Death and changes after death
This document discusses various topics related to death including:
1. Types of death such as somatic/clinical death and cellular/molecular death.
2. Diagnosis of death including criteria for brain death.
3. Differences between somatic and molecular death.
4. Modes, causes and manners of death. It also discusses topics like suspended animation and sudden death.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Derived from GK word daktylose-finger ,graphein- to write
Method of identification based on unique epidermal ridge pattern on the tips of fingers.
Syn-Fingerprinting, Dermatoglyphics, Galton system of identification
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Derived from GK word daktylose-finger ,graphein- to write
Method of identification based on unique epidermal ridge pattern on the tips of fingers.
Syn-Fingerprinting, Dermatoglyphics, Galton system of identification
Death occurring in the course of nature and from natural causes (as age or disease) as opposed to accident or violence.Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in terminal injury. In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death
Death and life sustaining treatments AND MEDICAL AND LEGAL ETHICAL VIEW OVER IT.Var Dan
death and life sustaining treatments and complete detail about brain death and udda act made by uniform law commission and the whole presentation is based on united states medical system and government.
Anatomy of Human Brain Presented by Dr Arman MD (Resident) Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. reference taken from latest book & journal.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
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comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. • Concept of death & definition of death
• Types of death
• Different aspects of death
• Diagnosis of death
• D/D of death
• Death trance
• Lazarus syndrome
• Unconsciousness
• Presumption of death & survivorship
• Sudden death
• Euthanasia
• Post mortem changes
3. Concept of death & life.
Philosophical , legal & medical/scientific concept of
death.
Oxford dictionary gives the meaning of death as –„ The
end of life‟.
Chamber‟s twentieth century dictionary defines death as -
„Extinction of life.‟
Black‟s law dictionary defines death as –„ The cessation
of life; the ceasing the exist‟.
4. Death
• Law does not define death clearly.
• Definition of death (Medico legal definition):
• Death may be defined as permanent & irreversible
cessation of three interlinked vital systems of body ,
called tripod of life, namely –the nervous ,
circulatory & respiratory systems.
• In the United States, a person is dead by law if a
Statement of Death or Death certificateis approved by a
licensed medical practitioner. Various legal
consequences follow death, including the removal from
the person of what in legal terminology is called
personhood.
5. Types of death :
• The advent of human organ transplantation, in the
1960s specially the heart transplantation lead to the
necessity of scrutinizing the phenomena of death. The
problem increased many folds because of the increasing
use of the modern medical technology i.e. connection to
the artificial means to support a dying man. This
generated the newer concepts of moments of death.
• For the purpose of understanding about death and its
mechanism death is divided into two types (1) somatic
death, and (2) molecular death.
6. Types of death :
1. Somatic death/systemic death /Clinical death:
It means complete & irreversible stoppage
of vital functions .
2. Cellular death/molecular death :
It means death of tissues & cells of body individually
7. Somatic death/Systemic death/Clinical death
It is defined as irreversible cessation of functioning brain,
heart, and lungs resulting in complete loss of sensibility and
ability to move the body. It is the extinction of personality or
the death of the body as a whole (soma means body), also
known as clinical or systemic death. The cells of different
tissues of the body are still alive and dies after sometime at
different rate.
Cessation of heart beating:-Clinical criteria:
1.Absence of pulse (central i.e. carotid )
2.Absence of heart sound on repeated prolonged auscultation.
3.A flat electrocardiogram (ECG).
8. Somatic death/Systemic death/Clinical death
Cessation of breathing:-Clinical criteria
1.Absence of respiratory movement
2.Absence of breath sound on thorough auscultation of
chest. (Central)
Cessation of brain activity:-Clinical criteria
1.Generalized flaccidity with generalized anesthesia.
2.Dilated fixed pupils, not responding to light
3.Absence of motor responses within the cranial nerve
distribution on painful stimuli.
4.Absence of corneal reflexes.
9. Cellular or molecular death and the concept of
brain death
• Somatic death is followed by progressive disintegration
of body tissues and is called as cellular or molecular
death.
• In absence of circulation and respiration different cells
die at different times. Death of some cells are
mentioned below in sequential order from the earliest:-
10. Brain death or brain stem death
Brain death means irreversible loss of cerebral function.
Or
Brain death means that the patient is dead whether or not
the function of some other organ such as heart beat is
maintained by artificial means and all the function of the
brain must have permanently and irreversibly ceased.
11. Brain Death
Brain death : Permanent & irreversible cessation of function
of brain irrespective of function of other organs like heart ,
lungs.
