Immigration, Emigration
The document discusses key elements of population composition and structure, including sex ratio and age structure. It defines sex ratio as the number of males per 100 females in a population. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids that show cohorts in 5-year age groups. The postwar US baby boom from 1946 to 1964 significantly increased births, affecting age structure. Analysis of population composition and structure is important for understanding future population growth patterns and the dependency ratio.
The document discusses population pyramids and the information they provide about a population. Population pyramids show the number of males and females in different age groups through side-by-side bar graphs. They can reveal a population's birth and death rates, life expectancy, and whether it is experiencing rapid growth, slow growth, or is stable or decreasing. Pyramids for less economically developed countries typically have a wide base indicating high fertility rates and dependency, while developed countries have narrow bases and wider tops due to lower birth rates and longer lifespans. The shape of the pyramid provides implications for a country's resources, jobs, and future population growth.
The document discusses population structure and its representation through population pyramids. It defines key terms like CBR, CDR, and life expectancy. Countries are expected to be at different stages of the demographic transition model based on their CBR and CDR. Population pyramids show the ratio of age groups in a population and how this structure impacts a population's needs. Interpreting pyramids involves placing descriptive sentences on sample pyramids from France and Kenya. Calculating a country's dependency ratio involves dividing the number of non-working young and elderly by the working-age population. Homework involves calculating dependency ratios for several countries.
A Brief Discussion on demographic transition theory.Rizwan Khan
Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
This is the 10th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Thomas Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading to periodic catastrophes from famine and disease. He argued this would keep population in check. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to growth from resource depletion would be reached within 100 years. Esther Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural productivity, increasing food supply. While their theories differ, all raised important issues around sustainability and limits to growth that remain relevant today.
The document discusses key elements of population composition and structure, including sex ratio and age structure. It defines sex ratio as the number of males per 100 females in a population. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids that show cohorts in 5-year age groups. The postwar US baby boom from 1946 to 1964 significantly increased births, affecting age structure. Analysis of population composition and structure is important for understanding future population growth patterns and the dependency ratio.
The document discusses population pyramids and the information they provide about a population. Population pyramids show the number of males and females in different age groups through side-by-side bar graphs. They can reveal a population's birth and death rates, life expectancy, and whether it is experiencing rapid growth, slow growth, or is stable or decreasing. Pyramids for less economically developed countries typically have a wide base indicating high fertility rates and dependency, while developed countries have narrow bases and wider tops due to lower birth rates and longer lifespans. The shape of the pyramid provides implications for a country's resources, jobs, and future population growth.
The document discusses population structure and its representation through population pyramids. It defines key terms like CBR, CDR, and life expectancy. Countries are expected to be at different stages of the demographic transition model based on their CBR and CDR. Population pyramids show the ratio of age groups in a population and how this structure impacts a population's needs. Interpreting pyramids involves placing descriptive sentences on sample pyramids from France and Kenya. Calculating a country's dependency ratio involves dividing the number of non-working young and elderly by the working-age population. Homework involves calculating dependency ratios for several countries.
A Brief Discussion on demographic transition theory.Rizwan Khan
Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
This is the 10th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Thomas Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading to periodic catastrophes from famine and disease. He argued this would keep population in check. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to growth from resource depletion would be reached within 100 years. Esther Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural productivity, increasing food supply. While their theories differ, all raised important issues around sustainability and limits to growth that remain relevant today.
The document discusses population growth and its impacts in India. It notes that India currently has over 1.3 billion people and is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2024. Rapid population growth is straining resources and creating issues like unemployment, food and housing shortages, pollution, and displacement from climate change impacts. Solutions proposed to control population growth include increasing access to education and healthcare, promoting family planning, raising the status of women, and improving living standards through employment opportunities and economic development.
Human population, population issues, population growth curvue, factors contro...Vamsi kumar
This document provides an overview of the Module 4 topics on human population and the environment from the Department of MLT at SMAS. It includes 7 sections written by different authors on topics such as population growth curves, causes of population growth, factors controlling growth, and family planning programs. The document examines biological and socioeconomic drivers of population increases and consequences of overpopulation like resource depletion and increased pollution.
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
The document discusses population change and its causes. Population change results from natural changes like births and deaths, as well as migration. The demographic transition model describes the typical pattern of population change that occurs as countries industrialize - death rates initially fall as living conditions improve, followed later by falling birth rates. However, the model has weaknesses in overgeneralizing and not accounting for non-industrializing countries or factors like government policy and cultural attitudes. Migration can also significantly impact population change on both short and long time scales.
The document discusses population composition and structure. It defines population structure as the makeup or composition of a population. The two basic elements of population composition are sex structure and age structure. Sex structure is measured using the sex ratio, which is the number of males per 100 females. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids, which graphically display the age and sex distribution of a population in 5-year cohorts. Population pyramids can reveal trends in birth rates, death rates, and other demographic influences. The dependency ratio compares the number of dependents to the working-age population.
The document discusses sex ratios in populations globally and by region. The global sex ratio at birth is estimated to be 107 boys for every 100 girls. Sex ratios can be determined by factors influencing sex ratio at conception, embryo survival in utero, and mortality rates after birth. Data from 2011 shows large variations in sex ratios across countries in India, with some states having over 1000 boys for every 100 girls. The age and sex structure of a population is important demographic data that provides insights into fertility, mortality, and migration patterns.
Population and development are interlinked. It is not easy to distinguish cause and effect relationship between these two. However, they may reinforce each other and may provide some synergistic role.
