Demography

MRS.SASIREKHA.K
MSC (N),COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
ASST.PROFESSOR
GANGA COLLEGE OF NURSING
COIMBATORE-22.

The population on the parent earth is
increasing very fast because of declining death
rate and high birth rate.
The fast increasing population is creating
problems of imbalance in the ecosystem
affecting socio-economic aspects and quality of
life.
It neutralizing the developments achieved
in agriculture ,textile industries , housing and
educational facilities , employment
opportunities, health care facilities.

Demography- Greek words demos
means the people and graphein means the
record.
It deals with the study of the size ,the
composition and the distribution of human
population .

It is the branch of science which
guides the human population and their
elements.
It is the study of human population
such as changes in population size, the
composition of the population and distribution
of population space.

•Fertility
•Mortality
•Marriage
•Migration
•Social mobility

Demography is the branch of social size,
structure, which deals with the study of
size, structure and distribution of
populations, along with the spatial and
temporal changes in them in response to
birth, migration, ageing and death.

 Demography is the science of
population. In it's most general
meaning, a population is a set of
people who live in a specific land
area : a commune, a district, a
country or a continent,etc.
 A formal demography is concerned
with the size, distribution, structure
and changes of population

Is the number of units (inhabitants)
in the population

Is the arrangement of the
population at a given time,
geographically or among various
types of residential areas.

 Is the distribution of characteristics
such as age, gender groups etc among
the population.
 Additional characteristics of the units
such as marital status, occupation
educational level, ethnic
characteristics, socio economic status
etc.

Is the increase or decrease of
the total population or of the one of
it's structural units.

 Population is constantly
changing over time.
 The components of change in a
population are births, deaths and
migration.

 The broader scope of demographic
reproduction includes migration. It
means the movement of people from
place to place.
 Migration has great influence on
population change

 Population census
 National sample surveys
 Registration of vital events
 Adhoc demographic studies.

HIGH
STATIONARY
STAGE
EARLY
EXPANSION
STAGE
LATE
EXPANSION
STAGE
LOW
STATIONARY
STAGE
DECLINING
STAGE

The world wide history of population
growth depicts changing trends in the
population size and composition due to
increase/decrease in number of birth and
deaths.

In this stage there is no change in
the size of the population due to high
birth rate and high death rate which
nullify each other effect.

In this stage ,there is some increase
in population because death rate begins
to decrease but the birth rate remains
the same.

In this stage, the birth rate begins
to decline and death rate further
decrease.
India has tremendous increase in
population.

In this stage ,both the birth and
death rate are low and no population
change.

In this stage the birth rate is lower
than the death rate, and negative growth
in the population.

 There are major factors which influence
population increase-decrease in death resulting
in longevity and sustained high birth rate.
 The factors of high birth survival and longevity
 improved environmental sanitation
 regular and complete immunization
 health and medical care facilities
 effect pharmaceuticals
 Better nutrition
 occupational health
 better living standard

 Growth rate
 Age and sex composition
 Sex ratio
 Family size
 Density of population
 Urbanization
 Literacy and education
 Life expectancy
 Fertility

 When the crude death rate is substracted
from the crude birth rate the net residual
is the current annual growth.
 There is deep relation between the growth
rate and population increase
Growth rate= Crude birth rate – Crude death rate

The proportion of population below 15
years (34.33%) is showing decline , where
as proportion of elderly i.e. population
aged above 60 years (6.77%) is increasing.

 Sex ratio is defined as “ the number of
females per 1000 males”
 The sex ratio in India is adverse to
women

 The proportion of person above 65 years of
age and children below 15 years are
considered to be dependent on the
economically productivity.
Total dependency ratio= Children 0-14 + population
More than 65 years
X 100
Population 15-64 years

 The age pyramid of India is typical , it
has broad base and tapering top.

 In the Indian census density is defined
as “ the number of persons living per
square kilo meter.
 In 2005 the density of population in
India was 345 square kilo meter.

 Family size refers to as the total
number of person in a family.
 In demography family size means “ the
total number of children borne by a
woman during her child bearing age

 The proportion of the urban population
in India has been increased 28.4% by
the natural growth and migration from
villages.

