This document discusses cessation of life and determining death. It covers:
- Definitions of somatic death, molecular death, brain death, and brain stem death.
- Criteria for determining whole brain death which requires absent brain and brainstem function and apnea.
- Importance of determining the cause and time of death for organ transplantation. Different organs remain viable for varying lengths of time after circulation stops.
- Distinctions between brain death, persistent vegetative state, and brainstem injury and how each affects respiratory and cardiac function.
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Following is the detailed description of Dying Deposition and Dying Declaration being followed in Indian Legalities from a Medical students perspective. The presentation should prove to be helpful for educators and primarily for medical students for their understanding and academics.
References - Forensic Medicine And Toxicology (29th edition) By DR. K.S. Narayan Reddy
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Hii, I have uploaded my class presentation
Death & its causes/ Thanatology is very interesting and important topic in Forensic Medicine, might be useful for other readers also
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Following is the detailed description of Dying Deposition and Dying Declaration being followed in Indian Legalities from a Medical students perspective. The presentation should prove to be helpful for educators and primarily for medical students for their understanding and academics.
References - Forensic Medicine And Toxicology (29th edition) By DR. K.S. Narayan Reddy
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Hii, I have uploaded my class presentation
Death & its causes/ Thanatology is very interesting and important topic in Forensic Medicine, might be useful for other readers also
This is a presentation on brain death, its background, definition, related neurological conditions, criteria of brain death, brain stem reflexes, causes of coma, confounding factors, observation compatible with brain death, ancillary test, medical record documentation, prognosis, Management of brain death patient.
You tube link of this presentation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MzE5lHfglI&t=38s
Nurses as the primary care providers would be the immediate health care professional to assess the patient's response and to determine whether he is improving or deteriorating. Signs of brain death can be identified and reported early by a nurse with adequate knowledge.
This presentation consist information about Brain death with special emphasis to differences between Indian and Western Guidelines. Also consist information about Organ transplantation and related act.
"whenever any medico-legal case comes to the hospital, the medical officer on duty should inform the Duty Constable, giving the name, age, sex of the patient and the place of occurrence of the incident and should start the treatment of the patient.
It will be the duty of the said Constable to inform the nearest concerned police station or higher police functionaries for further action.
Role of Forensic Pathologists in Mass Aviation Disasters[1].pptxDr. Mohd Kaleem Khan
The forensic pathologist has always had a central role in the identification of the dead in every day practice, in accidents, and in disasters involving hundreds or thousands of victims.
Medico Legal Responsibilities of Doctors
Registered medical practitioner (RMP) i.e. Emergency Medical Officer (EMO)/ Assistant Emergency Medical Officer (Asst. EMO) at Emergency should decide whether the case is to be registered as MLC or not.
Consent of family members NOT required for registration of a case as MLC.
Opinion Should be Crisp and to the Point. Articles Preserved and Should be Enumerated.Prepare Three Copies of The Document, One Copy is Kept at Emergency Room, other as Hospital Record.Original is Given to The Police.
If a MLC, recorded elsewhere (in other hospital) is referred, it should be treated as MLC but NO NEW MLC number should be issued. Treatment should continue in old MLC number. Neither a new MLR should be prepared nor is it needed to inform the police.
If a case is brought several days after the incident, it should be reported and findings to be noted regarding the present condition of the patient.
MLC can be written and signed by (EMO)/Asst. EMO /Faculty. Wherever possible, Faculty member should sign along with SR/JR if the report is prepared by them.
Cases wherever attending doctor after taking history and clinical examination of the patient thinks that some investigation by law enforcing agencies are essential so as to fix the responsibility regarding the case in accordance with the law of land.
consent
Indian Contract Act 1872 defines when two or more persons agree upon the same thing and at the same time in the same sense provided the consent has been taken prior to coercion, not under the influence of fraud or misinterpretation and mistake
Various pests, fungi, weeds and rodents cause much harm to the production and storage of food grains
A large number of pesticides including insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides and fungicides are available in the market.
Criminal abortion is commonly practiced in India as access to legal abortion and society fear are still great barrier. Approach of the physician and government should favorable.
infections through food contamination and food adulteration often leads poisoning like status. mortality and morbidity decides the nature and severity of poison. awareness needed for common food born infections and common food adulterants.