This theory throws light on changes in birth and death rate and consequently on the growth rate of population. The relationship between birth and death rate changes with economic development and a country has to pass through different stages of population growth. This theory depicts the four stages of demographic transition that a country has to pass.
population development and environment is not directly linked but yet there is a indirect complex relationship between population development/ activities and environment for example urbanization, slums , mega cities emerge and the use of natural resources mush faster then they replanish
Population projection (30 1-2017) by dr min ko koMmedsc Hahm
This document provides information on population estimation and projection methods. It begins by stating the expected learning outcomes and defining the key differences between estimation, which focuses on the present or recent past population, and projection, which focuses on future populations. It then discusses purposes of population projection like government planning. The document outlines several methods for estimation and projection including mathematical, component, and cohort component methods. It provides details on assumptions for fertility, mortality, and migration used in projections. It also discusses presenting projection outputs and revising projections over time.
This is a powerpoint showing Malthusian theory of population and the Demographic Transition Model
This video adds a lot to the lesson as a whole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAkW_i0bDpQ&feature=em-subs_digest
This document summarizes Thomas Malthus' theory of population growth. It outlines Malthus' key assumptions, including that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, leading to an imbalance. It also discusses Malthus' ideas around positive and preventive population checks. The document then summarizes several criticisms of Malthus' theory, including that technological advances have allowed food production to keep pace with population growth, and that migration and birth control have disrupted the relationship between population and subsistence assumed by Malthus.
The document discusses the population theories of Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup. Malthus believed population would grow exponentially while food production grew arithmetically, eventually leading to famine. Boserup argued population growth would stimulate agricultural and technological advances to increase food supply. The document applies each theory to Uganda, with disease and poverty supporting Malthus, and to China, where prosperity contradicts Malthus but aligns with Boserup's view of technological responses to growth. Both theories may be correct depending on a population's ability to overcome limits through advancement.
This document discusses different models of migration including push and pull factors, Lee's migration model, and Ravenstein's laws of migration. It provides definitions for push factors that drive people away and pull factors that attract migrants to a destination. Lee's model shows migration as a process with intervening obstacles. Ravenstein's laws are based on patterns observed in 1880s UK, including that most migration occurs over short distances, to urban areas, and in stages with rural residents more likely to migrate.
This document discusses several theories related to population growth and carrying capacity of the Earth:
- Cornucopians believe that continued technological progress will allow humanity to meet its material needs and support continued population growth, even drawing on outer space for resources.
- Malthusians argue that population growth will eventually outpace the Earth's ability to produce food and resources, leading to scarcity.
- William Catton's overshoot theory holds that humanity has already exceeded the planet's carrying capacity through environmental damage from overconsumption.
- Ester Boserup believed that population growth enables agricultural innovations to increase food production through more intensive farming methods.
- The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that based on
The document provides information about world population trends, including definitions of key demographic concepts. It discusses topics like population growth rates, birth and death rates, life expectancy, fertility rates, rural vs urban populations, and UN Millennium Development Goals. Data on population figures, distributions and projections for different countries and world regions are presented.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and their characteristics. It deals with five key demographic processes: size, distribution, structure, change (through births, deaths, and migration), and characteristics like ethnicity, economic status, and more. Data comes from sources like censuses, surveys, vital event registration, and demographic studies. India's population as of 2011 was over 1.2 billion, with a density of 382 per square km and urbanization increasing. Key indicators include crude birth rate, death rate, growth rate, sex ratio, dependency ratio, and life expectancy.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
Population pyramids are diagrams that show the distribution of different age and sex groups in a population. They provide insight into a country's demographic structure and trends. Population pyramids for developing countries typically have a wide base, indicating high birth rates and a youthful population, while developed country pyramids have a narrower base due to lower birth rates. This reflects differences in factors like life expectancy, fertility rates, and economic development. Population pyramids can reveal challenges and opportunities countries may face related to their age structure.
In this chapter we learn about those most important skills that are important for better career. Those skills are Communications Skills (listening, verbal, written), Flexibility/Adaptability/Managing Multiple Priorities, Ability to functioning admirably under pressure, Leadership/Management Skills, Planning/Organizing, Problem-Solving/Reasoning/Creativity/Decision-Making, Analyzing and Investigating/Research Skills, Teamwork, Commercial mindfulness (or business keenness), Information technology, Perseverance and inspiration/Initiative/Self-Motivation, Self-Confidence, Time Management Abilities, Ability to Accept and Learn From Criticism.
Jhony and Jugno Success Story as a small but successful Business. In these slides we discuss about the failure and Success of Jhony and Jugno. We discuss About INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, FIRST OUTLET, SELECTION OF LOCATION, GOHAR IQBAL’S Entrepreneurship Thoughts, MONTHLY REVENUE, ACHIEVEMENTS of Jhony & Jugno.
The document discusses population growth and its impacts in India. It notes that India currently has over 1.3 billion people and is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2024. Rapid population growth is straining resources and creating issues like unemployment, food and housing shortages, pollution, and displacement from climate change impacts. Solutions proposed to control population growth include increasing access to education and healthcare, promoting family planning, raising the status of women, and improving living standards through employment opportunities and economic development.
Human population, population issues, population growth curvue, factors contro...Vamsi kumar
This document provides an overview of the Module 4 topics on human population and the environment from the Department of MLT at SMAS. It includes 7 sections written by different authors on topics such as population growth curves, causes of population growth, factors controlling growth, and family planning programs. The document examines biological and socioeconomic drivers of population increases and consequences of overpopulation like resource depletion and increased pollution.