 A person is deemed literate if he or she
can read and write with understanding in
any language.
 The literacy rate of India for 2011 is
74.04 %

 Life expectancy or expectation of life –
at a given age is the average number off
years which a person of that age may
expect to live according to the mortality
pattern prevalent in that country.

1.Measurement of Mortality.
2. Measurement of Morbidity.
3. Measurement of disability.
4. Measurement of natality.
5. Measurement of the presence, absence
or distribution of the characteristics or
attributes of the disease.

6. Measurement of medical needs, health
care facilities, utilization of health
services and other health related events.
7. Measurement of the presence, absence
or distribution of the environmental and
other factors suspected of causing the
disease.
8. Measurement of demographic
variables.

An epidemiologist usually
expresses the health event as
RATES, RATIOS or PROPOTION.

 A rate measures the
occurrence of some particular event
in a population during a given period of
time period.
 It is the statement of the risk of
developing a condition.

 It indicates the change in some event that
takes place in a population over a period of
time.
DEATH RATE = NUMBER OF DEATHS
MID YEAR POP
X 1000

Weekly death
rate
= Deaths in a week x 52
Mid year population
x 1000

A rate comprises the following
elements.
1. Numerator.
2. Denominator.
3. Multiplier.

Ratio expresses a relation in
size between two random
quantities.
E.g., x : y (or) x/y.

 The numerator is not a component of the
denominator.
 The numerator and denominator may
involve an interval of time or may be
simultaneous in time.
The number of children with scabies at a
certain time.
The number of children with malnutrition
at a certain time

 A Proportion is a ratio which indicates
the relation in magnitude of a part of the
whole.
 The numerator is always included in the
denominator.
 A Proportion is usually expressed as
percentage.

The number of children with
scabies at a certain time.
x 100
The total number of children in
the village at the same time

 Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a
given time or a place or a proportion odf
deaths in relation to a population.
E.g :1. Crude Death Rate.
2.Infant Mortality Rate.
3.Maternal Mortality Rate
4.Life Expectancy.

 It refers to diseases and illness,
injuries and disabilities in a
population.
 Data on the frequency and distribution
of a disease helps in controlling its
spread, and in some cases it may lead to
the identification of cases.

1. Case Rate : The case rate is the
number of reported cases of a
specific disease or illness per 100,000
population during a given year.

2. Case Fatality Rate :
The Case Fatality Rate is
the proportion of persons contacting a
disease who die of that disease during
a specified time period.

Dependancy Ratio : The ratio of the
economically dependent part of the
population to the productive part;
arbitrarily defined as the ratio of the
elderly ( ages 65 and older) plus the young
(under age 15) to the population in the
"working ages".

 Natality in population ecology is the
scientific term for Birth Rate.
 Along with mortality rate, natality rate is
used to calculate the dynamics of a
population.

 They are the key factors in
determining whether a population
is increasing, decreasing or
staying the same in size.
 Natality is the greatest influence
on a population’s increase.

NUMBER IF LIVE BIRTHS DURING
THE YEAR.
ESTIMATED MID YEAR
POPULATION
X 1000BIRTH RATE =

NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS
DURING A YEAR.
MID YEAR FEMALE POP (15-49)
IN THE SAME YEAR
X 1000GFR =

DURING A YEAR.
MID YEAR MARRIED FEMALE
POP (15-49) YRS
GMFR = X 1000

NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS IN A
PARTICULAR AGE GROUP.
MID YEAR POP OF THE
SAME AGE GROUP
ASFR = X 1000

NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS IN A
PARTICULAR AGE GROUP.
MID YEAR POP OF THE SAME AGE
GROUP.
ASMFR = X 1000

 It is the average number of
children a women can give birth
throughout the reproductive
period.
 It is represented by summing
the age specific fertility rates
for all ages; if 5 - year age
groups are used, the sum of
the rates is multiplied by 5.

