The document provides an overview of demography and key demographic concepts and trends in India. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations, and notes that demographers study factors such as population size, composition, growth rates, and distribution. It then discusses components of population change like fertility, mortality, and migration. Some highlights of India's demography include a total population of over 1.27 billion, declining birth and death rates, and a projected population of 1.6 billion by 2050 when it will surpass China as the world's most populous nation. Key demographic indicators for India like its age-sex composition and sex ratio are also summarized.

1. DEMOGRAPHY

2. INTRODUCTION
• Demography –
• Scientific study of human population
• Statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their
composition by age, sex, marital status and ethnic origin and the changes to these
population e.g. changes in their birth rate, death rate and migration
• Population is the number of persons occupying a certain geographic area drawing a substance
from their habitat and interacting with one another
• Habitat is natural home (natural environment of an organism
• Demographer commonly define population as a collective group of individual occupying a
particular place at a given time
• Three key words involved in definition of population
• Group
• Place
• Time

3. DEMOGRAPHY
• Its focus is on:
• Change in population size (growth or decline)
• Composition of population (age, sex etc.)
• Distribution of population
• It deals with “5 demographic processes”
Fertility Mortality Marriage Migration Social mobility

4. DEMOGRAPHY
• Sources of demographic data
• Population census
• National sample surveys
• Registration of vital events
• Adhoc demographic studies
• Importance of demography and demographic data
• Demographic data provide a basis fro predicting future trends and making decisions
• It is also important for formulation, implementation and evaluation of plan, policies and
programmes
• It guides to policy makers to make policies that can fulfil the needs of various sector of
society such as young, adult & aged, unemployed, poor and various cultural groups

5. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE – ‘5 STAGES’
Stage 1 - HIGH
STATIONARY
Stage 2 -
EARLY
EXPANDING
Stage 3 - LATE
EXPANDING
Stage 4 - LOW
STATIONARY
Stage 5 -
DECLINING

6. DEMOGRPAHIC CYCLE
Stage 1 2 3 4 5
Known as High Stationary Early Expanding Late Expanding Low Stationary Declining
Birth Rate High
Unchanged
(remains high)
Tends to fall Low
Lower than death
rate
Death Rate High Begin to fall Falls further Low
Low (higher than
birth rate)
Demographic
Gap
Narrow Increasing
Increased/Start
decreasing
Narrow Reversal
Population Stationary
Growing
(increasing rate)
Growing
(decreasing rate)
Stationary Declining
Population
Composition
Young Young Young Mixed Ageing

7. DEMOGRPAHIC CYCLE

8. COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
• FERTILITY (BIRTHS)
• Birth rate: number of live births per 1000 estimated mid year population in a given year
• Birth rate is the simplest indicator of fertility
•
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
x1000
• MORTALITY (DEATH)
• Death rate: number of deaths per 1000 of total mid year population in a particular place at a
specified time
•
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
x1000
• MIGRATION
• Movement of people from one place to another (within country or specified territory) for the
purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary

9. BIRTH RATE IN INDIA
Declining birth rates
• Changes in governmental attitude towards
growth
• Spread of education
• Increased availability of contraception
• Family planning programmes
• Change in marriage patterns

10. DEATH RATE IN INDIA
Declining death rate
• Improvement in maternal and child health
services
• Improved immunisation
• Diarrhoeal and respiratory disease control
programmes
• Reduction in infant and child mortality

11. GROWTH RATE
• Change in number of individuals in a population or unit time
• When crude death rate is subtracted from crude birth rate, the net residual is current annual
growth rate (exclusive of migration)
• Annual growth rate = Crude birth rate (CBR) – Crude death rate (CDR)
Crude birth rate of India = 21.6/1000 population
Crude death rate of India = 7/1000 population
So, Annual growth rate of India = 21.6 – 7 = 14.6/1000 population = 1.46%

12. MIGRATION
• Migration is movement of people from one place to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or
semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary
• Immigration – People moving in to another country
• Emigration – People moving away from their home country
If you were to move to England, you would be emigrating from India and immigrating into
England
• Migrant is a person who at the time of census is residing at a different place than his/her place of birth
• Marriage being the most common reason for females and employment for males
• Census 2011 - total no. of migrants 314 million in India