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
The document discusses population change and its causes. Population change results from natural changes like births and deaths, as well as migration. The demographic transition model describes the typical pattern of population change that occurs as countries industrialize - death rates initially fall as living conditions improve, followed later by falling birth rates. However, the model has weaknesses in overgeneralizing and not accounting for non-industrializing countries or factors like government policy and cultural attitudes. Migration can also significantly impact population change on both short and long time scales.
The document discusses population composition and structure. It defines population structure as the makeup or composition of a population. The two basic elements of population composition are sex structure and age structure. Sex structure is measured using the sex ratio, which is the number of males per 100 females. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids, which graphically display the age and sex distribution of a population in 5-year cohorts. Population pyramids can reveal trends in birth rates, death rates, and other demographic influences. The dependency ratio compares the number of dependents to the working-age population.
The document discusses sex ratios in populations globally and by region. The global sex ratio at birth is estimated to be 107 boys for every 100 girls. Sex ratios can be determined by factors influencing sex ratio at conception, embryo survival in utero, and mortality rates after birth. Data from 2011 shows large variations in sex ratios across countries in India, with some states having over 1000 boys for every 100 girls. The age and sex structure of a population is important demographic data that provides insights into fertility, mortality, and migration patterns.
Population and development are interlinked. It is not easy to distinguish cause and effect relationship between these two. However, they may reinforce each other and may provide some synergistic role.
This theory throws light on changes in birth and death rate and consequently on the growth rate of population. The relationship between birth and death rate changes with economic development and a country has to pass through different stages of population growth. This theory depicts the four stages of demographic transition that a country has to pass.
population development and environment is not directly linked but yet there is a indirect complex relationship between population development/ activities and environment for example urbanization, slums , mega cities emerge and the use of natural resources mush faster then they replanish
Population projection (30 1-2017) by dr min ko koMmedsc Hahm
This document provides information on population estimation and projection methods. It begins by stating the expected learning outcomes and defining the key differences between estimation, which focuses on the present or recent past population, and projection, which focuses on future populations. It then discusses purposes of population projection like government planning. The document outlines several methods for estimation and projection including mathematical, component, and cohort component methods. It provides details on assumptions for fertility, mortality, and migration used in projections. It also discusses presenting projection outputs and revising projections over time.
This is a powerpoint showing Malthusian theory of population and the Demographic Transition Model
This video adds a lot to the lesson as a whole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAkW_i0bDpQ&feature=em-subs_digest
This document summarizes Thomas Malthus' theory of population growth. It outlines Malthus' key assumptions, including that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, leading to an imbalance. It also discusses Malthus' ideas around positive and preventive population checks. The document then summarizes several criticisms of Malthus' theory, including that technological advances have allowed food production to keep pace with population growth, and that migration and birth control have disrupted the relationship between population and subsistence assumed by Malthus.
The document discusses the population theories of Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup. Malthus believed population would grow exponentially while food production grew arithmetically, eventually leading to famine. Boserup argued population growth would stimulate agricultural and technological advances to increase food supply. The document applies each theory to Uganda, with disease and poverty supporting Malthus, and to China, where prosperity contradicts Malthus but aligns with Boserup's view of technological responses to growth. Both theories may be correct depending on a population's ability to overcome limits through advancement.
This document discusses different models of migration including push and pull factors, Lee's migration model, and Ravenstein's laws of migration. It provides definitions for push factors that drive people away and pull factors that attract migrants to a destination. Lee's model shows migration as a process with intervening obstacles. Ravenstein's laws are based on patterns observed in 1880s UK, including that most migration occurs over short distances, to urban areas, and in stages with rural residents more likely to migrate.
This document discusses several theories related to population growth and carrying capacity of the Earth:
- Cornucopians believe that continued technological progress will allow humanity to meet its material needs and support continued population growth, even drawing on outer space for resources.
- Malthusians argue that population growth will eventually outpace the Earth's ability to produce food and resources, leading to scarcity.
- William Catton's overshoot theory holds that humanity has already exceeded the planet's carrying capacity through environmental damage from overconsumption.
- Ester Boserup believed that population growth enables agricultural innovations to increase food production through more intensive farming methods.
- The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that based on
The document provides information about world population trends, including definitions of key demographic concepts. It discusses topics like population growth rates, birth and death rates, life expectancy, fertility rates, rural vs urban populations, and UN Millennium Development Goals. Data on population figures, distributions and projections for different countries and world regions are presented.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and their characteristics. It deals with five key demographic processes: size, distribution, structure, change (through births, deaths, and migration), and characteristics like ethnicity, economic status, and more. Data comes from sources like censuses, surveys, vital event registration, and demographic studies. India's population as of 2011 was over 1.2 billion, with a density of 382 per square km and urbanization increasing. Key indicators include crude birth rate, death rate, growth rate, sex ratio, dependency ratio, and life expectancy.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
Population pyramids are diagrams that show the distribution of different age and sex groups in a population. They provide insight into a country's demographic structure and trends. Population pyramids for developing countries typically have a wide base, indicating high birth rates and a youthful population, while developed country pyramids have a narrower base due to lower birth rates. This reflects differences in factors like life expectancy, fertility rates, and economic development. Population pyramids can reveal challenges and opportunities countries may face related to their age structure.
