The document discusses several poisonous plants and their toxic effects, including castor, abrus precatorius, croton tiglium, calotropis, plumbago rosea, semecarpus anacardium, capsicum, and ergot. For each one, it describes identifying features, active toxic principles, signs and symptoms of poisoning, treatment, and potential medicolegal importance as accidental or intentional poisons.
The chief vegetable purgatives are aloes, colocynth, gamboge, jalap,
scammony, seeds of castor-oil plant, croton-oil, elaterium, the
hellebores, and colchicum. All these have, either alone or combined,
proved fatal. The active principle in aloes is aloin; of jalap, jalapin;
of white hellebore, veratria; and of colchicum, colchicin. Morrison's
pills contain aloes and colocynth; aloes is also the chief ingredient in
Holloway's pills
Inorganic (non metallic) irritant Poisons by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Inorganic (non metallic) irritants poisons. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
The chief vegetable purgatives are aloes, colocynth, gamboge, jalap,
scammony, seeds of castor-oil plant, croton-oil, elaterium, the
hellebores, and colchicum. All these have, either alone or combined,
proved fatal. The active principle in aloes is aloin; of jalap, jalapin;
of white hellebore, veratria; and of colchicum, colchicin. Morrison's
pills contain aloes and colocynth; aloes is also the chief ingredient in
Holloway's pills
Inorganic (non metallic) irritant Poisons by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Inorganic (non metallic) irritants poisons. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Various pests, fungi, weeds and rodents cause much harm to the production and storage of food grains
A large number of pesticides including insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides and fungicides are available in the market.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Sulphuric acid as a corrosive poison. the characteristics, fatal dose, fatal time, sign and symptoms, post-mortem appearance and medicolegal importance are discussed
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Various pests, fungi, weeds and rodents cause much harm to the production and storage of food grains
A large number of pesticides including insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides and fungicides are available in the market.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Sulphuric acid as a corrosive poison. the characteristics, fatal dose, fatal time, sign and symptoms, post-mortem appearance and medicolegal importance are discussed
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
In these slides, Professor Tagwireyi highlights on important aspects of ingestion of plants in the Araceae species as exemplified by "Elephant's Ear" ingestion. In addition the toxicology of poisoning from a few other toxic plants found in Zimbabwe is highlighted.
toxicology is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
toxicology is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
toxicology is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
toxicology is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
Classification, identification and chemical constituents of poisonous plants (to both animals & humans).
Brief description of chemical constituents responsible for toxicity in living system.
Volatile oil 1-2 % contains monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (e.g. zingiberene).
Gingerol: (Gingerols) which is an oily liquid consisting of homologous phenols and causes the pungency of ginger. The pungency of gingerol is destroyed by boiling with 2% KOH.
Zingerone ????: pungent but possesses in addition a sweet odour. Its pungency is destroyed by prolonged contact with 5% sodium hydroxide
Shogaol represents the compounds formed by loss of water from gingerol; it is an artifact of extraction.
Starch (Ginger bread)and mucilage.
Synonyms: Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae).
Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
It's a Beautiful Topic Called ERGASTIC CELL CONTENT & METABOLITES, gives you information about metabolites, plant constituents, crystal system, crystal forms & a detail information abut primary & secondary metabolites.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Citrullus colocynthis, Bitter Apple/ Kaura Tumba Use as Medicinal Plant and B...Nouman Bilal
A small presentation about Bitter Apple as Medicinal Plant and Breeding work and Genral decryption of plant with cultivation techniques and required climate.
Similar to Vegetable irritant poisoning(castor abrus croton) (20)
"whenever any medico-legal case comes to the hospital, the medical officer on duty should inform the Duty Constable, giving the name, age, sex of the patient and the place of occurrence of the incident and should start the treatment of the patient.
It will be the duty of the said Constable to inform the nearest concerned police station or higher police functionaries for further action.
Role of Forensic Pathologists in Mass Aviation Disasters[1].pptxDr. Mohd Kaleem Khan
The forensic pathologist has always had a central role in the identification of the dead in every day practice, in accidents, and in disasters involving hundreds or thousands of victims.