13. GROWTH TREND IN INDIA
Population growth 1921 1991 2001 2011
Slower Slight fallRapid Further fall
*Famines,
Epidemics
**Known as GREAT DIVIDE
* Slower growth prior to 1921 in India is due to natural checks (e.g. famines & epidemics)
** Better nutrition & improved healthcare declined death rate more steeply than birth rate. This
resulted in net gain in birth over death leading to rapid growth
*** Recent data suggest decline in India’s population growth rate. India’s population currently
increasing at a rate of 16 million each year

14. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS IN DEMOGRAPHY
• Crude birth rate (CBR): annual no. of live births per 1000 mid year population
• Birth rate of Assam – 22.4 per 1000 population
• Crude death rate (CDR): annual no. of death per 1000 mid year population
• Death rate of Assam - 7.2
• General fertility rate (GER): annual no. of live birth per 1000 women of child bearing age
(15-44 or 49 years old) mid year population
• General marital fertility rate (GMFR): no. of live births per 1000 women in reproductive
age groups (15-44 or 49 years old) in a given year

15. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS IN DEMOGRAPHY
• Age specific fertility rate (AFR): no. of live births in a year to 1000 women in a any
specified age group
• Total fertility rate (TFR): no. of children a woman would have if she were to pass through
her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the women now in each group (it
gives approx. magnitude of ”completed family size”)
• Net reproduction rate (NRR): no. of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime
assuming fixed age specific fertility and mortality rates (it is a demographic indicator). NRR
1 is equivalent to attaining approx. 2 child norm)

16. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
• India is the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.277 billion people
(2015), more than a sixth of the world’s population
• Already containing 17.5% of the world’s population, India is projected to be world’s most
populous country by 2022, surpassing China, it’s population reaching 1.6 billion by 2050
• India occupies 2.4% of the world’s land area but supports over 17.5% of the world’s
population
• At the 2001 census, 72.2% of the population lived in villages and the remaining 27.8% lived
in towns and urban areas
• Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India, followed by Maharashtra (9.29%) and Bihar
(8.58%) with 16.46% of total population
• Population of Assam is 3.12 crores
Source: India’s population 'to bebiggest' in the planet". BBCNews.18August 2004. Retrieved 2011- 09-24. .
:USCensusBureau, Demographic Internet Staff. "United States Census Bureau - International Data Base(IDB)".
Census.gov.Retrieved 2011-09-24.)

17. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Demographic indicators help in identification of that area which need policy or programmed
intervention.
• It helps in setting near and far terms goals and deciding priorities
• Demographic indicators:
• Age & Sex composition
• Sex ratio
• Dependency ratio
• Density of population
• Urbanisation
• Family size
• Literacy & Education
• Life expectancy

18. AGE & SEX COMPOSITION
• 0 -14 years (30.8%): Male – 188,206,196; Female – 171,356,024 (male>female)
• 15 – 64 years (64.3%): Male – 386,432,921; Female – 356,215,759
• 65+ years (4.9%): Male – 27,258,259; Female – 30,031,289 (female>male)
• Assam: 0-6 years – 46,38,130
• Median age: 25.1 years
• Proportion of population below 14 years showing decline whereas population of elderly
increasing

19. POPULATION PYRAMIDS
• Also known as ‘age-gender-pyramid’
• Graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which
forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing
• Population pyramid tells us what portion of a population are within a given age cohort
• Males are conveniently shown on the left, females on the right
• It can also tell us what stage of development a country is at

20. POPULATION PYRAMID OF INDIA

21. POPULATION PYRAMIDS
EARLY EXPANDING
• Wide base (lots of young children) and a very narrow top
(few old people)
• Very high birth rate and death rate (short life expectancy)
• Reasons could include poor health care, lack of family
planning, need for children as workers
• Corresponds to Stage 1-2 of Demographic Transition
Model
EXPANDING
• Slightly narrow base than early expanding and a little wider
in the middle and older ages
• Birth rate still high but decreasing slightly and death rate
decreasing
• Reasons for the change from early expanding could include
better medical care, improved diet and better hygiene
• Roughly corresponds with Stage-3 of the demographic
transition model
STABLE
• Bottom part of pyramid is close to a vertical line
• Birth rate falls while death rate also falls and they are in
balance
• Reasons could include better health care, improved family
planning, better economic conditions
• Roughly corresponds to Stage-4 of the DTM
CONTRACTING
• Bottom part of pyramid narrower than the middle and
continually getting narrower
• Birth rate continues to fall while death rate continues to
decrease
• Reasons could include more women working, high cost of
child rearing small families encouraged by the state
• E.g. Germany, Japan