In this chapter we learn about those most important skills that are important for better career. Those skills are Communications Skills (listening, verbal, written), Flexibility/Adaptability/Managing Multiple Priorities, Ability to functioning admirably under pressure, Leadership/Management Skills, Planning/Organizing, Problem-Solving/Reasoning/Creativity/Decision-Making, Analyzing and Investigating/Research Skills, Teamwork, Commercial mindfulness (or business keenness), Information technology, Perseverance and inspiration/Initiative/Self-Motivation, Self-Confidence, Time Management Abilities, Ability to Accept and Learn From Criticism.
Jhony and Jugno Success Story as a small but successful Business. In these slides we discuss about the failure and Success of Jhony and Jugno. We discuss About INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, FIRST OUTLET, SELECTION OF LOCATION, GOHAR IQBAL’S Entrepreneurship Thoughts, MONTHLY REVENUE, ACHIEVEMENTS of Jhony & Jugno.
The United Nations Convention against Torture is an international treaty that aims to prevent torture around the world. It defines torture and establishes the Committee Against Torture to monitor states' compliance. States must prevent torture, not extradite people where torture may occur, provide due process, and educate their personnel about prohibiting torture. The Convention defines torture and sets forth state obligations and individual rights regarding torture.
Topic of Sociology, Crime and Deviance, Norms and Crime/Deviance, Introduction, Legally Deviant Behavior, Illegally Deviant Behavior, Criminal Behavior, Reasons People Commit Crimes and deviance, Deviance and crime, Group deviance, Three views of deviance, Biological, Psychological, Sociological, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Reinforcement theories, Differential association theory, Social conflict perspectives, Symbolic integrationists perspectives, Labeling theory, William Chambliss Experiment, Experiment by D.L Rosenhan, Crime, Crime Classification, Types of Crime, How is crime reported?, Recording Crime, Measures of crime, CRIME AND GENDER, CRIME AND AGE, ETHNIC GROUP/ETHNICITY, INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, Crime And Ethnicity, Crime And Social Class, Occupational Crime, Professional Crime Corporate Crime, Computer Crime, The criminal justice system, Police Duties, The criminal justice system, Justifications of punishment, Retributive justice, Social control
The report is based on lots of research work by the students of Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
This Report includes how research report should be made.
we cover the topics of Introduction / Purpose, Background of the Study, Problem Formulation, Problem statement, Significance of the Study (Aims), Theoretical framework, Research objectives, Specific objectives, Literature Review, Research questions and Hypothesis, Main research question, Research Hypotheses, Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis, Methodology, Research Methodology, Introduction, Research Design, Population/Sample, Strategy of Inquiry, Measurement of Questions, Important Tasks by Respondents, Problems and Error in Survey, Data Analysis, Validity and Reliability, Reliability Statistics, Analysis Procedure, Demographics, Qualification of the Students, Pearson Correlation, Linear & Multiple Regressions, Model Summary, ANOVA (Analysis of the variances), Coefficients, Charts, All variables Charts, One Sample Test, Chi Square Test, , Histogram, Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual, Scatterplot, Conclusion and Recommendations, Conclusion, Suggestions and Recommendations, Limitations and directions for further research, References.
It’s a project based on generic view of Scholarship Database Management System but we have considered a case of WAPDA and then create a database on a basic level.
Besides this me and my group fellows cover the following topics WAPDA, INCORPORATION:, RESPONSIBILITIES, SEGMENTS, POWER Wing, WATER Wing, ORGANOGRAM, EXPERIENCE, CASE SCENARIO:, ENTITIES:, ASSOCIATIONS:, QUESTIONNAIRE, ERD BEFORE NORMALIZATION, NORMALIZATION:, ERD AFTER NORMALIZATION, SCRIPT, DESCRIBE STATEMENTS;, CONTACT, ADDRESS, BIRTH, COURSE, CHILDREN, DEPARTMENTS, ORGANIZATION, STUDENT, INCOME, EMPLOYEES, APPLICANTS, SPONSORS, EVENTS, DONORS, SCHOLARSHIP, ISTALLMENTS, PAYMENT, FUNDS, SELECT STATEMENTS, Views, SIMPLE VIEWS, COMPLEX VIEWS, SQL Queries, USER_OBJECTS, USER_CONSTRAINTS.
If you want to access complete package of word file, Visio file, Script and etc. related to this project then contact me.
QMobile is a Pakistani mobile phone company established in 2009. It aims to offer affordable yet high-quality smartphones and basic phones. The document discusses QMobile's marketing mix - their products include over 350 models across different categories priced affordably. It promotes through celebrity endorsements, sponsorships, and TV ads. While this strategy has made QMobile the top smartphone brand in Pakistan, some of its practices like limited storage, outdated software, and revealing ads raise ethical concerns. The document recommends QMobile focus more on quality and cultural sensitivity to address such issues.
Social control, Meaning of social control, Need of social control, Social control theory, Types of social control, Objectives and functions of social control, Social sanctions and its types, Reestablishing the OLD Social System, Regulation of Individual Social Behavior, Obedience to Social Decisions, To Establish Social Unity, To bring Solidarity, To bring Conformity in Society, To Provide Social Sanction, To Check Cultural Maladjustment, Direct social control, Indirect social control, positive or negative, physical or psychological, formal or informal, Combination
In these slides we discuss about Economic Growth & Business Cycle like GDP, Real GDP, Ways of measuring GDP, GNP, Aggregate Demand and Supply, Stages and Shape of Business Cycle, Growth / Expansion, Peak / Boom, Recession, Depression
The document discusses many of the economic problems facing Pakistan and potential solutions. It identifies 15 challenges including the war on terror, energy crisis, inadequate exports, high inflation, lack of tourism, large fiscal deficits, and corruption. It then provides recommendations such as improving technology, governance, energy solutions, private sector growth, and utilizing natural resources to address these issues. The document provides a comprehensive overview of Pakistan's economic issues and pathways towards improving the country's economy.
