Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
The Presentation explains basic models of disease causation, to understand the etiology or causes of disease & altered production and helps to understand the applicability of causal criteria applied to epidemiological studies.
Social and Preventive Medicine Classroom discussion topic on types of Epidemiological study designs available.
sole reference is Park text book 20th edition
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
The Presentation explains basic models of disease causation, to understand the etiology or causes of disease & altered production and helps to understand the applicability of causal criteria applied to epidemiological studies.
Social and Preventive Medicine Classroom discussion topic on types of Epidemiological study designs available.
sole reference is Park text book 20th edition
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#EPIDEMIOLOGY,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
This lecture looks specifically at measures of disease frequency: morbidity and mortality. You will see how morbidity data can be used, how routinely collected mortality data can begin to throw light on very important issues that might determine health. You will review the sources of important, routinely collected population data in Malaysia: demographic data (e.g., population census) and health event data (e.g., mortality, hospital and general practice data).
Frequency measures of health is an important aspect in the planing of the type of services required in a specific population. This is due to the fact that they are able to indicate the type and level of health problems being faced In that population during a specified period of time.
3. Mortality.
Morbidity.
Disability.
Presence & absence or distribution of..
Medical needs.
Utilization of health services.
Demographic variables.
5. Measures the occurrence of an event or
disease in a given population during a
given period (one Year).
(Birth rate, growth rate, accident rate)
Usually expressed per 100 or per1000
population.
It has a time dimension, whereas a
PROPORTION does not.
6. A fraction is made up of 2 numbers.
The top number is called the
NUMERATOR
and the bottom number is called the
DENOMINATOR.
In the fraction ¾ the 3 is the numerator
and the 4 is the denominator.
7. No of death in one year
Death rate= -------------------- X 1000
Total mid year population
Numerator
Denominator.
Time specification
Multiplier
(Numerator is part of denominator )
8. The value obtained by dividing one
quantity by another- X/Y.
Male to female ratio.
A ratio often compares two rates,
death rates for women and men at a
given age.
9. Ratio also expresses relation of size
between the two quantities.
Numerator is not part of Denominator.
Expressed as X / Y.
Doctor : Population ratio.
Male : Female ratio.
WBC : RBC ratio
10. A part/share or number considered in
comparative relation to a whole.
"the proportion of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere is rising”
Usually expressed as a percentage %
11. This is also relation /magnitude between
two quantities, And numerator is always
part of denominator.
And expressed as percentage
-Proportion of female students .
-Proportion of anemic mothers
(60% mothers are anemic)
14. Prevalence:- how many people in
a population currently have the
disease (Photograph)
Incidence:- how many people are
diagnosed each year (Film)
17. • The rate at which acute
disease is spreading --
used during epidemics
& expressed in %.
Attack rate
• % of exposed persons
developing disease after
primary case exposure
Secondary
attack rate
18. •Prevalence at any
given point of time.
• 4% TB cases on 1st April
Point
prevalence
•Prevalence at a given
period of time.
•Period will be 1year.
Period
prevalence
19. Longer duration of the disease.
Prolongation of life, with treatment.
If incidence increases.
Immigration of new cases.
Better reporting of cases.
Emigration of healthy people.
20. Longer
duration of
disease
Incidence
increases.
Prolongation
of life
without
cure.
20
21. Shorter duration of diseases.
Improved cure rate.
Incidence decreases.
Emigration of new cases.
Under reporting of cases.
Immigration of healthy people.
24. Crude Death Rate.
Specific death rate.
Case fatality rate.
Proportional mortality rate.
Survival rate.
Standardized death rate.
25. Number of deaths from all causes, per
1000 estimated mid year population in
one year in a given place.
No deaths during one year
CDR = _________________________ X 1000
Mid year population
26. Cause Specific death rate like
disease death rate, Road accident…
Age specific-IMR, Child Mortality rate
Sex specific death rate – MMR/female
Period specific death rate–Death in May
27. Percentage of particular cases dying
during particular disease epidemic.
Killing power of disease particularly
acute diseases
No of deaths due to cholera
CFR= ----------------------- X 100
Total No of cholera cases
28. Proportion or % of deaths due to
particular cause out of total deaths.
It measures the disease burden.
Under 5, No of deaths below 5 years
proportional = -------------------- X 100
mortality rate Total No all of deaths
29. Percentage of the treated patients remaining
alive at the end of 5 years treatment.
Yard stick for assessing the standard of
therapy in cancer.
Survival pts alive at the end of 5 yrs
Rate = ---------------------- X 100
Total No of pts treated
30. CDR can not be useful for comparison.
Death rate need to be standardized
for comparisons.
Standardization can be done by-
:adjusting death rate age wise,
:also can be done sex/race wise