45 - 49
15 - 19
1000
TFR =
5 X ∑ ASFR

Average number of girls that would
be born to a women if she
experiences the curent fertility
pattern throught her reproductive
span (15 - 49 years) having no
mortality.

 NRR is defined as the number
of daughters a new borne girl
will bear during her lifetime
assuming fixed age-specific
fertility and mortality rates.
 At presesnt in India NRR is
about 1.5

The marriage rate (CRUDE
MARRIAGE RATE) is the
number of marriages per 1000
total population in a given year.

NUMBER OF MARRIAGES IN
THE YEAR
MID YEAR POPULATION
MR = X 1000

Is the number of children 0 - 4
yrs of age per 1000 women of
child bearing age.

 It is the ratio of number of
pregnancies in a year to
married women in the ages 15-
49 yrs.
 The "number of pregnancies"
includes all pregnancies, whether
or had terminated as live births,
stillbirths or abortions or had
not yet terminated.

• The annual number of all types
of abortions, usually per 1000
women of child bearing age
(15-19 yrs).

• This is calculated by dividing the
number of abortions performed
during a particular time period
by the number of live births
over the same period.

NUMBER OF DEATHS DURING A
YEAR
X 1000
MID YEAR POPULATION
CDR =

NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM TB DURING A
CALENDER YEAR.
MID YEAR POPULATION
SDR = X 1000

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
PERSONS AGED 15-20
DURING A CALENDER
MID YEAR POPULATION OF
PERSONS AGED 15-20
SPECIFIC DEATH
RATE (15-20 YRS) = YEAR.
X 1000

DEATHS IN
JANUARY X 12
MID YEAR
POPULATION
DEATH RATE
FOR JAN =
X 1000

DEATHS IN THE WEEK
MID YEAR POPULATION
WEEKLY
DEATH RATE = X 1000

TOTAL NUMBER OF PATIENTS
ALIVE AFTER 5 YEARS
TOTAL NUMBER OF PATIENTS
DIAGNOSED OR TREATED
SURVIVAL
RATE = X 100

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN LESS THAN 1
YEAR OF AGE IN A YEAR
IN THE SAME YEAR
X 1000IMR =

NUMBER OF NEW CASES OF
A SPECIFIED DISEASE
DURING A SPECIFIED TIME
INTERVAL
TOTAL POPULATION AT RISK
DURING THE SAME
INTERVAL
X 100AR =

FOETAL DEATHS WEIGHING
OVER 1000g AT BIRTH
DURING THE YEAR
TOTAL LIVE + STILL BIRTHS
WEIGHING OVER 1000g AT
BIRTH DURING THE YEAR
X 1000SBR =

LATE FOETAL AND EARLY
NEO NATAL DEATHS
WEIGHING OVER 1000g
AT BIRTH
TOTAL LIVE BIRTHS
WEIGHING OVER 1000g
AT BIRTH
X 1000PMR =

NUMBER OF DEATHS
OF CHILDREN
UNDER 28 DAYS OF
AGE IN A YEAR
TOTAL LIVE BIRTHS IN
THE SAME YEAR
X 1000NMR =

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN BETWEEN 28
DAYS AND ONE YEAR OF
AGE IN A GIVEN YEAR
TOTAL LIVE BIRTHS IN THE
SAME YEAR
X 1000PNMR =

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN AGED 1-4
YEARS DURING A YEAR
TOTAL NUMBER OF
CHILDREN AGED 1-4
YEARS AT THE MIDDLE
OF THE YEAR
X 1000CDR =

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN LESS THAN 5
YEARS OF AGE IN A
GIVEN YEAR
IN THE SAME YEAR
X 1000
CMR =

1000 - UNDER 5
MORTALITY RATE
10

TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE DEATHS
DUE TO COMPLICATIONS OF
PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH OR
WITHIN 42 DAYS OF DELIVERY
FROM PUERPERAL CAUSES IN AN
AREA DURING A GIVEN YEAR
TOTAL NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS IN
THE SAME AREA AND YEAR
X 1000 /
100000MMR =

• INDICATORS USED TO MEASURE
DISABILITY :
1. SULLIVAN INDEX
2. HEALTH ADJUSTED LIFE
EXPECTANCY (HALE).
3. DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE
YEAR

LIFE EXPECTANCY - (PROBABLE
DURATION OF BED DISABILITY
+ INABILITY TO PERFORM
MAJOR ACTIVITIES)

• Is an indicator of health which
measures healthy life expectancy.
• HALE is equivalent to the number
of years newborn child expected to
live with full health.