Topic of Sociology, Defining Collective Behavior, Forms of Collective Behavior, Fashions and Fads, Rumors, Urban Legends, Mass Hysteria, Crowds, Theories of Collective Behavior, Need for Collective Behaviour Theories, Various Collective Behaviour Theories, Contagion Theory, Contagion Theory, Contagion Theory, Defining Social Movements, Formation of Social Movements, Types of Social Movements, Redemptive Movements, Alternative Movements, Decline of Social Movements, Theories of Social Movements, Deprivation theory, Mass-society theory, Resource-mobilization theory, New social movements theory, New social movements theory, Globalization and Internet, Social Change, Collective Behavior, Social Movement, Collective Actions, Reformative Social Movements, Reformative Social Movements, Transformative Social Movement, Transformative Social Movement, Reformative Social Movements
1. The document discusses theories of social change including evolutionary theory, conflict theory, functional theory, and cyclical theory.
2. It explains the processes of social change as discovery, invention, and diffusion of new ideas and technologies.
3. Factors that can drive social change are also outlined, such as physical environment, population, culture, attitudes, and perceived needs.
This document provides a financial analysis of Engro Corp Ltd, a Pakistani conglomerate. It begins with an overview of Engro Corp and its subsidiaries, which include fertilizer, petrochemical, food, and energy businesses. The analysis then examines the financial ratios of Engro Chemical Pakistan Ltd, a fertilizer subsidiary, to evaluate its liquidity, leverage, activity, and profitability. Similar ratio analyses are also provided for Fauji Fertilizer Company Ltd, a competitor. Trend analyses of the financial statements of both companies are included. The document aims to analyze the financial performance and position of Engro Corp Ltd and its fertilizer subsidiary through the use of financial ratios.
Hasan Shameem is the Legal Counsel for Coca-Cola Pakistan & Afghanistan Region. He is responsible for ensuring the company's compliance with local and international laws and policies, and handling any legal claims involving the company in the region. Hasan recently joined Coca-Cola after graduating from the University of Bristol in 2007 with an LLB degree. Prior to this role, he worked as a legal counsel assistant.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
In this report you can study about Marketing Mix Nestle Company
We are covering the following topics:
Nestlé’s History, Shape of the Nestlé Logo, NESTLÉ – An Introduction, Mission Statement, Vision and Values, NESTLÉ TODAY, Major Competitors, BCG Growth Matrix, Product Life Cycle, Our progress, The Nestlé Policy on Environmental Sustainability, Nestlé Environmental Management System, Product life-cycle approach, Nestlé – Four “Ps”, Products, Variety, Quality, Packaging,, Services & Brand name, Price, Industry overview and performance in FY09, Financial performance (FY04-10), Profitability, Liquidity, Asset management, Debt management, Market ratios, Future outlook, Place, Distribution Channel, Coverage, Inventory, Logistics, Promotion, Modes of advertising, Direct Mail/SMS to Users, Outdoor Advertisement, Transit Advertising, Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Of Nestlé, Market Strategies, Marketing Strategy of Nestlé in Pakistan, Market Segmentation, Target Marketing, Differentiation, SWOT Analysis, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, PEST Analysis, Political analysis, Economical Environment, Social analysis, Technological, General Recommendations by the Public, Conclusion
In this report you can study about Marketing Mix of Nestle Company
We are covering the following topics:
Nestlé’s History, Shape of the Nestlé Logo, NESTLÉ – An Introduction, Mission Statement, Vision and Values, NESTLÉ TODAY, Major Competitors, BCG Growth Matrix, Product Life Cycle, Our progress, The Nestlé Policy on Environmental Sustainability, Nestlé Environmental Management System, Product life-cycle approach, Nestlé – Four “Ps”, Products, Variety, Quality, Packaging,, Services & Brand name, Price, Industry overview and performance in FY09, Financial performance (FY04-10), Profitability, Liquidity, Asset management, Debt management, Market ratios, Future outlook, Place, Distribution Channel, Coverage, Inventory, Logistics, Promotion, Modes of advertising, Direct Mail/SMS to Users, Outdoor Advertisement, Transit Advertising, Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Of Nestlé, Market Strategies, Marketing Strategy of Nestlé in Pakistan, Market Segmentation, Target Marketing, Differentiation, SWOT Analysis, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, PEST Analysis, Political analysis, Economical Environment, Social analysis, Technological, General Recommendations by the Public, Conclusion
The document discusses population dynamics and demography. It covers several key topics:
1. Population is a dynamic field that has seen significant changes in birth rates and population trajectories globally in recent years.
2. Demographic factors like population size, growth, structure, and changes impact many aspects of life from housing to healthcare.
3. Global population is still rising by over 80 million per year and is expected to continue growing this century unless action is taken. The largest population growth will occur in sub-Saharan Africa.
This document summarizes key concepts in population and demography. It defines population as the number of people in a geographic area and demography as the statistical analysis of population characteristics. Rapid population growth can strain resources and lead to issues like poverty, overcrowding, and environmental degradation. Components of population change include fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and migration. Countries have implemented measures to control population growth such as family planning programs, abortion legalization, and encouraging delayed marriage.