22. POPULATION PYRAMIDS

23. SEX RATIO
• No. of females per 1000 males
• Male to female sexratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011

24. SEX RATIO
• Sex ratio in India (Census 2011) – 940
• Rural – 947, Urban – 926
• Natural sex ratio at birth – 950 (estimated), can be effected by sex selection at birth
• Child sex ratio (0-6 years): no. of female child per 1000 male child (0-6 years age)
• Child sex ratio in India (2011) – 914 (highly unfavourable)
• Low sex ratio indicate indicate strong male child preference and its consequences is gender inequality,
female infanticide/foeticide and neglect of girl child
• Sex ration in India adverse to women and also declining
• Female deficit syndrome has social implications
• Highest sex ratio in Kerala (1084), lowest in Haryana (877)
• Sex Ratio in Assam: 958; 0-6 years: 962

25. DEPENDENCY RATIO
• Dependent age group: >65 years & <15 years
• Economic productive group: 15 – 64 years
• Definition: the proportion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are
considered to be dependent on economically productive age group (15-64 years)
• Total dependency ratio =
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0−14 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 +𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (>65 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 15−64 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
x 100
• Demographic burden:
• The increase in total dependency ratio during any period of time
• Mostly caused by increased old age dependency ratio
• This is unavoidable consequences of demographic transition, country has to face problem sooner
or later

26. POPULATION DENSITY
• No. of person, living per square kilometer
• Current trends in population density in India – Rising
• Census 2011:
Total population in India 1,210 million
Rural 833.1 million (68.84%)
Urban 377.1 million (31.80%)
Population density (India) 382 persons per sq. km
Highest population (State) Uttar Pradesh (199 million)
Highest density (State) Delhi (11,297)
Population density (Assam) 398

27. URBANISATION
• URBAN definition:
• All places having 5000 or more inhabitants, a density of not less than 1000 persons sq.
mile or 390 sq. km, pronounced urban characteristics and at least ¾ of adults male
population employed in pursuits other than agriculture
• Urban population: number of persons residing in urban localities
• Towns: places with municipal corporation, municipal area committee, town committee,
notified area or cantonment board

28. In India: major population is rural and their
main occupation is agriculture
Rise in urban population is due to natural
growth (birth) & migration from village
because of employment, better living
conditions, education, health facility,
transport, entertainment etc.

29. FAMILY SIZE
• In general, family size represents: total number of persons in a family
• Demographically: total number of children a woman has born at a point of time
• Completed family size: total number of children borne by a woman during her child bearing age (15 – 45 years)
• Family size depends on:
• Duration of marriage
• Education of couple
• Number of live births and living children
• Preference of male children
• Desired family size
• Total fertility rate gives approx. magnitude of completed family size.
• Long term demographic goal is Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) – 1, which means “2 child norm”

30. LITERACY AND EDUCATION
• Education is crucial element of economic and social development
• Literacy is generally associated with
• Modernisation
• Industrialisation
• Communication
• Commerce
• Literate: one above 7 years of age and can read and write with understanding in any Indian
language
• There is major improvement in literacy status in India
• Govt. of India has made education compulsory up to the age of 14 years in the country
• Literacy rate:
• 74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)
• 81.4% (total population, age 15-25, in 2006)
• 82% male, 65% female
• Maximum: Kerala – 92%, Least: Bihar – 64%
• Assam - 72.19%

31. LIFE EXPECTANCY
• The average number of years which a person may expect to live
• Age specific life expectancy: life expectancy at a given age is average number of years which
a person of that age may expect to lvie
• It is one of the best indicator for a country to measure its development and health status of its
population
• In India, life expectancy of female is almost same as male
• Life expectancy at birth in India: 65.8 years (source: UN Human Development Report, 2013)