 Is used to express the years of
life lost to premature death and
years lived with disability for
severity of disability.
 ONE DALY = ONE LOST YEAR
OF HEALTHY LIFE

Number of reported
cases of a specific
disease or illness
100,000 population
during a given year

NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS
DEPARTING AN AREA OF
ORIGIN
1000 POPULATION AT THAT
AREA OF ORIGIN IN A GIVEN
YEAR

The number of years which an
individual at a given age could
expect to live, at present
mortality levels

 PRIMARY DATA
Collection is done
by individuals
Types:
 Interviews
 Observation
 Questionnaires
 Diaries
 Critical incidents
 SECONDARY DATA
Data collected
indirectly i.e., not
directly from
individuals but from
other sources.
Example:
 Hospital records
 Census data

 Interviews are
undertaken on
personals, one to one
basis or in a group.
 It can be conducted
at homes, work as well
as any fixed location
which was agreed by
both parties.

ADVANTAGES
 Helps to collect in depth
information
 Feed back and response
rate is good
 Information is recorded
immediately and is
complete
DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive and time
consuming
 Training is required
 There can be
respondent bias
such as pleasing
tendency…
 Pre-fixed set of
questions are
required.

 It is the method to
record behavioural
pattern of people in a
systematic manner.
 It provides
information what is
actually observed but
bias will be there ,as
two observers has
observed the
behavioural pattern
differently.

 These are the most common form of data
collection
 It takes time to design to gather data from
individuals about knowledge attitudes and
beliefs and feelings.
 It does not require any interaction between the
investigator and respondent

 Diaries are to record the data obtained from
the individuals.
 The data from the people which was
expressed in depth can be recorded and
utilized for research purposes.

Set of procedures for
collecting direct
observations of human
behaviour in such a way as
to facilitate their potential
usefulness in solving
practical problems and
developing broad
psychological principles.

 Statistical data once collected, must be
arranged purposively, in order to bring out the
important points clearly and strikingly.
 There are several methods of presenting
data;
 Tables
 Charts
 Diagrams
 Graphs
 Pictures
 Special curves

 Tables are devices for presenting data
simply from masses of statistical data.
 It is the first step before the data is used
for analysis or interpretation.
 A table can be simple or complex depending
upon the number of items.

 The tables should be numbered e.g., Table 1,Table 2.
 A title must be given on each table
 The headings of columns or rows should be clear and
concise.
 The data must be presented according to size
,chronologically, alphabetically.
 No table should be too large
 Foot notes to be given where necessary

1.BAR CHART
 It is a convenient graphical device, used
for displaying nominal or ordinal data.
 It is the easy method adopted for visual
comparison of different frequencies
 Length of the bars drawn vertical or
horizontal indicates the frequency of a
character.

 It is the pictorial diagram of frequency
distribution
 It consist of series of blocks
 The class intervals are given along the
horizontal axis and the frequencies
along the vertical axis.

 Instead of comparing the length of a bar, the
areas of segments of a circle are compared.
 The area of each segment depends upon the
angle.

 The frequency are depicted by line.
 Mostly used where data is collected over a long
period of time

 It is a graphic presentation, made to show the
nature of correlation between two variable
characters x and y on the same groups.

 Small pictures or symbols are used to present the
data

 Midpoints of the interval of corresponding
rectangle in a histogram are joined together by
straight lines. It gives a polygon i.e. a figure
with many angles.
 It is used when two or more sets of data are
to be illustrated on the same diagram such as
death rates in smokers and non smokers, birth
and death rates of a population etc .

Demography is both threat and opportunity-
but forward looking strategies need to be
developed and implemented immediately.

Demography

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