This document summarizes key concepts in population and demography. It defines population as the number of people in a geographic area and demography as the statistical analysis of population characteristics. Rapid population growth can strain resources and lead to issues like poverty, overcrowding, and environmental degradation. Components of population change include fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and migration. Countries have implemented measures to control population growth such as family planning programs, abortion legalization, and encouraging delayed marriage.
This document summarizes key concepts in population and demography. It defines population as the number of people in a geographic area and demography as the statistical analysis of population characteristics. Rapid population growth can strain resources and lead to issues like poverty, overcrowding, and environmental degradation. Components of population change include fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and migration. Countries have implemented measures to control population growth such as family planning programs, abortion legalization, and encouraging delayed marriage.
This document discusses several topics related to population, urbanization, and the environment. It begins by describing the process of fracking and some of its environmental risks, such as large water usage, potential groundwater pollution, and induced seismic activity. However, fracking also provides economic benefits like job creation and access to untapped energy reserves. The document then discusses trends in global population growth, noting that populations are growing most rapidly in developing countries with high fertility rates. It also outlines the stages of demographic transition and projects population changes for different world regions over the 21st century. The document further examines the process of urbanization, including the growth of cities and suburbs, and some challenges faced by urban and suburban areas like pollution, sprawl
This document discusses various demographic indicators and compares statistics between first, second, and third world countries. It defines indicators like fertility rate, mortality rate, population growth rate, migration rate, and discusses metrics for countries like Canada, China, and Pakistan. Fertility rates are declining in developed nations due to economic factors influencing family size. Mortality rates are falling globally due to improved healthcare. Population growth is highest in the third world due to sustained high fertility and declining mortality. Migration is influenced by various push-pull factors. Overall life expectancy and health outcomes are better in the first world compared to other nations.
The document discusses population growth and structure. It begins by outlining factors that affect population distribution and density, such as physical, social, economic and political influences. It then describes population concepts like birth rate, death rate, natural increase/decrease, and density. Models of population change are presented, including the demographic transition model and population pyramids. Population pyramids illustrate age and sex structures and can indicate development levels. Overpopulation causes and problems are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines demography as the study of human populations, their size, composition, and distribution, as well as changes over time. Some key points covered include:
- The three main components that determine population dynamics are births, deaths, and migration.
- Fertility is influenced by cultural, social, economic and health factors, which operate through four proximate determinants: sexual activity, contraception, infecundity, and abortion.
- Mortality is measured through death rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy.
- Population composition looks at characteristics like age and sex.
- Demographic data comes
The document discusses population growth and its impacts. It notes that the world population has doubled since 1960 and is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050. Overpopulation can create issues like increased consumption, disparity, and migration. Models like Malthus' predict population will outpace food growth, leading to famine, but technological advances have increased food supply. Boserup argued that population pressure spurs innovation to intensify agriculture and increase yields. However, overpopulation can also degrade the environment in fragile areas.
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The document discusses human population growth and its impacts. It notes that human populations grew slowly until recent centuries, but have since experienced rapid exponential growth. There is debate around whether population growth or other factors like inequality are the root causes of social problems. While population growth may provide economic benefits, it also risks resource depletion and environmental degradation if not managed sustainably.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations. It examines the size, growth, characteristics, and distribution of populations. Key factors studied in demography include birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, population growth rates, and the age/sex composition of populations. Understanding population trends and dynamics is important for shaping policy around issues like overpopulation, resource allocation, and quality of life. Common sources of demographic data include national censuses, vital statistics systems, and sample surveys. Thomas Malthus was an early scholar who argued that population growth would outpace food supply growth if left unchecked. Modern scholars study population issues from both optimistic and pessimistic perspectives.
Malthusian theory proposed that population grows exponentially while the food supply grows arithmetically, leading to population outstripping the food supply. Neo-Malthusians revived these concerns in the 20th century, predicting mass starvation. However, their predictions did not come true due to technological advances increasing food production. While some neo-Malthusians continue predicting famine, data from the UN and World Bank show that global food production has increased steadily, keeping pace with population growth through yield improvements and the green revolution.
C6 POPULATION GROWTH (econdev)_20240306_214313_0000.pdfSARAHJOYLVELANTE
This document discusses population growth and its relationship to economic development. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that the world's population reached 7.2 billion in 2013 and is projected to grow significantly by 2050. It then covers several key aspects of population growth, including its history from ancient times through the present, trends in fertility and mortality rates, age structure and dependency burdens, and the concept of demographic transition as countries develop economically.
What Is Demography? Introduction to DemographyVaibhav verma
What Is Demography?
Demography is the scientific study of human populations.
The term itself was coined in 1855 by Achille Guillard, who used it in the title of his book Éléments de Statistique Humaine ou Démographie Comparée.
The word he invented is a combination of two Greek words: demos, which means people, and graphein, which means to write about a particular subject (in this instance, population).
Modern demography is the study of the determinants and consequences of population change and is concerned with virtually everything that influences or can be influenced by these following factors.
This document discusses global demography, population, urbanization, and ecology. It defines key demographic concepts like population, demography, fertility, mortality, and migration. It explains how demographers study and analyze population size, composition, distribution and changes. Tools of demography discussed include count, rate, ratio, proportion, and cohort/period measures. Population composition and density are addressed. The document details factors influencing global fertility rates, improvements reducing mortality, and impacts of migration on population structure. World population statistics from 2019 are also provided. The document concludes with an announcement about an upcoming quiz on global cities.
