Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of disease in a community through ongoing operations while allowing the disease to persist at a low level. Disease elimination interrupts disease transmission, while eradication is the absolute end of a disease globally. Monitoring, surveillance and evaluation are important for measuring disease control efforts. Prevention includes health promotion, protection, early diagnosis and treatment, and rehabilitation to minimize suffering from disease.

1. CONCEPTS OF CONTROLCONCEPTS OF CONTROL

2. Disease ControlDisease Control
The term “Disease Control” describesThe term “Disease Control” describes
(ongoing) operations aimed at reducing.(ongoing) operations aimed at reducing.
I.I. The incidence of diseaseThe incidence of disease
II.II. The duration of disease, and consequentlyThe duration of disease, and consequently
the risk of transmissionthe risk of transmission
III.III. The effects of infection, including both theThe effects of infection, including both the
physical and psychosocial complicationphysical and psychosocial complication
IV.IV. The financial burden of the communityThe financial burden of the community

3. Disease ControlDisease Control
In disease control the disease ‘agent’ isIn disease control the disease ‘agent’ is
permitted to persist in the community at apermitted to persist in the community at a
level where it ceases to be a public healthlevel where it ceases to be a public health
problem according to the tolerance o theproblem according to the tolerance o the
local population.local population.

4. Disease EliminationDisease Elimination
The term used to interruption of theThe term used to interruption of the
transmission of the disease.transmission of the disease.
Example Polio, MeaslesExample Polio, Measles
Between control and eradication anBetween control and eradication an
intermediate goal has been describedintermediate goal has been described
called Regional Eliminationcalled Regional Elimination
And it is consider as precursor ofAnd it is consider as precursor of
eradicationeradication

5. Disease EradicationDisease Eradication
As name implies, eradication is anAs name implies, eradication is an
absolute process, and not a relative goal.absolute process, and not a relative goal.
It is “ all or none phenomenon”It is “ all or none phenomenon”
Ex Small poxEx Small pox

6. Monitoring Surveillance andMonitoring Surveillance and
EvaluationEvaluation
Monitoring:Monitoring: - The performance and analysis- The performance and analysis
of routine measurement aimed at detectionof routine measurement aimed at detection
the changes in the environment or healththe changes in the environment or health
status of the populationstatus of the population

7. SurveillanceSurveillance:- The Continuous scrutiny of the:- The Continuous scrutiny of the
factors that determine the occurrence andfactors that determine the occurrence and
distribution o disease and other conditions of ill-distribution o disease and other conditions of ill-
healthhealth
Sentinel surveillanceSentinel surveillance :A method for identifying:A method for identifying
the missing cases and thereby supplementing thethe missing cases and thereby supplementing the
notified cases is requirednotified cases is required
Evaluation of controlEvaluation of control: the process that measures: the process that measures
the degree to which objectives and targets arethe degree to which objectives and targets are
fulfilled and qualities of results obtainedfulfilled and qualities of results obtained

8. CONCEPTS OFCONCEPTS OF
PREVENTIONPREVENTION
ANDAND
MODES OF INTERVENTIONMODES OF INTERVENTION

9. PREVENTION:PREVENTION:
It broadly involvesIt broadly involves
-promotion of health-promotion of health
-preservation of health-preservation of health
-restoration when it is impaired-restoration when it is impaired
-minimize suffering and disease-minimize suffering and disease

10. INTERVENTION:INTERVENTION:
Its an attempt to intervene or interrupt theIts an attempt to intervene or interrupt the
usual sequence in the development ofusual sequence in the development of
disease in man in the form ofdisease in man in the form of
-provision of treatment-provision of treatment
-health education-health education
-social support-social support

11. LEVELS OFLEVELS OF
PREVENTIONPREVENTION
 Primordial preventionPrimordial prevention
 Primary preventionPrimary prevention
 Secondary preventionSecondary prevention
 Tertiary preventionTertiary prevention
MODES OFMODES OF
INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION
 health promotionhealth promotion
 Specific protectionSpecific protection
 Early diagnosis andEarly diagnosis and
treatmenttreatment
 Disability limitationDisability limitation
and rehabilitationand rehabilitation

12. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTIONPRIMORDIAL PREVENTION::
““It’s the prevention ofIt’s the prevention of
emergence or developmentemergence or development
of risk factors in countriesof risk factors in countries
or population groups inor population groups in
which they have notwhich they have not
occurred”.occurred”.
The main intervention isThe main intervention is
throughthrough
-Individual education-Individual education
-Mass education-Mass education

13. PRIMARY PREVENTION:PRIMARY PREVENTION:
““It’s the action taken prior to the onset ofIt’s the action taken prior to the onset of
disease which removes the possibilitydisease which removes the possibility
that a disease will occur”.that a disease will occur”.
It includes two strategies-It includes two strategies-
1.1. Population strategyPopulation strategy
2.2. High risk strategyHigh risk strategy

14. 1.1. Population strategy:Population strategy:
Its directed at theIts directed at the
whole of thewhole of the
population,population,
irrespective of theirrespective of the
individual risk levels.individual risk levels.
2.2. High risk strategy:High risk strategy:
It aims to bringIt aims to bring
preventive care topreventive care to
individuals at specialindividuals at special
risk.risk.

