Crystal Material, Non-Crystalline Material, Crystal Structure, Space Lattice, Unit Cell, Crystal Systems, and Bravais Lattices, Simple Cubic Lattice, Body-Centered Cubic Structure, Face centered cubic structure, No of Atoms per Unit Cell, Atomic Radius, Atomic Packing Factor, Coordination Number, Crystal Defects, Point Defects, Line Defects, Planar Defects, Volume Defects.
This presentation gives brief introduction to crystal structures. The difference between crystalline and non crystalline materials, classification of crystalline materials and different types of lattices are also covered.
Crystal Material, Non-Crystalline Material, Crystal Structure, Space Lattice, Unit Cell, Crystal Systems, and Bravais Lattices, Simple Cubic Lattice, Body-Centered Cubic Structure, Face centered cubic structure, No of Atoms per Unit Cell, Atomic Radius, Atomic Packing Factor, Coordination Number, Crystal Defects, Point Defects, Line Defects, Planar Defects, Volume Defects.
This presentation gives brief introduction to crystal structures. The difference between crystalline and non crystalline materials, classification of crystalline materials and different types of lattices are also covered.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
7. WHAT IS SOLID?
• Definite shape.
• Definite volume.
• Highly incompressible.
• Rigid.
• Constituent particles held closely by strong
intermolecular forces.
• Fixed position of constituents.
8. TYPES OF SOLIDS
Two types (based upon atomic arrangement,
binding energy, physical & chemical
properties):
1.Crystalline
2. Amorphous
9. CRYSTALLInE SOLIDS
• The building constituents arrange themselves in regular
manner throughout the entire three dimensional network.
• Existence of crystalline lattice.
• A crystalline lattice is a solid figure which has a definite
geometrical shape, with flat faces and sharp edges.
• Incompressible orderly arranged units.
• Definite sharp melting point.
• Anisotropy.
• Definite geometry.
• Give x-ray diffraction bands.
• Examples: NaCl, CsCl, etc.
10. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
• Derived from Greek word ‘Omorphe’ meaning
shapeless.
• No regular but haphazard arrangement of atoms or
molecules.
• Also considered as non-crystalline solids or super-
cooled liquids.
• No sharp m.p.
• Isotropic.
• No definite geometrical shape.
• Do not give x-ray diffraction bands.
• Examples: glass, rubber, plastics.
12. IOnIC CRYSTALS
• Lattice points are occupied by positive and negative ions.
• Hard and brittle solids.
• High m.p. due to very strong electrostatic forces of
attraction.
• Poor conductors of electricity in solid state but good in
molten state.
• Packing of spheres depends upon:
presence of charged species present.
difference in the size of anions and cations.
• Two types:
AB types.
AB2 types.
13. COvALEnT CRYSTALS
• Lattice points are occupied by neutral atoms.
• Atoms are held together by covalent bonds
• Hard solids.
• High m.p.
• Poor conductors of electricity.
• Two common examples: diamond & graphite.
14. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
• Lattice points are occupied by neutral molecules.
• The molecules are held together by vander
Waal’s forces.
• Very soft solids.
• Low m.p.
• Poor conductors of electricity.
15. METALLIC CRYSTALS
• Lattice points are occupied by positive metal ions
surrounded by a sea of mobile e-
.
• Soft to very hard.
• Metals have high tensile strength.
• Good conductors of electricity.
• Malleable and ductile.
• Bonding electrons in metals remain delocalized over
the entire crystal.
• High density.
16. LAWS OF SYMMETRY
• Plane of symmetry
• Centre of symmetry
• Axis of symmetry.
17. ELEMEnTS OF SYMMETRY
In CUbIC CRYSTAL
• Rectangular planes of symmetry: 3
• Diagonal planes of symmetry: 6
• Axes of four-fold symmetry: 3
• Axes of three-fold symmetry: 4
• Axes of two-fold symmetry: 6
• Centre of symmetry: 1
Total symmetry elements: 23
24. number of atoms Per unit
cell in a cubic lattice
• Simple cubic cell: 1atom/unit cell of sc
• Body-centered cell: 2 atoms/unit cell of bcc
• Face-centered cell: 4 atoms/unit cell of fcc
• End face-centered cell: 2 atoms/unit cell
34. atomic radius of a cubic lattice
• Simple cubic cell:
r = a/2
• Face-centered cubic cell:
r = a/√8
• Body-centered cubic cell:
r = √3a/4
(where a → length of cube)
35. Radius Ratio Rule
• Relation between the radius, co-ordination
number and the structural arrangement of the
molecule.
Radius ratio =
• Greater the radius ratio, larger the size of the
cation and hence the co-ordination number.
• density = (z*Ma)/Na*a^3 Ma=mass no.,
Na=avogadro, a= side length, z=no. of atoms
36. stRuctuRal analysis by
Radius Ratio Rule
S.NO. RADIUS
RATIO
CO-ORDINATION
NUMBER
SHAPE EXAMPLE
1. 0.0 – 0.155 2 Linear HF-
2. 0.155–0.225 3 Triangular
planar
B2O3, BN
3. 0.225– 0.414 4 Tetrahedral ZnS, SiO4
-4
4. 0.414– 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl
5. 0.732 – 1.0 8 Body-centered
cubic
CsCl
37. bRaVais lattices
• Unit cell parameters:
Lengths a, b & c.