This document discusses population genetics and defines a sexual population as a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. It notes that complete panmixia, where all gametes freely interbreed, is rare in nature. Instead, populations tend to be subdivided into smaller demes or gamodemes with some limited gene flow between them. This leads to genetic variation between demes and increased homozygosity within demes over time.
Similar to Population Structure, Movements and Concentration (20)
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
Gamify it until you make it Improving Agile Development and Operations with ...Ben Linders
So many challenges, so little time. While we’re busy developing software and keeping it operational, we also need to sharpen the saw, but how? Gamification can be a way to look at how you’re doing and find out where to improve. It’s a great way to have everyone involved and get the best out of people.
In this presentation, Ben Linders will show how playing games with the DevOps coaching cards can help to explore your current development and deployment (DevOps) practices and decide as a team what to improve or experiment with.
The games that we play are based on an engagement model. Instead of imposing change, the games enable people to pull in ideas for change and apply those in a way that best suits their collective needs.
By playing games, you can learn from each other. Teams can use games, exercises, and coaching cards to discuss values, principles, and practices, and share their experiences and learnings.
Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
3. Topics to be covered
Population
Population Change
Sources of population change
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Migration Rate and its types
Population Structures
Population Pyramids
4. Population
“A population is all the organisms that belong
to the same group or species and live in the
same geographical area.”
9. First Sources of population
change
Birth rate
“The reproductive performance indicated by
the incidence of childbearing in a population
is called Birth Rate.”
10. Crude Birth rate
“The number of live births in a year per 1000
people in a population is called Crude Birth
rate.”
Age specific fertility rates
“The number of births to women in certain
age groups in a population.”
11. Second source of population
change
Mortality
“The incidence of deaths is called mortality.”
Crude death rate
“The number of deaths in a year per 1000
people in a population.”
13. Events that impact death rate
War
Genocide
How to reduce death rate
By improving public health
By raising economic status of an area
14. Third source Of Population
change
Migration
“The movement of people into and out of a
specific area.”
It includes both immigration and emigration
Immigration means the movement of
people into the area.
Emigration means the movement of people
out of an area.
18. Voluntary migration
“Voluntary migration is the movement of
people into a new region by their own
choice. People will migrate generally
because the new place has “pull factors”
that motivated their movement.”
19. Involuntary/Forced migration
“Forced migration is the movement of people
into a new region for reasons other than
their own choice. The migration is set into
motion because of “push factors” forcing
people to move.”
20. Mass Migration
“Mass migration is when large number of
people move at one time and it is more often
involuntary than voluntary.”
21. Population structure
Population pyramids depict the population
composition of a country.
Also known as “Age sex pyramids”
Because they show the population not only by
age but also by the relative proportion of
men and women in each age group.
24. What is Population Pyramid?
It is a diagram that gives information
about the proportion of males and
females in each age group.
Also shows:
- proportion of young people (0 -14 )
- proportion of working people (15 – 59)
- proportion of elderly people (60+)
25. Types of Population Pyramids
Triangular-shaped
Beehive-shaped Pyramid
Rectangular-shaped Pyramid
Shape of pyramids is controlled by
–births,
–deaths, &
–migrations.
26. Triangular Shaped Pyramid
Fast Population Growth
Broad base.
Low proportion of older people.
A steady upwards narrowing shows that
more people die at each higher age band.
This type of pyramid indicates a
population in which there is a high birth
rate, a high death rate and a short life
expectancy.
27. Example
Nigeria
Located in Western Africa, the Federal
Republic of Nigeria (named for the Niger
River) is the most populous country of
Africa.
Annual growth rate in 2000 was 2.7%
Median age for female was 17.6 years old.
28.
29. Beehive Shaped Pyramid
Slow Population Growth
Narrow Base
Large proportion of working population,
15-59 year old - large group of
economically active population
Low Birth Rates
32. Rectangular Shaped Pyramid
Declining Population Growth
Zero Pop Growth
Narrow Base
Low Birth Rates
Life-expectancy is high e.g. 80+
Low death rates
36. Principle Of PopulationPrinciple Of Population
"Population, when unchecked, increases
at a geometrical ratio. Subsistence
increases only in an arithmetical ratio.
Slight acquaintance with numbers will
show the immensity of the first power
in
comparison with the second."
37. “Population must always be kept
down to the level of the means of
subsistence.”
“Malthus was the first to inquire
into “the means by which this level is
effected.”
38. Man has no natural predators (save
for other men).
"The passion between the sexes has
appeared in every age to be so nearly
the same, that it may always be
considered, in algebraic language as
a given quantity.“
Population, when unchecked, will
double itself every twenty-five years.
39. "...Supposing the present population
equal to a thousand million, the human
species would increase as the
numbers 1, 2, 4, 8,16, 32, 64,
128, 256, and subsistence as 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9...
• "In two centuries the population would
be to the means of subsistence as 256
to 9; in three centuries as 4096 to 13,
and in two years the difference would
be almost incalculable.”
40.
41. SubsistenceSubsistence
"In this supposition no limits
whatever are placed on the produce
of the earth….
“It may increase for ever, and be
greater than any assignable quantity;
yet the power of population being in
every period so much superior….
42. Law of Necessity:Law of Necessity:
• "The human species can only be kept
down to the level of the means of
subsistence by the constant operation
of the strong law of necessity, acting
as a check upon the greater power."
43. Positive ChecksPositive Checks
"The positive checks to population are
extremely various, and include every
cause whether arising from vice or
misery, which in any degree contributes
to shorten the natural duration of
human life.“
“Under this head therefore may be
enumerated all unwholesome
occupation, severe labor and exposure
to the season, extreme poverty...