Medico Legal Responsibilities of Doctors
Registered medical practitioner (RMP) i.e. Emergency Medical Officer (EMO)/ Assistant Emergency Medical Officer (Asst. EMO) at Emergency should decide whether the case is to be registered as MLC or not.
Consent of family members NOT required for registration of a case as MLC.
Opinion Should be Crisp and to the Point. Articles Preserved and Should be Enumerated.Prepare Three Copies of The Document, One Copy is Kept at Emergency Room, other as Hospital Record.Original is Given to The Police.
If a MLC, recorded elsewhere (in other hospital) is referred, it should be treated as MLC but NO NEW MLC number should be issued. Treatment should continue in old MLC number. Neither a new MLR should be prepared nor is it needed to inform the police.
If a case is brought several days after the incident, it should be reported and findings to be noted regarding the present condition of the patient.
MLC can be written and signed by (EMO)/Asst. EMO /Faculty. Wherever possible, Faculty member should sign along with SR/JR if the report is prepared by them.
Cases wherever attending doctor after taking history and clinical examination of the patient thinks that some investigation by law enforcing agencies are essential so as to fix the responsibility regarding the case in accordance with the law of land.
consent
Indian Contract Act 1872 defines when two or more persons agree upon the same thing and at the same time in the same sense provided the consent has been taken prior to coercion, not under the influence of fraud or misinterpretation and mistake
Criminal abortion is commonly practiced in India as access to legal abortion and society fear are still great barrier. Approach of the physician and government should favorable.
infections through food contamination and food adulteration often leads poisoning like status. mortality and morbidity decides the nature and severity of poison. awareness needed for common food born infections and common food adulterants.
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
injury to thorax and abdomen. tension pneumothorax , cardiac tamponade, rupture of kidney, rupture of liver, intestinal perforation, foreign body in rectum
It is heavy metal and bright silvery in appearance.It is liquid and is non poisonous if swallowed. However, it volatilizes at room temp and inhalation of vapors is toxic. It gets widely distributed throughout the body and causes toxic damage to brain, kidney, peripheral nervous system, mucous membranes etc
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Vegetable irritant poisoning(castor abrus croton)
1. Dr Mohd Kaleem Khan
Assistant Professor
Department Of Forensic Medicine
JNMCH AMU Aligarh
2. Ricinus communis (Castor, Arandi)
• The castor bean plant, ricinus communis, is a "native
of tropical africa.
• Cultivated in several varieties for the oil found in its
leaves and for its bold foliage.
• Leaves consist of usually eight radiating, pointed
leaflets with slightly serrated edges.
• Entire plant is poisonous esp. Seeds except oil.
• Seeds are smooth, flat, oval, mottled, dark brown
marking, bright and polished and occur in large and
small form.
6. MOA:
Active principle:
• Toxalbumin RICIN, a water soluble glycoprotein
• (Ricinus Communis Agglutinin)
– Antigenic- causes agglutination, hemolysis and cell
destruction
– RCA does not penetrate the intestinal wall, and does not
affect red blood cells unless given intravenously
7. • Ricin
– Blocks protein synthesis
– Ricin has special binding protein that gains access to the
endoplasmic reticulum of GIT causing diarrhoea.
• These "ribosome-inactivating proteins" (RIPs) are typically N-
glycosylated, 30 kDa monomers (Type 1 RIPs). However, in order to bind
to the cell surface galactosides and enter the cytosol to reach ribosomes,
they require a second monomer, a galactose-binding, 30 kDa lectin. The
monomers are joined by a disulfide bridge to form the toxic heterodimers
(Type 2 RIPs).
8.
9. • The RTB portion of ricin binds to both glycoproteins and
glycolipids at cell surfaces that terminate with galactose.
• However, just a single ricin molecule that enters the
cytosol can inactivate over 1,500 ribosomes per minute and
kill the cell.
• The ricin A portion of the heterodimer is the enzyme that
binds and depurinates a specific adenine of the 28S rRNA
10. • Endocytosis by coated pits and vesicles or, endocytosis by
smooth pits and vesicles. The vesicles fuse with an endosome.