Types of brain death:
1.Cortical death /cerebral death/ vegetative stage :Loss of
function of cerebral cortex. , heart & lungs may work. .
2.Brain stem death: Damage & failure of function of brain
stem , heart & lungs can not work independently.
3.Combined brain death: both cortical & brain stem death.
Brain death is now considered as legal death . It has great
importance from legal , ethical point of view & in relation to
organ trans plantation .
12. Brain Death
Cortical death
Death of the cortex with an intact brain stem.
Permanent & irreversible cessation of function of cerebral
cortex is called cortical death.
Brain stem death
Cerebrum is intact but loss of all vital center causes the
victim to be irreversible comatose and incapable of
spontaneous breathing.
Combined brain death:
both cortical & brain stem death
13. Criteria for diagnosing brain death
(1)The patient must be in a deep coma, which is not due to
depressant drugs, metabolic or endocrine disorder.
(2) The patient must not be in hypothermia.
(3)The patient must be on a mechanical ventilator/heart-lung
machine.
(4)Diagnostic test for brain death:-
(a) Absence of corneal reflex.
(b) Dilated and fixed pupil not reacting to light.
(c) Absence of vestibulo-ocular reflex.
(d) Absence of cranial nerve response to painful stimuli.
(e) Absence of cough reflex.
14. Difference of somatic & molecular death
1. Complete & irreversible stoppage of
functions three vital organs –brain,heart
& lungs .
2. It may be confused with suspended
animation.
3. In this stage muscles response to
electric stimuli .
4. At this stage of death organs
can be removed for transplantation .
5. It precedes molecular death.
1. Death of tissue & individual cells
takes place .
2. No chance of confusion.
3. In this stage muscles do not
response to electric stimuli .
4. At this stage of death organs cannot
be removed for transplantation .
5.It follows somatic death .
15. Different aspects of death-
3 main aspects to be considered:
1. Mood of death
2. Cause of death
3. Manner of death
16. Mode of death
The term „mode of death‟ usually refers to the system that
initiates the process of death.
Stoppage of which system initiated the process of death.
These modes are:
1. Coma. (failure of nervous system).
2. Syncope (failure of circulatory system).
3. Asphyxia (failure of respiratory system).
17. Cause of death
• Natural causes-
Natural disease & geriatric causes
• Unnatural causes –
Injury, poisoning, drowning etc.
• *Obscure causes.
18. Manner of death :
It is the way by which cause of death was produced.
1.Natural
2.Unnatural–
Suicidal, homicidal, accidental
*Undetermined/unexplained
19. Coma
Coma means insensibility or loss of consciousness,which may
be partial or complete depending on the degree of involvement
of the C.N.S.
Causes of coma:
1.Cerebral compression.
2.Cerebral injuries.
3.Infective states like, encephalitis, meningitis, abscess.
4.Any growth.
5.Metabolic disorder.
6.Cerebral embolism.
7.The effect of certain drugs.
8.Miscellaneous causes like epilepsy, heat stroke.
20. ASPHYXIA
Asphyxia is a condition caused by interference with
respiration, or due to lack of oxygen in respired air due to
which the organ and tissues are deprived of oxygen
causing unconsciousness or death.
21. Hypoxia & Anoxia
HYPOXIA
Lack of supply of oxygen to the tissues below normal is
known as hypoxia.
ANOXIA
Anoxia means total lack of oxygen in the tissues.
22. SYNCOPE
Syncope is the sudden cessation of the action of
the heart and failure of circulation leading to
death.
23. Cause of death
1. Immediate cause
2. Basic cause
3. Contributory cause
24. WHO Syntax regarding writing cause of death
I. Cause of death
a) Direct cause ...Myocardial infarction
(due to or as a consequence of)
b) Antecedent cause ...Coronary thrombosis
(due to or as a consequence of)
c) Underlying cause ...Coronary atherosclerosis
II. Contributory causes…
(Usually applicable for geriatric death)
DM
Hypercholesterolemia.
25. Death certification.
A doctor is the person who is legally authorized to declare
a death & issue a death certificate.
To issue a death certificate/Condition of certifying death:
1.Inspection of the dead body by the doctor himself.
2.Full satisfaction about the death
3.The doctor must sure of the cause of death
4.The doctor should free from least suspicion of foul play
5. The doctor has seen/examined the person within 14
days before death as alive.
6.The doctor registered as a qualified medical practitioner.