44. • “Bad nursing of children, excesses of
all kinds, the whole train of common
diseases and epidemics, wars,
pestilence, plague and famine”.
War
Famine
Disease
Infanticide
45. Preventive ChecksPreventive Checks
Preventive checks aimed at reducing birth
rate by
(1) Marrying at later age
(2) Abstinence from sex outside marriage
(3) Birth Control
In Malthus’ view, birth control led to vice.
Still, he maintained, it is the least evil act
that can control population
46. Food and PopulationFood and Population
• This was Malthus “principle of population,”
which is basically the law of supply and
demand applied to the relationships
between food production and population
growth. As the food supply increases, food
becomes cheaper, and more children are
brought into the world. As there are more
mouths to feed, food becomes more
expensive, thus causing more land to be put
under the plow, or greater investment in
fertilizer.
47. The PoorThe Poor
Consistent with his functionalist orientation,
Malthus asserts that a working class is absolutely
essential to
every society.
Labor will always be necessary to wrest
subsistence from nature.
The institution of private property and self-
interest provide the motivation for human thought
and action.
It is the goad of necessity, the desire to avoid
poverty or to obtain riches that motivates much of
human industry.
48. Welfare ReformWelfare Reform
This analysis of welfare does not lead
Malthus to advocate that the poor should
be left to their plight.
Rather, he suggests some institutional
reforms--consistent with the law of
population--that will serve to make a more
just, equitable society.
49. Malthus’ Evolutionary
System: Eight major points
1)population level is severely limited by subsistence
2) when the means of subsistence increases,
population increases
3) population pressures stimulate increases in
productivity
4) increases in productivity stimulates further
population growth
5) since this productivity can never keep up with the
potential of population growth for long, there must
be strong checks on population to keep it in line with
carrying capacity.
50. • 6) it is through individual cost/benefit
decisions regarding sex, work, and
• children that population and production are
expanded or contracted.
• 7) positive checks will come into operation
as population exceeds subsistence level.
• 8) The nature of these checks will have
significant effect on the rest of the
sociocultural system--Malthus points to
misery, vice, and poverty.
51. CriticismCriticism
Malthus’s prediction did not come true
because
He presented his theory in an era
marked by high population growth and
restricted farmland
He did not foresee the technological
advancements in agriculture and
contraception.
53. DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION MODEL:
• The Demographic Transition Model
is a geographical model used to
explain the processor of change
from high birth rates and high death
rates to low birth rates and low death
rates apart of the economic
development of a country from a pre-
industrial to an industrialized
economy.
54. Introduction
• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Represents a nation’s transition through industrialization
Commonly involves 4 stages
An idealized picture of population change in a country.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71. Criticism:
A variety of factors influence population
trend that do not fit this theory
Thus Due to advances in public health (e.g.,
sanitation, vaccines), other countries are
experiencing improved health without a
corresponding period of industrialization,
resulting in
High Birth and low death Population growth
73. • Population:-
A population is a summation of all the organism of
the same group or species, which live in the same
geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
• Urbanization:-
Urbanization is a population shift from rural
to urban areas, and the ways in which society adapts to the
change.
74. Urban Area
• An urban area is a location characterized by
high human population density
vast human-built features
Urban lifestyles are generally considered more “modern” and
faster paced than non-urban lifestyles.
Rural area:-
In general, a rural area is a geographic area that is located
outside cities and towns. Rural areas are typically considered
to have a more traditional and slower-paced
lifestyle.
75. • Total U.S. Population and Percentage Urban, Selected
Years 1930–2000.
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau “Population: 1790 to
1990” and U.S. Census Bureau 2001a.
76. History of Urban Sociology
Four Largest U.S. Cities and Other Urban
Places, Selected Years 1790–2000
77. History of Urban Sociology
The Chicago-school sociologists produced several ethnographies of the
urban life of Chicago residents, including studies of gangs, transients,
and immigrants (Savage and Warde 1993). A 1938 piece by Louis Wirth
(1897–1952) describing an urban lifestyle has been called “one of the
most influential sociological articles ever written” (Savage and Warde
1993, 97). It is also reputed to be the article “most widely cited in
sociology” (Abercrombie, Hill, and Turner 2000, 370). In his article,
Wirth discussed differences between social interaction and life in
cities and rural areas, focusing on isolation and loss of individuality.
His argument was that cities change social relationships for the worse.
Whether this is actually the case has been examined in a variety of
subsequent studies.
78. Urban Ecology
Urban ecology is the scientific study
of the relation of living organisms with
each other and their surroundings in
the context of an urban environment.
Urban ecology focuses on the
interaction between human population
and the environment, including both
material and nonmaterial aspects of
human culture.
79. Concentric zone model
The Concentric zone model, also known as the Burgess model or the CCD model, is one of the
earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. It was created by sociologist Ernest
Burgess in 1923.
Sector model
The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by
economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The
benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.
Multiple nuclei model
The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in
the 1945 article
"The Nature of Cities"
84. Political Economy
Perspective
Focus on the inter-
relationship between
political and economic
forces
Draws from the
conflict perspective of
“Karl Marks”
85. Sociospatial Model
Views local areas
as comprised of
various, often
competing, growth
networks rather
than a single
coalition.
86. The process of
population moving out
of central cities to
surrounding areas
Suburbs: urban areas
out of city boundaries.