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
injury to thorax and abdomen. tension pneumothorax , cardiac tamponade, rupture of kidney, rupture of liver, intestinal perforation, foreign body in rectum
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
5. Failure of the body as an integrated system
loss of circulation, respiration and
innervation
for such a time impossible for life to return
irreversible unconsciousness
6. Heart stops
no pulse, no heart sounds, flat ECG,
segmentation of blood in retinal vessels
Lungs stop
no breathing, no chest movement
Brain activity stops
muscles floppy
metabolism stops, body cools down
7. Auscultation for 4 to 5 minutes
D.D. shock, hypothermia,
electrocution, depressant drugs
8. Depends on susceptibility to oxygen deprivation
Varies - important in organ harvesting
Brain most susceptible, 3 to 7 minutes
Wbcs may remain motile for up to 12hours
Muscles respond to stimuli for few hours
Skin viable for several days
Importance - transplants
11. PERSISTANT VEGETATIVE STATE
Functioning Brain Stem But Non Functioning
Higher Centres
Respiratory Centres Functioning Do Not Require
Permanent Assisted Ventilation
Require Parenteral Feeding
If Heart Protected From Hypoxic Damage And
Nutrition Sustained, May Survive For Years
12. BRAINSTEM INJURY
COMA due to damage to the ascending reticular
activating system
Require assisted ventilation due to failure of
the respiratory motor system
Beating heart
14. Three criteria to be fulfilled:
Absent Cerebral Function
Absent Brainstem Function
Apnea
Unreceptivity & unresponsivity
No movements and breathing
No reflexes
An added confirmatory test was a flat or
isoelectric EEG
15. 1. Absent Pupillary response to light
2. Absent corneal reflex
3. No motor response within the cranial nerve
distribution and the limbs
4. Absent gag reflex
5. Doll’s eye phenomenon
6. No vestibulo-ocular reflexes
7. Persistent apnoea when ventilator disconnected
16. Causes of irreversible Brainstem damage (eg.
hypoxia, trauma, illness, toxic insult etc.)
Reversible causes to be excluded: intoxication,
depressant drug, ms relaxant, hypothermia,
hypovolemic shock, metabolic disturbances.
Pt. must be examined twice with a gap of 6 hrs.
19. Defn: Cessation of brain fn due to
irreversible damage to vital centers
Causes
Raised intracranial pressure
Poisons
Metabolic disorders
Autopsy findings:
Edema and congestion of brain and its covering
membranes, signs of head injury
20. Defn: Failure of heart fn leading to hypo-
perfusion and hypoxia
Causes
Heart disease
Hemorrhages
Pathological state of blood
Exhaustive disease
Poisons
21. Reflex cardiac arrest due to (no
characteristic autopsy findings)
vasovagal attack (e.g. throttling, blow to
epigastrium, abortion, sudden immersion body in
cold water, insertion of instruments into uterus,
bladder or rectum)
Ventricular fibrillation (due spontaneous
sympathetic nervous discharge).
Autopsy findings:
Contracted heart with empty chambers, pale
viscera, and congested capillaries. Splanchnic
pooling of blood
22. Defn: Interference with respiratory fn or
due to lack of O2 in respired air d/t which
organs and ts are deprived of O2 causing
death.
Causes
Pathological or diseased condition
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
e.g. massive hemorrhage
Decreased oxygen supply as in case of
poisonous gases
Decreased inhalation capacity e.g. mechanical
interference in respiratory passage
23. Autopsy findings:
Cyanosis
Pronounced lividity
Petechial hemorrhage
Visceral congestion
Special signs or changes
24. “The pathologist is bound to rely in part on
what he/she is told of the events leading up
to death for functional lapses like fall in
blood pressure, cardiac arrythmia, spasm of
the glottis or vagal inhibition which leave no
trace at autopsy.”
Simpson
26. (Cot Death)
The sudden death of any infant or young
child, which, from the case history, is
unexpected, and in which a thorough
postmortem examination fails to
demonstrate an adequate cause for the
death.
It is a diagnosis of exclusion
27. Features
Age - 2 weeks to 2 years
few after 9 months
male>female
Time - during sleep
80% found dead by 6am
weekends>weekdays
COLDER months
29. Sleeping position
Over heating
pvc mattresses
sleep apnoea
viruses-cause or incidental
small size of larynx
trace metal deficiency
allergy to cow’s milk
abnormal nervous conducting system to heart
excess Na in feeds
overhead electric cables
nuclear power stations
30. Autopsy Findings
1. Nothing
2. Non- specific findings
froth at mouth
petechial haemorrhages
congestion of lungs
3. Manifest illness- NOT SIDS