26. DEATH CERTIFICATE (WHO)
I do herby certify that I attended the deceased (Name) ...................................... aged ....................
residing at ...................................................................... during his last illness and that to the best of
my belief the cause of his death (time)............... on (date) was as stated below:
Cause of Death Approximate interval between onset and death
1. Disease of condition or condition
directly leading to death (a) ................................ Years Months
(due to or as consequence of ) Days Hours
Antecedent cause (b) ................................ Years Months
(due to or as consequence of ) days hours
Morbid conditions, if any, (c) ................................ Years Months
giving rise to the above cause, days hours
stating the underlying condition last
2. Other significant conditions …………………………………… Years Months
contributing to the death but not .....……………………………….. days hours
related to the disease or condition
causing it.
Address or rubber stamp of the institution Signature, designation, degree and
registration number.
27. Tests for death:
1.For stoppage of function of NS
Look for movement -No movement
Look for response-No response to stimulus
Look for jerk-No jerks
Look for reflex-No reflex
Confirmation by EEG.
2.For Stoppage of respiration
Inspection , palpation & auscultation for respiration–repeated for at least 5 min.
Feather test –Feather/cotton –Nose -Movement
Mirror test –Mirror –Nose/Mouth -Hazy
Winslow‟s test –Water bowl –Chest –Light reflection
3.For stoppage of circulation
Inspection, palpation & auscultation for HS–repeated for at least 5 minutes.
Detection of pulse & BP : absent
Icard‟stest -1 ml of 20% alkaline fluorescein S/C –Colourchange spread
Ligature test(Magnusstest) –Ligature –Finger –Swollen & Bluish
Finger web inspection (Diaphanous test) –Hand –Light –Pinkish & translucent / Yellowish & opaque.
By applying heat –Skin –Hot Object –Blister & redness.
Confirmation by ECG.
Earliest & surest sign of death : Segmentation/trucking of blood
column in the retinal blood vesceles–by opthalmoscope.
28. Suspended Animation/Apparent Death/Death
Trance/Catalepsy:
Death trance is a condition in which all the signs of life
or vitality are seemed to be absent although the individual
still remains alive.
It is a condition , wherein the vital functions of body
(heart beat and respiration) are maintained at a low pitch
reduced to a minimum for sometime, that they could not
be detected by routine methods of clinical examination.
29. Suspended Animation/Apparent Death/Death
Trance/Catalepsy:
(1) It is the condition in which all signs of life or vitality are
seemed to be absent although the individual still remains alive.
(2) The person appears to be dead because of very feeble or
minimum function of his body systems.
(3) The function of circulatory , respiratory or nervous system
may not be perceived by conventional method though the
person is still alive.
(4) The function of these system may return after sometime by
proper resuscitaion.
(5) Such a death like state is known as suspended animation.
Actually the circulation do not completely stop but is
maintained in minimum.
31. Test to avoid death trance
1. Repeated auscultation over a period longer then 5
minutes.
2. E.C.G.
3. E.E.G.
4. Demonstration of rectal temp. <75 F
5. Ophthalmoscopy should be done routinely and is
confirmed by detecting segmentation of blood column in
retinal vessel.
32. Medico legal importance of Suspended Animation
1.It can lead error if precautions are not taken.
2.Confusion may lead to issue of a dead certificate for a
live person
3.An alive person may be sent to mortuary.
4.Premature burial / funeral.
5.May create professional problems for doctor.
6.May create social/public agitation/problems.
33. Natural death
Natural death means death occurring due to natural
disease or pathological condition or old age , debility in
which death is not intended or attempted and also does
not occur accidentally.
34. Unexpected and Sudden Death
Definition:
Death is biologically, legally, and literally an absolute and
irreversible event.
WHO Definition:
Who dies within 24 hours of symptoms appearing.
Forensic Definition:
Who dies in minutes or even seconds of the onset of the
symptoms.
35. Sudden death
Sudden death may be defined as a death which occur
suddenly or unexpectedly when a person not known to
have been suffering from any dangerous disease, injury or
poisoning is found dead or dies within 24hours after the
onset of terminal illness.
The incidence is approximately 10 percent of all deaths.
Death may be delayed in a survivor of cardiac arrest, but
"survival after cardiac sudden death” is an irrational term.
Currently the accepted definition (SCD) is natural death due to
cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness
within 1 hour of the onset of acute symptoms.