Angles α, β & γ.
• Total crystal lattices: 7
• Total Bravais lattices: 14
38. cRystal systems with unit
cell paRameteRs
S.No. System Cell
Dimensions
Crystal
Angles
Bravais
Lattices
Min. Sym.
Elements
1. Cubic a = b = c α=β=γ=90ْ sc, fcc,
bcc = 3
3-fold axes: 4
4-fold axes: 3
2. Orthorhombic a ≠ b ≠ c α=β=γ=90ْ sc, fcc,
bcc, efcc
= 4
2-fold axes: 3
3. Tetragonal a = b ≠ c α=β=γ=90ْ sc, bcc= 2 4-fold axis: 1
39. S.No. System Cell
Dimensions
Crystal
Angles
Bravais
Lattices
Min. Sym.
Elements
4. Monoclinic a ≠ b ≠ c α = γ = 90ْ
β ≠ 90ْ
sc, efcc = 2 2-fold axis: 1
5. Triclinic a ≠ b ≠ c α≠β≠γ≠ 90ْ sc = 1 1-fold axis: 1
6. Hexagonal a = b ≠ c α = β = 90ْ
γ = 120ْ
sc = 1 6-fold axis: 1
7. Rhombohedral
or Trigonal
a = b = c α=β=γ≠ 90ْ sc = 1 3-fold axis: 1
40. examples of diffeRent
cRystal systems
S.No. System Example
1. Cubic NaCl, KCl, CaF2, Cu, ZnS, CsCl, Cu2O
2. Orthorhombic BaSO4, KNO3, MgSiO3, K2SO4, CdSO4,
AgBr
3. Tetragonal SnO2, TiO2, ZrSiO4
4. Monoclinic CaSO4.2H2O, monoclinic S
5. Triclinic CuSO4.5H2O, NaHSO4, H3PO3
6. Hexagonal PbI2, Mg, Cd, Zn, ZnO, BN, SiO2, HgS,
CdS
7. Rhombohedral or Trigonal Graphite, ICl, Al2O3, calcite (CaCO3), As,
Sb, Bi
48. stRuctuRes of impoRtant
ionic compounds
1. AB type: NaCl (rock salt)
CsCl
ZnS (zinc blende / sphalerite)
2. AB2 type: CaF2 (fluorite)
TiO2 (rutile)
SiO2
49. • FCC type.
• Co-ordination number 6:6.
• Calculation of no. of atoms of NaCl/unit
cell:
Cl at corners: (8 × 1/8) = 1
Cl at face centres (6 × 1/2) = 3
Na at edge centres (12 × 1/4) = 3
Na at body centre = 1
Unit cell contents are 4(Na+
Cl-
)
i.e. per each unit cell, 4 NaCl
units will be present.
Structure of NaCl (Rock salt)
51. Structure of CsCl
• bcc type.
• Co-ordination number 8:8.
• Number of atoms/unit cell:1
52. Structure of ZnS
• fcc type.
• Co-ordination number
4:4.
• Calculation of no. of
atoms/unit cell:
Total S = 8x1/8 + 6x1/2 = 4
Total Zn = 4
Hence, total ZnS = 4
53. Structure of CaF2
• fcc type.
• Co-ordination number: 8:4
(8 for cation, 4 for anion)
*Note: All the compounds of AB2 type follow the same pattern.
F-
Ca+
54. Structure of K2O
• fcc type.
• Co-ordination number: 4:8
4 for cation
8 for anion
Na+
O -2
57. Structure of diamond
• fcc type.
• Tetrahedral
• C-C bond length = 1.34A
• Refractive index = 2.4
• High dispersive power of light
• Non-conductor of electricity
• 3d network
• Hardest substance ever known.
• Used as abrasive.
60. Structure of Graphite
• One of the softest substances ever known.
• 2-d hexagonal layer structure
• C-C bond length = 1.45A
• Inter layer distance = 3.54A
• Sliding nature
• sp2
hybridisation with one electron left over.
• Specific gravity 2.2
• Electrical conductor
• Metallic lustre
• Used as good lubricant.
63. Important points about Fullurenes
• Discovered in 1985 as C60.
• Consists of spherical, ellipsoid or cylindrical
arrangement of dozens of C-atoms.
• 3 types:
Spherical: Also called ‘bucky balls’. Molecule
of the year 1991 by Science magazine.
Cylindrical: C nanotubes or buckytubes.
Planar.
64. Structure of fullurenes
• 60 C-atoms arranged in pentagons and hexagons.
• 7Å in diameter.
• Soccer-ball shaped molecule with 20 six-membered & 12
five-membered rings.
• Each pentagon is surrounded by five hexagons.
• No two pentagons are adjecent.
• Each carbon is sp2
-hybridized.
• Used:
as photoresistant.
in the preparation of super-conductors.
in optical devices.
in batteries as charge carriers.
65. BraGG’S eQuation
X
Y
Z
d
Incident radiation “Reflected” radiation
Transmitted radiation
θ θ
1
2
X-ray
Tube Detector
Beam 2 lags beam 1 by XYZ = 2d sin θ
so 2d sin θ = nλ Bragg’s Law