• Many ricin molecules are returned to the cell surface by
exocytosis, or the vesicles may fuse to lysosomes where the
ricin would be destroyed.
• If the ricin-containing vesicles fuse to the trans Golgi network,
(tgn), there is still a chance they may return to the cell surface.
11. • Toxic action will occur when RTA, aided by
RTB, penetrates the Golgi membrane and is
liberated into the cytosol.
• Once inside the cytosol, the RTA catalyzes the
depurination of the ribosomes, halting protein
synthesis.
12.
13. Sign and Symptom
• Dust of seeds causes:
• Watering of eyes, conjunctivitis
• Rhinitis, acute nasal inflammation
• Headache, pharyngitis, bronchitis
• Dermatitis
• Gastric upset
• Ingestion
• GIT: burning pain in throat, colicky abdominal pain, cramping,
nausea, thirst, vomiting and diarrhea.
• CNS: vertigo, drowsiness, delirium, convulsions coma
• Uremia, jaundice, feeble pulse, shock and dehydration
15. PM Appearance:
• Mucosa congested, softened, inflamed, erosions, fragment of
seeds may be present
• Dilatation of heart, pleural Hg, edema of Liver, kidney spleen
and lung
MLI:
• Accidental in children
• Rarely homicidal( The Umbrella Murder Case)
• Bioterrorism
16.
17. Abrus Precatorius Indian Liquorice/ Ratti
• All parts of plants are poisonous esp. seeds.
• Seeds are size of small pea, red in colour, egg shape,
having black spot on one end or may be white or yellow
• active principle:
– Abrin ( toxic protein that disables ribosomes, inhibits protein
synthesis, antigenic properties, hemolytic properties);
– Abrine- an amino acid; haemagglutinin,
– Abralin- a glycoside
18. • Abrus precatorius,
Known commonly as
– Jequirity, Crab's Eye, Rosary Pea, Precatory
Pea or Bean, John Crow Bead, Indian Licorice,
Akar Saga,
– Gidee Gidee Or Jumbie Bead In Trinidad & Tobago,
– Is a slender, perennial climber that twines around trees,
shrubs, and hedges.
– It is a legume with long, pinnate-leafleted leaves.
21. MOA
• Binds to endoplasmic reticulum of gut mucosal cells
l/t diarrhoea.
• Mechanism same as Ricinous Communis
• F.D. : 1 seed
• F.P. : 3- 5 days
22. USES
– The seeds of abrus precatorius are much valued in native jewelry for
their bright color.
– There have been cases of death by a finger-prick while boring the
seeds for beadwork.
– These seeds to weigh gold using a measure called a ratti, where 8 ratti
= 1 masha; 12 masha = 1 tola (11.6 grams)
– In siddha medicine, the white variety is used to prepare oil that is
claimed to be an aphrodisiac .
– Ayurveda because it is said to promote/stimulate hair growth.
23. Sign and Symptom
• On ingestion:
• Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea,
• Vertigo, tinnitus, and giddiness,
• Cold clammy skin, irregular pulse, laboured breathing,
convulsions,
• Haemolysis, oliguria and death d/t cardiac failure.
• Injected:
• Resembles viperine snake bite.
• Inflammation, oedema, oozing of fluid.
• Painful swelling and necrosis of muscles and regional lymph node
may occur.
24. TREATMENT
• Gastric lavage
• Suis should be excised
• Anti abrin ( not so effective)
• A mixture of dilute hydrochloric acid and pepsin
• Symptomatic treatment
25. Medicolegal Aspect
– Accidental in children
– Suis made from opium, dhatura, onion and spirit
and used for animal poisoning
– Seeds act as abortificient
– Malingering: conjunctivitis
– Arrow poison
26. Croton tiglium (jamal gota)
• Croton tiglium, known as Purging Croton, is a plant species
in the Euphorbiaceae family.
• C. tiglium is also called Jamaal Gota in Hindi and Urdu.
• Seeds are dark brown, oval, similar to croton but not
mottled and lustureless.