36. Causes Of Sudden Death:
Where a natural death is very rapid, perhaps virtually
instantaneous,thecauses are as follows---
(I) Diseases of Cardiovascular system(40-50%):
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
SCD must be carefully defined. In the context of time,
“Sudden” is defined, for most clinical and epidemiologic
Purposes ,as one hour or less between the onset of the
terminal clinical event , or an abrupt change in clinical
status, and death. A exception is unwitnessed deaths in
which pathologists may expand the definition of time to 24
hour after the victim was last seen to be alive an
stable.
37. (I) Diseases of Cardiovascular system(40-50%):
1.Coronary Artery Disease:(Narrowing and obliteration of the lumen by atherosclerosis.)
2.Coronary Atherosclerosis with coronary thrombosis.
3.Coronary Atherosclerosis with hemorrhage in the wall causing occlusion of the lumen.
4.Coronary Artery embolism.
5.Occlusion of the ostium of the coronary artery associated with Atherosclerosis or syphilitic aortitis.
6.Arterial hypertension with atherosclerosis.
7.Rupture of the fresh Myocardial Infarction.
8. Spontaneous Rupture of the aorta.
9.Angina Pectoris.
10.Pulmonary Embolism.
11.Systemic embolism occurring in bacterial endocarditis.
12.Rupture of aortic aneurysm or other aneurysm like circle of Willis.
13.Cardiomyopathies.
14.Lesions of the conducting system: fibrosis, necrosis
15.Valvular lesions: aortic stenosis/regurgitation, mitral stenosis, rupture of chordae, ball-valve thrombosis.
16. Fatty degeneration of heart
17.Acute Endocarditis.
18.Acute Myocarditis.
19.Acute Pericarditis.
20.Congenital Heart disease of new born.
38. (II) Diseases of Respiratory system(15-23%):
1.Lobar pneumonia.
2.Bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.
3.Rupture of blood vessels in pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation.
4.Pulmonary embolism and infarction.
5.Air Embolism
6. Influenza
7.Diptheria
8.Acute edema of the glottis.
9. Acute edema of the lung.
10.Lung abscess.
11.Massive collapse of the lung.
12.Pleural effusion.
13.Pneumothorax caused by rupture of emphysematous bleb.
14.Neoplasm of bronchus
15.Bronchial asthma
16.Impaction of foreign in the larynx and regurgitation of stomach contents into air
passages and bronchioles.
39. (III) Diseases of Central Nervous system(10-18%):
1.Cerebral hemorrhage.
2.Cerebellar hemorrhage.
3.Pontine hemorrhage.
4.Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
5.Cerebral thrombosis and embolism.
6.Carotid artery thrombosis and embolism.
7.Brain abscess.
8.Brain tumor.
9.Meningitis.
10.Acute encephalitis.
11.Cysts of third or fourth ventricle
12.Epilepsy.
40. (IV) Diseases of Alimentary system(6-8%):
1.Haemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract from peptic
ulcer, esophageal varices, cancer esophagus etc.
2.Perforation of ulcers, e.g. peptic, typhoid, amoebic or
malignant.
3.Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
4.Strangulated hernia.
5.Twisting and intussusception of the bowel.
6.Paralytic ileus.
7.Appendicitis.
8.Bursting of the liver abscess.
9.Rupturede of enlarged spleen.
10.Intestinal obstruction.
11.Obstructive cholecystitis.
41. (V) Diseases of Genito-urinary system(3-5% ):
1.Chronitic Nephritis.
2.Nephrolithiasis.
3.Obstructive hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis.
4.TB of kidney.
5.Tumours of kidney and Bladder.
6.Rupture of ectopic pregnancy.
7.Toxaemia of pregnancy.
8.Uterine hemorrhage due to fibroids.
9.Cancer vulva eroding femoral vessel.
10.Twisting of ovary or ovarian cyst or fibroid tumour.
42. (VI) Miscellaneous(5 -10% ):
1.Addison‟s disease.
2.Diabetes Mellitus.
3.Haemochromatosis
4.Hyperthyroidism
5.Cerebral malaria.
6.Shock due to emotional excitement.
7.Reflex vagal inhibition.
8.Anaphylaxis due to drugs.
9.Mismatched blood transfusion.
43. Medico-legal Significance
In cases of sudden death, it is usually not possible to
certify the cause of death from an external examination of
the body.
In all such cases, an autopsy is necessary to obviate the
possibility of unnatural death. A doctor who issues a
death certificate in such a case runs the risk of being
accused as an accessory to a crime and obstructing the
course of justice, should the death be found eventually
due to foul play.