This document discusses proper drug administration including the rights of patients, nursing process, assessment, planning, interventions, evaluation and calculations. It covers the key elements of patient education and outlines Clark's rule, Fried's rule and Young's rule for calculating pediatric dosages based on weight, age and age plus 12 respectively. Examples of converting between measurement systems and dosage calculations are also provided.

1. Safe Drug Administration Nelia B. Perez RN, MSN Northeastern College – Nursing Department Santiago City, Philippines 3311

2. RIGHTS IN DRUG ADMINISTRATION Right Patient Right Route Right Drug Right Frequency Right Dose

3. Right Approach Right Assessment Right to refuse Right Education Right Evaluation Right Documentation

4. Nursing Management Nursing : An Art and a Science The Nursing Process 1. Assessment 2. Nursing Diagnosis 3. Planning 4. Interventions 5. Evaluation

5. ASSESSMENT History - chronic conditions - Drug Use - Allergies - level of education - level of understanding of Disease and therapy

6. Social Supports Financial Supports Pattern of Health Care Physical Assessment 1. weight 2. age 3. Physical Parameters r/t disease or drug effects

7. NURSING DIAGNOSIS IT MAY BE: 1. two part 2. three part Should be based on NANDA

8. PLANNING Should be SMART Can be short term or long term

9. INTERVENTIONS 7 points to Proper Drug Administration Drug Storage Route Dosage Preparation Timing recording

10. Comfort measures Placebo effect Managing adverse effects Lifestyle adjustment Patient and Family Education

11. KEY ELEMENTS TO PATIENT EDUCATION Name, Dose and action of Drug Timing of Administration Special Storage and preparation instructions Special comfort or safety measures Safety measures Specific points about drug toxicity Special warnings about drug discontinuation

12. EVALUATION The evaluation is an integral part in the nursing process. The effectivity of the drug therapy is determined through evaluation.

13. DOSAGE CALCULATIONS Measuring Systems - Metric System - Apothecary System - Household system

14. Converting between Systems Ratio and proportion

15. Calculating Dosage Oral Drugs Parenteral Drugs Intravenous solutions Pediatric considerations

16. GENERAL FORMULA Dosage X quantity stock

17. ORAL DRUGS Amt of drug available = amt of drug prescribed one tablet or capsule no. of tabs or caps

18. PARENTERAL DRUGS Amt of drug available = amt of drug prescribed volume available volume to administer

19. Intravenous Solution Drops/min = mL of sol pres/hr x drops delivered / mL 60 minutes / 1 hour

20. 1. Clark's Rule for Infants or Children: Clark’s rule is based upon the weight of the child. To determine the proper dosage for children, divide child’s weight in pounds by 150 to get the correct fraction of adult dose. Example: For a 50 pound child give 50/150 (or 1/3) of the adult dose. Therefore, if the adult dose is 30 drops taken 3 times per day, the child’s dose will be 10 drops taken 3 times per day (not 30 drops taken 1 time per day!) (Weight in pounds x (Adult dose) 150 (That's: Child's weight in pounds times adult dose divided by 150)

21. 2. Fried's Rule for Infants and Children up to 1 to 2 Years: (Age in Months) x (Adult Dose) 150 (That's: Child's age in months times adult dose divided by 150)

22. 3. Young's Rule for Children from 1 year to 12 Years: Young’s rule is based upon the age of the child, regardless of its weight. It is a “rule of the thumb” method for calculating the dose of medicine to be administered to a child. The child’s age divided by age plus 12 represents the fraction of the adult dose suitable for the child. (Age in Years) x (Adult Dose) Age + 12 (That's: Child's age in years times adult dose divided by child's age plus 12)

23. Problems Change to equivalents within the system: 1. 100 mg = ______g 2. 1500 g = ______kg 3. 0.1 L = _______ mL 4. 500 mL = _______L

24. Convert to units in the metric system 150 gr = _________ g ¼ gr = ________mg 45 min = ______mL 2 qt = ______L

25. Convert to units in the household system 5 mL = __________tsp 30 mL = _________tbsp

26. Convert the weights in the following problems A patient weighs 170 lb. What is the patient’s weight in kilograms? A patient weighs 3200 g. What is the patient’s weight in pounds?

27. Robitussin cough syrup 225 mg PO is ordered. The bottle reads: 600 mg in 1 ounce. How much cough syrup should be given?

28. A postoperative order is written for ¼ gr codeine every 4 hours as needed for pain. Each dose given will contain how many milligrams of codeine?

29. Thank You... have a nice day!