This document discusses several cardiac emergencies including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive cardiac failure, cardiac arrest, cardiac tamponade, and cardiogenic shock. For each emergency, it outlines the causes and management approaches. Myocardial infarction is caused by decreased blood flow to the heart and is managed through medication, procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery, or lifestyle changes. Angina pectoris causes chest pain and is treated with nitrates, antiplatelets, beta blockers, or procedures to restore blood flow. Congestive cardiac failure results from an underlying heart problem and its treatment involves ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, or surgery.

1. CARDIAC EMERGENCY
Prepared by,
Mrs. Rijo Lijo
Lecturer.

2. CARDIAC EMERGENCY
 Myocardial infarction.
 Angina pectoris.
 Congestive cardiac failure.
 Cardiac arrest.
 Cardiac tamponade.
 Cardiogenic shock.

3. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
 A myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart
attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops
to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart
muscle.

4. CAUSES OF MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION
 Smoking.
 Sedentary lifestyle.
 Family history of heart disease.
 Postmenopausal women.
 Men over age of 50.

5. MANAGEMENT OF MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION.
 Medication
 First aid: Oxygen therapy and drugs that reduce
blood clotting and help in maintaining blood flow are
given.
 Clot-busting medicines (thrombolytic
medicines): To dilute the clots formed in the
arteries.
Eg: Tenecteplase .

6.  Coronary angioplasty and stenting : Metal mesh
stent is inserted into the artery to keep it open and
restore blood flow to heart.
 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) : Bypass
surgery that allows blood flow to the heart.

7. ANGINA PECTORIS.
 Is a condition marked by severe pain in the chest,
often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and
neck, owing to an inadequate blood supply to the
heart.

8. CAUSES OF ANGINA PECTORIS
 Hypertension.
 Food high in immersed fat and cholesterol.
 The absence of physical activity.
 Cigarette smoking.
 Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.
 Family history.
 Older age.
 Extreme enthusiastic anxiety.
 Obesity.
 Stress.

9. MANAGEMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS
 Medication
 Nitrates: Nitrates enable more blood to stream into
the heart muscle.
Eg: Nitroglycerin.
 Antiplatelet agents: Medications that help to
prevent blood clot formation.
Eg: Aspirin.
 Beta blockers: Medication that blocks the effect of
epinephrine hormone. As a result, the heart beats
slowly resulting in reduced blood pressure.
Eg:Acebutolol.

10.  Statins: Drugs used to bring down blood cholesterol.
Eg:Atorvastatin.
 Calcium channel blockers: Medication that widens
the blood vessels and increases blood flow in the
heart.
Eg: Amlodipine.

11.  Medical procedures:
 Angioplasty and stent placement.
 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

12. CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE.
 Congestive heart failure is a weakening of the heart
caused by an underlying heart or blood vessel
problem.

13. CAUSES OF CONGESTIVE CARDIAC
FAILURE.
 Coronary artery disease (CAD).
 Heart attack.
 Cardiomyopathy.
 Overworking of heart.
 Ethnicity – Common among African Americans.

14. MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE CARDIAC
FAILURE.
 Medication
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors:
Converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)helps
to open narrowed blood vessels.
Eg: Benazepril.
 Beta blockers: To reduce blood pressure and slow
down heart rate.
Eg: Acebutolol.
 Diuretics: To reduce fluid content in the body.
Eg: Metolazone.

15.  Medical procedures:
 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) ·
 Heart valve surgery.
 Heart transplant.

16. CARDIAC ARREST
 Cardiac arrest, also known as cardiopulmonary
arrest or circulatory arrest, is the end of normal
circulation of the blood due to failure of the heart
to contract effectively.

17. CAUSES OF CARDIAC ARREST
 Smoking.
 Sedentary lifestyle.
 High blood pressure.
 Obesity.
 Family history of heart disease.
 History of a previous heart attack.
 Age over 45 for men, or over 55 for women.
 Male gender.
 Substance abuse.
 Low potassium or magnesium.

18. MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC ARREST
 Early recognition.
 Early CPR .
 Early defibrillation.
 Medications- This includes the use of epinephrine,
atropine, and amiodarone. Vasopressin overall
does not improve or worse outcomes but may be of
benefit in those with a systole especially if used
early.

19. CARDIAC TAMPONADE.
 Cardiac tamponade is the accumulation of
pericardial fluid, blood, pus, or air within the
pericardial space that creates an increase in intra-
pericardial pressure, restricting cardiac filling and
decreasing cardiac output.

20. CAUSES OF CARDIAC TAMPONADE.
 Severe chest injury.
 Heart attack.
 Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid.
 Inflammation of the pericardium, which is called
pericarditis.
 Aortic dissection.
 Bacterial infection.
 Tuberculosis (tb).
 Kidney failure.

21. MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC
TAMPONADE.
 Pericardiocentesis. The removal of fluid from the
pericardium using a needle.
 Pericardiectomy. The surgical removal of part of
the pericardium to relieve pressure on the heart.
 Thoracotomy. A surgical procedure that allows the
draining of blood or blood clots around the heart.

22. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK.
 A condition where the heart is unable to pump
enough oxygen-rich blood to the body organs.

23. CAUSES OF CARDIOGENIC SHOCK.
 Pulmonary embolism (sudden blockage of a blood
vessel in the lung).
 Pericardial tamponade( fluid buildup around the
heart, reducing its filling capacity).
 Sudden valvular regurgitation(allowing the
backflow of blood).

24. MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOGENIC
SHOCK.
 Medication
 Inotropic drugs: To improve heart function.
Eg: Dobutamine.
 Antiplatelets: To prevent clot formation.
Eg:Tirofiban.
 Thrombolytics: Dissolve clots that may be
blocking adequate blood flow to the heart.
 Eg:Reteplase.

25.  Surgical Management:
 Balloon pump : Dilates pulmonary artery to allow
blood flow.
 Angioplasty and stent placement : Widens the
blocked artery and a stent is placed.
 Heart transplant : If the damage to the heart cannot
be repaired, it is replaced with a healthy heart from a
donor.
 Heart valve repair : In order to correct the
underlying regurgitation.