• All parts of plant are poisonous but seeds contain
maximum conc. of Active principle.
28. Uses
• C. tiglium is used in traditional Chinese medicine,
•
• C. tiglium is known as Japaala/or "Jayapala" in Sinhala and
used in Sinhala traditional medical system of Sri Lanka.
• Seeds have a powerful purge.
• Is a valuable remedy in diarrhoea, summer complaint, and
Skin affections, in Homeopathic remedies
29.
30. Toxic effect
• Active principle:
– Crotin (toxalbumin)
– Crotoniside ( glycoside )
Ingestion
– Burning pain in throat and stomach, salivation, colicky abdominal
pain, cramping, nausea, thirst, vomiting and bloody diarrhoea.
– Prostration circulatory and respiratory collapse
– Applied to skin
– Burning redness and vesication
31. • F.D. : 4 crushed seeds or 3 drops of oil
• F.P. :3-6 days
• Treatment:
• GL
• Emetics and demulscents
• Morphine and atropine
• symptomatic
32. PM Appearance:
• Mucosa congested, softened, inflamed, erosions,
fragment of seeds may be present
• Dilatation of heart, pleural Hg, oedema of Liver,
kidney spleen and lung
• MLI:
• Accidental
• Rarely homicidal and suicidal
• Roots and oil as abortificient
• Arrow poison
33. Calotropis gigantea/ calotropis procera
madar or akdo
• Dried root freed from the outer cortical is
called Madar
• Its constituents are
– Madaralbum, a crystalline colourless substance;
– Madarfluavil, an amber coloured viscid substance
– and Mudarine, gelatinizes on heating.
34. • Active Principle:
• Uscharin,
• Calotoxin,
• Calactin,
• Calotropin (Cardiac Glycoside)
• Gigantin (Contained In Serum)
35.
36.
37. Uses:
• Flowers: digestive , carminative, tonic
• Leaves: purgatives, emetic
• Milky juice : vesicant, depilatory and T/T of chronic skin
condition
• Tincture of bark or root: dysentery
• Dried bark: expectorant, emetic and purgative
• Treatment of impotence, asthma, syphilis, gonorrhoea and
elephantiasis
38. Sign and symptoms
• External – irritant vasication, conjunctivitis
• Internal – gastrointestinal and cerebral
poison
39. Medico- legal importance
– Madar juice is commonly used as an abortifacient,
along with lead oxide.
– May be used for homicide , suicide or infanticide(madar
juice mixing it with milk and water)
• Animal poison
• Artificial bruise
• Arrow poison
• The root of calotropis procera is strongly poisonous to cobras and other
poisonous snakes, who cannot stand its smell. Hence, snake charmers carry
it to control freshly caught cobras
40. Plumbago Rosea/ Plumbago Zeylinca
Lal Chitra/ Chitra
• Roots are most poisonous
• Active principle:
• Plumbagin (glycoside) – strong irritant and in
small doses it
• Stimulates contractions of heart,
• Intestine a
• Uterus
Large doses causes respiratory failure.
41. Signs and Symptoms
• Paste causes swelling, redness and inflammation and blister
formation.
• Ingestion of crushed roots in large doses causes:
– Burning pain in mouth, throat and stomach with vomiting
– Intense thirst and diarrhea
– Convulsion
– Uterine contractions leading to abortion
– Collapse and death from cardio respiratory failure.
42. Treatment
• Local application of paste or abortion stick,
– Removed and vaginal douching with warm water and an
antiseptic solution.
• In case of ingestion,
– Stomach wash with plain
– Warm water, demulcents,
– Stimulants, analeptics to combat shock and collapse.
43. Autopsy Findings
• Inflammation and injury in vagina, cervix and uterus
when used as an abortifacient
• Gastrointestinal irritation with congestion of all
internal viscera
44. Medico-legal importance
• Abortion(crushed roots)
• Homicide
• Artificial bruise (paste or milky juice of
crushed stems or leaves)
• Powdered leaves and roots: t/t of leprosy,
scabies and influenza
45.
46. Semecarpus Anacardium or
Marking Nut/ Bhilawan
• Fruit is black, heart shape, having rough projection at
base.
