The document discusses the structure of crystalline solids. It explains that crystalline materials have orderly repeating atomic patterns extending in three dimensions, which gives rise to different crystal structures like FCC, BCC, and HCP. The crystal structure determines properties and affects whether a material is isotropic or anisotropic. Polycrystalline materials tend to have isotropic properties while single crystals are anisotropic.

2. WHY STUDY The Structure of Crystalline Solids?
 The properties of some materials are directly related to
their crystal structures. i.e. pure and undeformed
magnesium and beryllium, having one crystal structure,
are much more brittle (lower degrees of deformation) than
are pure and undeformed metals such as gold and silver
that have yet another crystal structure.
 A knowledge of the crystal structure for iron helps us
understand transformations that occur when steels are
heat treated to improve their mechanical properties.
 Furthermore, significant property differences exist
between crystalline and noncrystalline materials having
the same composition.

3. Learning Objective
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
 Difference in atomic/molecular structure between
crystalline and noncrystalline materials.
 unit cells for face-centered cubic, body centered
cubic, and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures.
 Distinguish between single crystals and
polycrystalline materials.
 Define isotropy and anisotropy with respect to
material properties.

4. A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are situated
in an orderly, repeating pattern extending in all three
dimension .i.e.Nacl ,CsF etc.
crystalline solids depend on the crystal structure of the
material, the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are
spatially(three dimension) arranged.
lattice is used in the context of crystal structures; in this
sense lattice means a three-dimensional array of points
coinciding with atom positions (or sphere centers).
Amorphous solid is one in which the atom are not situated
in an orderly, repeating pattern. i.e. glass , rubber, plastic etc.
Amorphous solid don’t have sharp melting point that is
why particle of glass soften over temperature range.

5. ENERGY AND PACKING
 ENERGY AND PACKING
• Non dense, random packing
Dense, regular-packed structures tend to have lower energy

6. Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

7.  The smallest repeating unit in a crystal is a unit cell.
 Three-dimensional packing of unit cells produces the
crystal lattice.
 There are seven different unit cells:
• Cubic: All three axes have same length and intercept at
right angles.
• Tetragonal: The three axes intercept at right angles, but
one axis is longer or shorter than the other two equal axes.
• Hexagonal: Three of the four axes are in one plane,
intercept at 120°, and are of the same length.

8. • Trigonal(rhombohedral): Same axes as hexagonal,
but angle lie b/w right angle to 120°.
• Orthorhombic: The three axes are of different lengths
and are at right angles to each other.
 Monoclinic: The three axes are of different lengths and
two are at right angles to each other. The third axis is
inclined.
 Triclinic: All three axes are of different lengths and form
oblique angles.

9. CRYSTAL SYSTEMS

10. Metallic Crystal Structures
 The atomic bonding in this group of materials is
metallic and thus non-directional in nature.
 For metals, using the hard-sphere model for the
crystal structure, each sphere represents an ion core.
 There are three principle crystal structures for
metals:
 Body-center-cubic (BCC)
 Face-centered cubic (FCC)
 Hexagonal closed packed(HCP)

11. BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
In BCC atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at
the cube center. This is called a body-centered cubic (BCC)
crystal structure.
example: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum
• Coordination # = 8
2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center + 8 corners x 1/8
• Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

12. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: BCC
R
a Unit cell contains:
1 + 8 x 1/8
= 2 atoms/unit cell
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = p3/8 = 0.68

13. FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)
In FCC atoms located at each of the corners and the centers
of all the cube faces. This is called the face-centered cubic
(FCC) crystal structure.
example: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag
Coordination # = 12
4 atoms/unit cell: 6 face x 1/2 + 8 corners x 1/8
Atoms touch each other along face diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

14. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: FCC
2a Unit cell contains:
6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a
atoms
4 volume
unit cell 4 p ( 2 a/4 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell
• APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74

15. FCC Stacking Sequence
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection
B B
C
A
A sites B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites
A
• FCC Unit Cell B
C

16. Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (HCP)
• ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection
A sites
Top layer
c B sites
Middle layer
A sites
Bottom layer
a
• Coordination # = 12
6 atoms/unit cell
• APF = 0.74
ex: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn
• c/a = 1.633

17. Close packed crystals
A plane
B plane
C plane
A plane
…ABCABCABC… packing …ABABAB… packing
[Face Centered Cubic (FCC)] [Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP)]

18. COMPARISON OF CRYSTAL
STRUCTURES
Crystal structure coordination # packing factor close packed directions
Body Centered Cubic (BCC) 8 0.68 body diagonal
Face Centered Cubic (FCC) 12 0.74 face diagonal
Hexagonal Close Pack (HCP)12 0.74 hexagonal side

19. SINGLE VS POLYCRYSTALS
• Single Crystals
A single crystal is formed by the growth of a
crystal nucleus without secondary
nucleation or impingement on other
crystals.
-Properties vary with
direction: anisotropic.
-Example: the modulus
of elasticity (E) in BCC iron: 200 mm
• Polycrystals
an object composed of randomly oriented cr
ystals, formed by rapid solidification
-Properties may/may not vary with direction.
-If grains are randomly oriented: isotropic.
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa)
-If grains are textured, anisotropic.

20. Isotropic:
Substances in which measured (physical)properties are independent
of the direction of measurement are isotropic.
ANISOTROPY:
The substance in which physical properties are show variation
with changing the direction . Such substance are called
anisotropic.
A different chemical bonding in all directions is also a
condition for anisotropy.

21. SUMMARY
• Atoms may assemble into crystalline,
polycrystalline or amorphous structures.
• We can predict the density of a material,
provided we know the atomic weight, atomic
radius, and crystal geometry (e.g., FCC,
BCC, HCP).
• Material properties generally vary with single
crystal orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic),
but properties are generally non-directional
(i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals with
randomly oriented grains.