discrption of health statistics

1. Subject: Community health nursing III
SUMAIRA RIAZ
LAHORE SCHOOL OF NURSING
UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

2. Demography
 It is made up of two words :Demos means people and graphos means drawing .
 Definition : is define as the science of population and mathematics knowledge of
population changes and is concerned with size, structure, distribution and changes
in population.
 Size :total of person
 Structure:age and sex
 Distribution :i.e rural %,urban %
 Changes: is population is decreasing or increasing

3. Population dynamics
 Means changes of population
 The current world population is 7.8 billion as of October 2020 according to the
most recent United Nations estimates elaborated by Worldmeter.


4. Population doubling time
 It is an approximately a week time during which population of a country will be
approximately doubled.
 PDP = 70/growth rate

5. Growth rate
 It is difference between crude birth rate(CBR) and crude death rate (CDR).Simply a
rate in which population is growing .
 Growth rate = CBR – CDR


6. CBR & CDR
CBR
It is the total number of live birth per thousand mid year population .
No. of live birth in a yr.in a pop /mid year population x 1000.
CDR
It is the total number of death per thousand mid year population .
No. of death in a yr.in a pop /mid year population x 1000

7. Components of population growth
 Factors which influence population growth
 Mortality
 Fertility
 Migration
 Marriage
 Social

8. Mortality
 Mortality means death .it is vital event measured by CDR. i.e basic mortality is
crude death rate .
 Other measure of mortality
 Infant mortality rate
 Neonatal mortality rate
 Perinatal morality rate
 Maternal mortality rate
 Reasons ; malnutrition, food storage, epidemic diseases,poor public health
conditions

9. Causes of decrease mortalitry
 Discovery of antibiotics
 Vaccines
 Industrialization
 Improved transportation
 Control of temperature
 Public sanitation
 Improved personal hygiene
 But IMR increased

10. Fertility or natality
 Ability of a man or a women to cause conception of a child.
 Fertility is generally confined to women and relates to the number of live birth a
women has i.e actual reproductive behaviors.


11. Migration
 Migration affects the population of the area of the country but not the whole
world .

12. Marriage
 Age is 18 years on an average .if it will be21 years population will be 21 years
population will be decreased by 25% because child bearing duration of female
decreased.

13. How to control population explosion:
 By increasing female literacy rate in Pakistan
 By increasing contraceptive utilization
 By family limitation
 By increasing the age of female at marriage.
 Economic status
 Religion
 n

14. Determinant of the natality or fertility
 Age at marriage
 Duration of married life
 Spacing of children
 Education
 Nutrition
 Family planning

15. Causes of high fertility
 Factors generally associated with increased fertility include
 the intention to have children,
 very high gender equality
 religiosity, inter-generational transmission of values
 marriage and war
 maternal and social support, rural residence, pro family government programs
 low IQ.

16. Basic fertility measures
 These measures are
 Crude birth rate
 General fertility rate
 Age specific fertility rate
 Total fertility rate .

17. Crude birth rate
 Ratio of the total number of live birth to the average population ever lived during
a given year and geographical area. Crude Birth rate = × 1000 Where B = Total
No. of live births in a given year & area. P= Mid year population of the year

18. General fertility rate
 Simplest measure of fertility
 Defined as the number of births per year per thousand mid-year woman of the
child bearing ages.
 GFR =number of live birth in a year / total number of women of child bearing
age 15-49 at the mid point of the year in a given geographical area X 1000.

19. Age specific fertility rate
 Age pattern of child bearing in any population is the best revealed by computing
age specific fertility rates.
 It is the number of births per year per women in a given age group in a given year
and geographical area.

20. Total fertility rate
 The total fertility rate can be calculated using age-specific
birth rates. An age-specific birth rate is the number of babies born
within a 5-year increment during reproductive years. The TFR is
the calculation of adding up all the age-specific birth rates for a
population and multiplying by five.
 ASFR X 5

21. POPULATION PYRAMID
 A population pyramid, also called an "age-gender-pyramid", is a
graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age
groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the
world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when
the population is growing.

23. USES
 A population pyramid is a way to visualize two variables: age and sex.
 They are used by demographers, who study populations.
 A population pyramid is a graph that shows the distribution of ages across a
population divided down the center between male and female members of the
population.
 Male to female ratio
 Economic stability of the country

24. Over population
 Overpopulation occurs when a species' population exceeds the
carrying capacity of its ecological niche. It can result from an
increase in births (fertility rate), a decline in the mortality rate, an
increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of
resources.

25. Dependency ratio
 The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor
force and those typically in the labor force. It is used to measure the pressure on
the productive population.
 The dependency ratio relates the number of children (0-14. years old) and older
persons (65 years or over) to the working-age population (15-64 years old).
 C+E/WORKING AGED X 1000
 Pakistan DR= 82%
 Japan DR is 44%

26. Sex ratio
 The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population.
 Number of male per 100 females
 No.of male /No.of female X 100
 Dependency syndrome
 The "dependency syndrome" is an attitude and belief that a group
can not solve its own problems without outside help. It is a
weakness that is made worse by charity.

27. Demographic transition
 The "Demographic Transition" is a model that
describes population change over time. It is based on an
interpretation begun in 1929 by the American demographer Warren
Thompson, of the observed changes, or transitions, in birth and
death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred
years .
 Stages are

28. Old balance
 Which applied to most of the world before the Industrial
Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. As a result,
population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings
with events such as wars or pandemics.

29. New balance
 birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population.
These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher
levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of
working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two
children per woman.
 Low fertility and low mortality

30. Stage of imbalance
 Low mortality and high fertility rate
 Stage of natural increased
 Population explosion
 Need to be ,manpower ,military potential
 Developing countries like Pakistan and African countries in demographic transition
phase .

31. Refences:
Bailey, Joseph. A (1998) Concise Dictionary of Medical-legal Terms: A General Guide to Interpretation and Usage. New York: Parthenon.
Ref. RA1017 .B35 1998
Encyclopedia of bioethics. (2004). 3rd ed. v.1- 5. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson/Gale.
Ref. QH332 .E52 2004