• Fleshy pericarp contains thick, oily, acrid juice which
turns black when mixed with lime and exposed to air
• Active principle:
• Bhilawanol,
• Semicarpol
• Non-volatile corrosiveresidue
• Fatty oils and tannic acids
47. Sign and symptoms
• On external application
– It causes irritation and itching.
– Applied to the scrotum, it causes fever, haematuria, and
painful micturition.
– Painful, black and raised containing acrid serum
– Resemble bruises and may get infected and ulcerate
– Associated with fever, dysuria, haematuria and painful
defecation.
– It is possible to detect poison from the serum from the
blisters.
48. When ingested
• Intense, painful irritation with blister formation locally in the
mouth, tongue and throat
• Gastroenteritis with nausea and vomiting
• Tachycardia
• Quick weak pulse and hypotension
• Pupils are dilated
• Cyanosis and dyspnoea
• Delirium and areflexia
• Collapse, coma and death.
• Fatal dose→5 gm
• Fatal period→ Uncertain, usually 12-24 hours
49. Treatment
• 1. External application:
– Washing with lukewarm water with some antiseptic and application of
antibiotic cream or ointment, if infected
• 2. When ingested:
– Stomach wash with plain water; Demulcent drinks; analgesics for pain
and symptomatic measures to be employed.
• Autopsy Findings
– (i) Fatty degeneration of the liver
– (ii) Blisters in the mouth, throat and even stomach
50. Medico-legal importance
• Medicolegal Aspects
– Accidental poisoning occurs when juice administered for
the treatment of pain or for treating paralysis
– Homicidal poisoning is rare
– It is criminally introduced in to the vagina as a punishment
for infidelity
– Applied on the skin for the false charge of bruise
– It is applied on to the uterus for criminal abortion
– It is applied on to the eyes by malingerers to produce
ophthalmia.
52. CAPSICUM ANNUM (LAL
MIRCH, CHILLIES)
• Capsicum fruits or seeds are extensively used in India as a
condiment, in preparation of curries, chutneys etc.
• They have pungent acrid odour and taste, which lasts for a
long time; may be used as stomachic and carminative.
• Chilli seed is approximately
– 0.30 cm (1/8") long and 0.20 cm (1/10") wide;
– They resemble very much dhatura seeds
• Active principles: Capsicin and Capsaicin
53.
54. Signs and symptoms
– Burning sensation in mouth
– Profuse salivation, thirst and difficulty in swallowing
– Pain in abdomen and constipation
– Burning sensation around the anus during passing stool
– Nausea and vomiting
– Irritation and vesication on the skin, when applied locally
– Burning, lacrymation and chemosis, when applied to eyes
– Burning, lacrymation, coryza and cough, due to fumes of
burned chillis.
• Fatal Dose→Low toxicity
• Fatal Period→Fatality is unknown.
55. Treatment
– No specific treatment
– Stomach wash with plain water
– Cathartics should be given
– Irrigation of eyes with plenty of cold water or
sterile normal saline and application of eye drops,
in case of eye contamination
– Skin contamination should be treated with plenty
of water and an emollient
– Cream locally.
56. Medicolegal Aspects
• Chilly powder may be thrown into the eyes to rob or steal valuables, money
etc. from the persons by burglars and robbers specially from the bank
counters
• It can also be used to stupefy and disable a person to facilitate commission
of crime
• Chilli powder may be used for the purpose of torture to extract money or to
extort confession of guilt, when it is introduced into the nostrils, eyes,
vagina or urethra or rubbed over the breasts of females, burnt under the nose
or when head is covered by nose-bags containing chilly powder.
• Burning of chilly seeds may at times be done by superstitious people to
scare away devils and ghosts.
57. Ergot
• Dried fungus Claviceps purpurea which grows on
stale grains particularly Rye , Wheat, Barley and
Maize
• Active principle: alkaloids- Ergotoxin, Ergotamine
and Ergometrine
• MoA: Vaso-constricting agent and stimulates smooth
ms contraction of arterioles , intestine and uterus