The document discusses World Malaria Day and the theme of harnessing innovation to reduce the malaria disease burden. It provides definitions and descriptions of malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It discusses the history of malaria, magnitude of the problem globally and in India, epidemiological determinants like parasite species, life cycle, host and environmental factors. It also summarizes diagnosis, treatment approaches, and the role of nurses in prevention and control of malaria through activities like health education, testing, and treatment adherence support.

1. PRESENTED BY
ABHISHEK SAMUEL
B.Sc. NURSING ,
4TH YEAR , STUDENT

2. THEME OF THE DAY
The theme for this year’s WORLD MALARIA
DAY is
‘ Harness innovation to reduce the malaria
disease burden and save lives’ .
'मलेरिया िोग क
े बोझ को कम किने औि जीवन
बचाने क
े ललए नवाचाि का उपयोग किें'।

3. Today , no single tool is available to solve the
problem of malaria innovative new tools are
vital. If the world is to achieve global
elimination targets, including innovations in new
vector control interventions and insecticides ,
improved diagnostics and more effective
medicines among other tools. This year will
draw attention to the critical role innovation
plays in helping to achieve global elimination.

4. INTRODUCTION
WHO celebrates World
Malaria Day each year on 25
– April to underscore the
collective energy and
commitment of the global
malaria community in uniting
around the common goal of
a world free malaria.

5. MALARIA
Malaria is a communicable protozoal disease
caused by Sporozoon of the genus Plasmodium
and transmitted to many by species of
infective female anopheles mosquitoes called
vector or carriers . It is characterized by
intermittent fever with rigors , enlargement of
spleen and secondary anemia .

6. DEFINITION : Malaria is
a communicable
disease caused by
infection with
protozoal parasite of
the genus
Plasmodium and
transmitted to man
by infected female
Anopheles mosquito .

7. EARLY HISTORY
The symptoms of malaria
were descried in ancient
Chinese medical writings .
In 2700 BC , several
characteristics symptoms
of what would later be
named malaria were
described in the Nei
ching.

8. Medicine in 1907 for his
discoveries of parasitic
protozoans as causative
agents of infectious
disease such as Malaria
and Trypanosomiasis .
CHARLES LAVERAN

9. RONALD ROSS
On 20 August 1897 , Ross
made his landmark
discovery while dissecting
the stomach tissue of an
anopheline mosquito fed
four days previously on a
malarious patient , he
found the malaria
parasite and went on to
prove the role of
Anopheles mosquitoes in
the transmission of
malaria parasites in
humans.

10. HIPPOCRATES AND MALARIA
Hippocrates a Physician
born in ancient Greece ,
today regarded as the “
FATHER OF MEDICINE “,
was first to describe the
manifestation of the
disease , and relate them
to the time of year and
to where the patient
lived.

11. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
The disease is world wide , with 143
countries being malarious . In 1950 , annual
incidence was 250 million with 2.5 million
deaths . Now 100 millions cases are reported
of which 1 million result into death . Over
1800 million exposed to disease .

12. In 1977, India implemented modified plan
of operation (MCP) , due to which the
number of malaria cases dropped down
from 6.74 million in 1976 to 2.1 million in
1984 . Since then not much improvement
has occurred . About 27 % population
lives in malaria high transmission (> 1 case
/1000 population ) , areas and about 58%
in low transmission .

13. • There is a decreasing trend in the annual
incidence in the country from 3.29 in
1995 to 1.10 in 2011.
• During 2005 , about 1.8 million cases were
reported with 963 deaths . In 2011 a
total of 1.31 million cases and 463 deaths
were reported due to malaria.
• Assam reports maximum number of
malaria cases including P. Falciparum.

14. • Major endemic area in India are in North-
Eastern states , Andhra Pradesh ,
Chhattisgarh , Gujarat , Jharkhand ,
Maharashtra , West Bengal , much of
these areas are remote .

15. EPDIEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
(a) AGENT : Malaria is man is caused by four
distinct species of the malaria parasite
 P. Vivax
 P. Falciparum
 P. Malariae
 P. Ovale
Plasmodium vivax has the widest geographic
distribution throughout the world. In India

16. About 50 percent of the infections are reported to the
due to P. Falciparum and 4-8 percent due to mixed
infection and rest due to P. Vivax , P. Malariae has a
restricted distribution and is said to be responsible for
less than 1 percent of the infections in India . The
largest focus of P. Malariae in India is reported to be in
Tumkur and Hassan districts in Karnataka .
P. Ovale is a very rare parasite of man , mostly
confined to tropical Africa . It has also been reported in
Vietnaam . The severity of malaria is related to the
species of parasite.

17. LIFE CYCLE

18. (b) HOST FACTORS
• AGE : Malaria affects all ages , no age is bar
from malaria but newborns are not affected
with P. Falciparum because of high hb level
in them which supresses the development of
P. Falciparum.
• SEX : Males are more frequently affected
than females
.

