The document discusses current epidemics and outbreaks globally and in Malaysia. It describes measles, typhoid, mass hysteria, rabies, and dengue outbreaks occurring in Malaysia between 2013-2016. Measles cases increased over 300% from 2013-2016. Typhoid cases in Kuala Lumpur rose from January to August 2015. Globally, it outlines recent Ebola, H7N9 avian flu, MERS, H1N1 flu, and influenza at the human-animal interface outbreaks. It provides details on symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention for each disease.

1. Current epidemics
Dr. S. Parasuraman,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
AIMST University.

2. An emergency hospital in Camp Funston,
Kansas during an influenza epidemic.
Doctors and nurses tend to stricken patients
along the corridors of a government hospital
near Manila, Philippines. More than 1,400
people displayed typhoid symptoms in March
2008 in Calamba, a city near the Philippine
capital.

3. • Epidemic: An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious
disease to a large number of people in a given population
within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
• Pandemic: A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease
that has spread through human populations across a large
region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide.
Examples for pandemic: smallpox, tuberculosis, HIV
infection and H1N1 infections.

4. Types of Epidemic Infections
• Common source outbreak
– affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent
• Propagated outbreak
– the disease spreads person-to-person
•

5. Current outbreak In Malaysia

6. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Measles:
• It is highly contagious infection caused by the measles virus.
Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily through
the coughs and sneezes of those infected.
• In 2016, the number of confirmed measles cases had
risen to 602 cases (26.3 per million population)
compared with 235 cases (7.8 per million population) in
2014 and 195 cases (6.6 per million population) in
2013. The number of outbreaks had also increased
more than threefold, that is 37 episodes of the
epidemic, compared to only 11 in 2014.
Read more on: http://www.imedik.org/recent-measles-outbreak-in-malaysia-most-commonly-asked-
questions-regarding-the-recent-change-in-the-vaccination-schedule/ [Last accessed on: 28/06/2016]

7. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Typhoid :
• It is a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi. In 2013
there were 11 million new cases of typhoid were reported.
Typhoid is most common in South east Asia, and children
are most commonly affected. Rates of disease decreased in
the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved
sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.
• The number typhoid fever cases in Kuala Lumpur has been
on the rise, with 32 cases from January to August, 2015.
Read more on: http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysian-health-
minister/2205032.html [Last accessed on: 28/06/2016]

8. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Mass hysteria: (collective hysteria, group hysteria, or
collective obsessional behavior)
Read more on: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36069636 [Last accessed on: 28/06/2016]

9. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Rabies:
Read more on: http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-hopeful-
of/2156216.html [Last accessed on: 28/06/2016]

10. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Rabies:
• Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often
transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal.
• The rabies virus infects the central nervous system,
ultimately causing infection in the brain and death.
• Rabies is present on all continents with the exception of
Antarctica, but more than 95% of human deaths occur in
Asia and Africa.
• Incubation period for rabies is typically 1–3 months.
• Diagnosis: No tests are available to diagnose rabies infection
in humans before the onset of clinical disease, and unless
the rabies-specific signs of hydrophobia or aerophobia are
present.
Read more on: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ [Last accessed on:
28/06/2016]

11. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Rabies:
• Symptoms:
– Fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort.
– As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear
and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial
paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation
(increase in saliva), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia
(fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset
of these symptoms.
Read more on: http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/ [Last accessed on: 28/06/2016]

12. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Rabies:
• Prevention: Rabies vaccine was developed in 1885 by Louis
Pasteur and Émile Roux.
• Treatment:
– Treatment after exposure can prevent the disease if administered
promptly, generally within 10 days of infection.
– Thoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and
water to reduce the number of viral particles.
– Povidone-iodine or alcohol is then recommended to reduce the
virus further.
– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA recommends
people receive one dose of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period.
Read more on: https://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/ [Last accessed on: 28/06/2016]

13. Current outbreak In Malaysia
• Dengue

14. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Dengue
• Cause: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease
caused by the dengue virus.
• Incubation period: three to fourteen days
• Symptoms: High fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and
joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. In small
population, dengue infection causes life-threatening dengue
hemorrhagic fever which resulting in bleeding, low levels of
blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue
shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure
occurs.
• Recovery generally takes less than two to seven days.

15. Current outbreak In Malaysia
• Epidemiology of dengue

16. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Dengue
• Signs and symptoms:
– Typically, people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic
(80%) or have only mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever.
– Course of Dengue
illness

17. Current outbreak In Malaysia
Dengue
• Dengue vaccine:
– CYD-TDV is a live attenuated tetravalent chimeric vaccine.
[Approved in April 2016]
– DEN-Vax is a recombinant chimeric vaccine with DENV1, DENV3,
and DENV4 components on a dengue virus type 2 (DENV2). [Under
clinical trail]
– TetraVax-DV is a tetravalent admixture of monovalent vaccines.
[Under clinical trail]
– TDEN PIV is inactivated tetravalent vaccine. [Under clinical trail]

18. Current outbreak- Global
• Ebola virus disease
• Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus
• Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
• Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
• Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface (HAI)

19. Current outbreak- Global
• Ebola virus disease

20. Current outbreak- Global
• Ebola virus disease

21. Current outbreak- Global
• Ebola virus disease

22. Current outbreak- Global
• Ebola virus disease

23. Current outbreak- Global
• Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus

24. Current outbreak- Global
• Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus

25. Current outbreak- Global
• Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus

26. Current outbreak- Global
• Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

27. Current outbreak- Global
• Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

28. Current outbreak- Global
• Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

29. Current outbreak- Global
• Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

30. Current outbreak- Global
• Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

31. Current outbreak- Global
• Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface (HAI)

32. Current outbreak- Global
• Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface (HAI)

33. Thank you