A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by a blockage in an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the affected area of the brain and can include paralysis, confusion, vision changes, and headaches. Treatment depends on the type of stroke, but may involve clot-busting drugs, surgery, or lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes such as controlling risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. Prognosis depends on the severity and location of damage to the brain.

1. STROKE Presented By: Nhelia B. Perez RN. MSN Norteastern College – Nursing Dept. Santiago City, Philippines

2. Nakaka stroke ang dating!!!!

3. Stroke A stroke is a medical emergency in which the blood supply to any portion of the brain is interrupted or reduced. Alternative names: Cerebrovascular accident/ disease (CVA), Cerebral infarction, Cerebral hemorrhage.

4. Epidemiology Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Every year 600,000 people will suffer a new or recurrent stroke, and of those, 160,000 will die. In the Philippines alone, there are about 500 cases of stroke for every 100,000 individuals every year. It is also estimated that about 400,000 Filipinos have lived through a first stroke with the fear of suffering a second attack, which could finally end their lives.

5. The symptoms of a stroke are dependant on what portion of the brain is damage.

6. SYMPTOMS Paralysis or weakness in the face, arms and/or legs. Confusion. Personality changes. Sudden change in eyesight. Decreased motor skills. Severe headaches A sudden development of one or more of the following symptoms usually indicates a stroke.

7. Types of stroke: http://www.memorialhermann.org/library/healthguide/en-us/images/media/medical/hw/h5551195.jpg

8. Tests Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Cerebral Angiography: identify responsible blood vessel Electrocardiogram (ECG): underlying heart conditions Echocardiogram: blood clot from heart Carotid Duplex: carotid artery stenosis Heart monitors, blood work and many more tests!!

9. Ischemic Stroke: A blood vessel becomes blocked and the blood supply to that part of your brain is blocked. Types of Ischemic strokes: Thrombotic Stroke Embolic Stroke http://www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1014

10. Treatments Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can be given within three hours from the onset of symptoms. In addition to being used to treat strokes, the following can also be used as preventative measures. Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets Carotid Endarterectomy Angioplasty/Stents

11. Ischemic Stroke http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/stroke/images/tumor.png

12. CT MRI http://www.strokecenter.org/education/ais_ct_tool/ct04/ct04-frames.htm

13. Hemorrhagic Stroke: A small blood vessel in the brain becomes weak and ruptures. Types of hemorrhagic stroke: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) Subarachnoid hemorrhage

14. Treatment Surgery is often required to remove pooled blood from the brain and to repair damaged blood vessels. Prevention: An obstruction is introduced to prevent rupture and bleeding of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Surgical Intervention Endovascular Procedures

15. Hemorrhagic Stroke

16. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Blood supply to the brain is only briefly interrupted Symptoms do not last long Warning Stroke- steps should be taken to prevent future stroke.

17. RISKS TIA CAD High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Smoking Heart Disease Diabetes Excessive alcohol consumption Family History Age Sex Race Obesity

18. Prevention Control high Blood Pressure Lower cholesterol Quit smoking Control diabetes Maintain healthy weight Exercise Manage stress Eat a healthy diet

19. Prognosis The results of a stroke vary depending on the size and location, the presence of any associated medical problems, and the likelihood of recurring strokes. Dysfunctions correspond to the area in the brain that had been damaged.

20. Nursing Management During the Acute phase, maintain a patent airway and oxygenation. Watch out for ballooning of the cheek on the affected side with respiration. If the patient is unconscious, position him on his side to allow secretions to drain and prevent aspiration. If necessary suction the secretions.

21. Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Offer the urinal or bedpan every 2 hours. Ensure adequate nutrition. Manage GI problems. Provide careful mouth care. Provide meticulous eye care. Position the patient and align his extremities correctly. Assist the patient with exercise.

22. Give medications as ordered and watch for and report adverse reactions. Establish and maintain communication with the patient. Provide psychological support. Protect from injury.