19. • RACE : Persons with AS hemoglobin ( sickle
- cell trait ) , have a milder illness with P.
Falciparum those with normal (AA)
hemoglobin.
• PREGNANCY : Pregnancy increases the risk
of malaria in women.
• SOCIO- ECONOMIC
• HOUSING

20. (C) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• CLIMATE : Malaria occurs mostly from July
to November in most part of India ,
when there is high humidity and suitable
environment.
• MAN – MADE MALARIA : Construction of
irrigation , channels , dams , pools.

21. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• VECTOR TRANSMISSION : By the bite of
certain species of infected female
anopheline mosquitoes . Mosquito is
infective when sporozites are present in
its salivary glands .

22. DIRECT TRANSMISSION
By Intradermal , Intramuscular , or
Intravenous injections of infected blood or
plasma containing sporozites .

23. VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
Malaria can be transmitted from an
infected pregnant mother to its new -
born but it is rare . It is called congenital
malaria.

24. INCUBATION PERIOD
This is the period between the infective
mosquito bite ( inoculation of sporozoites ),
to the onset of first clinical signs of which
fever is the most common . It is usually not
less than 10 days . Incubation period differs
according to the type of parasite involved as
follows.

25. • P. VIAX : 14 DAYS
• P. FALCIPARUM : 12 DAYS
• P. MALARIAE : 28 DAYS
• P. OVALE : 17 DAYS

26. CLINICAL FEATURES
A typical malaria attack has three stages :
1. COLD STAGE
2. HOT STAGE
3. SWEATING STAGE

27. 1. COLD STAGE
• Lassitude , headache , nausea and
shivering . Shivering last for about 15 min
to ½ an hour
• The temperature rise rapidly to 39 - 42
celsius . Headache is often severe and
commonly there is vomiting .
• Pulse is rapid and weak

28. COLD STAGE

29. 2. HOT STAGE
• Patient feels burning hot , skin is hot and
dry to touch.
• Headache is severe but nausea diminshes.
• Pulse is full and respiration is rapid.

30. 3. SWEATING STAGE
• Fever comes down rapidly to normal with
profuse , sweating , skin is cool and
moist.
• Pulse rate is slower and the patient feels
better and often falls asleep due to
exhaustion .

31. COMPLICATIONS
Complication of P. Falciparum malaria
include cerebral malaria , acute renal
failure , liver damage , gastro- intestinal
symptoms.

32. DIAGNNOSIS
MICROSCOPY :
Microscopy of blood
for malaria parasite in
the blood . During an
attack of fever , two
types of blood films
ex. Thick and thin are
made on the same
slide.

33. • RAPID DIPSTICK TEST
( RDT) : Dipstick
antigen capture assay
for detection of P.
Falciparum evaluated
in fields trials and
compared favorably
microscope is a
simple and rapid
diagnostic technique.

34. APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES OF
MALARIA CONTROL
1. In 1953 : The National Malaria Control
Programme (NMCP) , launched by the GOVT.
Of India.
2. In 1958 : The NMCP was converted into
National Malaria Eradication Programme
(NMEP ).
3. In 1977 : The Modified Plan Of Operation
for Malaria Control Launched .
4. In 1999 : The national programme renamed
as The National Anti Malaria Programme.

35. • In 2007 : The Strategic Action Plan for
Malarial Control (2007-12 and beyond )
launched in India.
• In 2010 : New Drug Policy Introduced

36. Treatment
Malaria is treated with prescription drugs
to kill the parasite . This type of drugs
and the length of treatment will vary
depending on :
• Which type of malaria parasite you have.
• The severity of your symptoms
• Your Age
• Whether you are pregnant

37. ANTI- MALARIAL DRUGS /
MEDICATIONS
• Chloroquine Phosphate : it
is the preferred
treatment for any
parasite that is sensitive
to the drug . But in
many parts of the world
parasites are resistant to
chloroquine and the drug
is no longer an effective
treatment.

38. Artemisinin – based
combination therapies
(ACTs) : ACT is a
combination of two or
more dugs that work
against the malaria
parasite in different ways
This is usually the
preferred treatment for
Chloroquinine resistant
malaria . Ex. Artemether –
lumefantrine ( Coartem )

39. ROLE OF NURSE IN PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF MALARIA
Nurse is the community has an important
role in prevention and control of malaria ,
Female health worker (ANM) in the
community is responsible for controlling
the spread and prevention of
communicable disease in her area of
3000- 5000 population (Sub - Centre) .

40. • If the comes across a case of fever during
her regular home visits , she has to take
blood smear or perform RDT and inform
Health Worker (Male), for further action.
• She has to provide health education to
people to adopt unhealthy behavior such
as keeping the surrounding clean,
eliminate mosquito breeding places around
houses , protect themselves from
mosquito bites by using mosquito nets,

41. • She has to give health education to the
public , regarding the importance of receiving
treatment for malaria from provide ,
adhering regimens , importance of their
cooperation in the spraying of houses and all
other aspects related to malaria control
• She has to provide care to the patient if
admitted in the hospital , which includes
checking vital signs, maintaining and
administering Intravenous fluids , recording
intake and output chart , recording changes
in levels of consciousness of the patients.

42. • In case of cerebral malaria , if the patient
is unconscious , she has to provide
meticulous nursing care to the patient ,
maintain airway, prevent pressure sores ,
prevent aspiration pneumonia.

43. THANK
YOU
CLASS