15.  Modes of intervention co-inciding withModes of intervention co-inciding with
primary prevention is-primary prevention is-
-Health promotion-Health promotion
-Specific protection-Specific protection

16. Health promotion:Health promotion:
““Process of enabling people to increaseProcess of enabling people to increase
control over and to improve health”control over and to improve health”
 It includesIt includes
-Health education-Health education
-Environment modification-Environment modification
-Nutritional intervention-Nutritional intervention
-Life style-Life style
-Behavioral changes-Behavioral changes

17. Specific protectionSpecific protection::
 It is a mode of intervention which includesIt is a mode of intervention which includes
-Immunization against vaccine preventable-Immunization against vaccine preventable
diseasesdiseases
-Use of specific nutrients-Use of specific nutrients
-Chemoprophylaxis-Chemoprophylaxis
-Protection against accidents-Protection against accidents
-Protection against occupational diseases-Protection against occupational diseases
-Protection from carcinogens-Protection from carcinogens
-Avoidance of allergens-Avoidance of allergens
-Control of specific hazards-Control of specific hazards

18. SECONDARY PREVENTION:SECONDARY PREVENTION:
““Action which halts the progress of theAction which halts the progress of the
disease in its early stage and preventsdisease in its early stage and prevents
complication.”complication.”
Mode of intervention is early diagnosisMode of intervention is early diagnosis
and treatmentand treatment
 Early diagnosis and treatmentEarly diagnosis and treatment::
““Detection of disturbances ofDetection of disturbances of
homeostatic and compensatoryhomeostatic and compensatory
mechanism while biological,mechanism while biological,
morphological and functional changesmorphological and functional changes
are still reversible.”are still reversible.”

19. TERTIARY PREVENTION:TERTIARY PREVENTION:
““All measures available toAll measures available to
reduce or limit impairmentreduce or limit impairment
and disabilities, minimizeand disabilities, minimize
suffering caused by thesuffering caused by the
existing departures fromexisting departures from
good health and to promotegood health and to promote
the patient’s adjustment tothe patient’s adjustment to
irremediable conditions.”irremediable conditions.”
Mode of intervention isMode of intervention is
disability limitation anddisability limitation and
rehabilitation.rehabilitation.

20. Disability limitationDisability limitation::
• The objective is to prevent or halt the transitionThe objective is to prevent or halt the transition
of the disease process from impairment toof the disease process from impairment to
handicap.handicap.
• DiseaseDisease ImpairmentImpairment DisabilityDisability HandicapHandicap
• ImpairmentImpairment any Loss or abnormality o psychological,any Loss or abnormality o psychological,
physiological, or anatomical structure or functionphysiological, or anatomical structure or function
• DisabilityDisability any restriction or lack o ability to perform anany restriction or lack o ability to perform an
activity in the manner or within the range consider normalactivity in the manner or within the range consider normal
for a human beingfor a human being

21. HandicapHandicap  a Disadvantage or a given individual,a Disadvantage or a given individual,
resulting from an impairment or a disability, thatresulting from an impairment or a disability, that
limits or prevents the fulfillment o a role that islimits or prevents the fulfillment o a role that is
normal ( depending on age sex and social andnormal ( depending on age sex and social and
cultural factors) for that individualcultural factors) for that individual
– DiseaseDisease  AccidentAccident
– ImpairmentImpairment Loss of footLoss of foot
– DisabilityDisability  Cannot walkCannot walk
– HandicapHandicap  UnemployedUnemployed

22. Rehabilitation:Rehabilitation:
““Combined and coordinated use ofCombined and coordinated use of
medical, social, educational andmedical, social, educational and
vocational measures for training andvocational measures for training and
retraining of the individual to the highestretraining of the individual to the highest
possible level of functional ability.”possible level of functional ability.”
 Medical rehabilitationMedical rehabilitation
 Vocational rehabilitationVocational rehabilitation
 Social rehabilitationSocial rehabilitation
 Psychological rehabilitationPsychological rehabilitation