(1) Crystal imperfections refer to defects in the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. They influence properties like mechanical strength.
(2) Imperfections include point defects like vacancies and interstitial atoms, line defects like edge and screw dislocations, surface defects like grain boundaries, and volume defects like cracks and voids.
(3) Dislocations are one-dimensional defects where some atoms are misaligned. They are responsible for ductility in materials. Edge dislocations occur when a slip plane is incomplete, while screw dislocations involve a shear distortion.
The ideal, perfectly regular crystal structures in which atoms are arranged in a regular way does not exist in actual situations. In actual cases, the regular arrangements of atoms disrupted . These disruptions are known as Crystal imperfections or crystal defects
The ideal, perfectly regular crystal structures in which atoms are arranged in a regular way does not exist in actual situations. In actual cases, the regular arrangements of atoms disrupted . These disruptions are known as Crystal imperfections or crystal defects
The process of transformation of a substance from liquid to solid state in which the crystal lattice forms and crystals appear.
•Volume shrinkage or volume contraction
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Strengthening Mechanisms of Metals and alloysDEVINDA MAHASEN
In this presentation, I have explained 4 types of strengthening processes of metals.
Grain-size reduction
Solid-solution alloying
Strain hardening (work hardening or cold working)
Annealing of deformed metals
The process of transformation of a substance from liquid to solid state in which the crystal lattice forms and crystals appear.
•Volume shrinkage or volume contraction
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Strengthening Mechanisms of Metals and alloysDEVINDA MAHASEN
In this presentation, I have explained 4 types of strengthening processes of metals.
Grain-size reduction
Solid-solution alloying
Strain hardening (work hardening or cold working)
Annealing of deformed metals
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. WHY SHOULD WE STUDY CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS?
Technically important properties such as
mechanical strength.
Ductility’ Crystal growth, magnetic hysteresis, dielectric
strength, conduction in Semiconductors are greatly
affected by relatively minor changes in crystal Structure
caused by DEFECTS/ IMPERFECTIONS.
3. Crystal Imperfections are the defects in the regular
geometrical arrangement of the atoms in a Crystalline
solid.
A Perfect Crystal is an idealization; there is no such thing in
nature.
The defects may be the results of the crystal deformation or
rapid cooling from high temperature or high energy radiation
striking the solid.
The defects influence the mechanical, electrical, and optical
behavior of the crystal.
4. The imperfections may be classified widely as:
Point Defects
Line Defects
Surface Defects
Volume Defects
5. 1. POINT DEFECTS
These are the lattice errors at isolated points , takes place due to
the imperfect packing of atoms during crystallization or due to the
vibrations of atoms at high temperatures.
number of defects at equilibrium concentration , at a
certain temperature is given by
Where
n —number of imperfections
N—number of atomic sites per mole
Ed—free energy required to form defects
kb—Boltzmann’s constant (kb= 8.62*10-5 eV/K)
T —Absolute temperature
6. (a)VACANCIES
A simplest point defects in a crystal.
Refers to missing atom or vacant atomic site.
Arise either from imperfect packing during original crystallisation or
from thermal vibrations at high temperatures.
(b)FRENKEL DEFECT
It is formed by a cat ion leaving its normal position and moving into
an interstial site.
(c)SCHOTTKY DEFECT
It is formed by removing one cat ion and one anion from the interior
of the crystal and then placing them both at an external surface.
7.
8.
9. (d)COMPOSITIONAL DEFECTS
• These arise from impurity atoms during crystallisation.
• They occur on lattice point as a Substitutional impurity or as an
interstitial impurity.
• Substitutional impurity is created when a foreign atom substitutes
for a parent atom in the crystal lattice.
• Interstitial impurity is a small sized foreign atom occupying an
interstitial position between the regularly positioned atoms.
(e)ELECTRONIC DEFECTS
• These are the errors in charge distribution in solids.
• These are primarily necessary in electrical conductivity & related
phenomenon
• Prominent example is pn junction formation and transistor junction
formations.
10. 2. LINE IMPERFECTIONS/ DISLOCATIONS
• 1-D defects around which some of the atoms are misaligned.
• These are responsible for the useful property of ductility in metals,
ceramics and crystalline polymers.
• Types :- Edge Dislocations and Screw Dislocations.
(a)EDGE DISLOCATIONS
• The perfect crystal is considered to be made up of vertical planes
parallel to one another and to the side faces. If one of these vertical
planes doesn’t extend from top to bottom of the crystal but ends
partway within the crystal then there exists a Dislocation.
• The bond lengths above the slip plane are compressed to smaller
than that of the equilibrium value. And below the slip plane bond
lengths are found to be pulled apart and are in a state of tension.
11. (b) SCREW DISLOCATIONS
• It is formed by a shear stress that is applied to produce the
distortion. The upper region of the crystal is shifted one atomic
distance to the right relative to bottom portion.
*BURGERS VECTOR.
• The magnitude & direction of the lattice distortion associated with
a dislocation is expressed in terms of a BURGERS VECTOR.
• If The BURGERS Vector and the orientation of the dislocation line
are known , then the dislocation is completely described.
• This vector indicates how much and at what direction the lattice
above the slip plane appears to have been shifted with respect to
the lattice below the plane.
• The burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line in Edge
Dislocations and it is parallel to the dislocation line in Screw
Dislocations.
13. Edge dislocation
Taken by Callister’s MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Adopted by R Balasubrmaniam page no.350
14. 3. SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
• Two Dimensional defects.
• These arise from a change in the stacking of atomic planes on or
across a boundary.
(a) External surface imperfections
• Imperfections represented by a boundary.
• The external surface of a material is an imperfection itself because
the bonds do not extend beyond it since surface atoms are not
entirely surrounded by other atoms on other side, they posses
higher energy than that of internal atoms.
(b) Internal surface imperfections
These are manifested by such defects as Grain boundaries, Tilt
boundaries, Twin boundaries, Stacking faults.
15. Grain boundaries: These separate crystals/ grains of different
orientation in a polycrystalline material during crystallisation.
The shape of a grain is usually influenced by the presence of
surrounding grains. Hence a region of transition exists in which
the atomic packing is Imperfect.
• In the boundary where the crystal or grains change abruptly,
the orientation of difference between neighboring grains is
more than 10˚-15˚ ,& the boundaries are known as high
angle grain boundaries.
• The boundary between 2 crystals which have different
crystalline arrangements or different compositions is called
an interface.
16. Grain boundaries
Taken by Callister’s MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Adopted by R Balasubrmaniam page no.360
17. Tilt Boundaries
• This is a low angle boundary as the orientation difference is
between 2 neighboring crystals is less than 10˚
• this is composed of edge dislocation lying one above the other.
• The tilt angle,
• Where, b—magnitude of Burgers vector,
Twin Boundaries
• The atomic arrangement on one side of a twin boundary is a mirror
reflection of arrangement on the other side.
• These occur always in pairs such that the orientation change
introduced by one is restored by another.
Stacking Defects
• This type of fault arises from the stacking of one atomic place out of
sequence on another while the lattice on either side of the fault is
perfect.
19. 4. VOLUME IMPERFECTIONS
• 3 Dimensional Imperfections
• These may arise when there is only a small electrostatic
dissimilarities b/w the stacking sequences of close packed planes in
metals. For example cracks.
• When clusters of atoms are missing, a large vacancies or voids are
created which are also the volume imperfections.
20. Reference
• SOLID STATE PHYSICS by S O PILLAI.
• MATERIAL SCIENCE by S L KAKANI and AMIT
KAKANI.
• Callister’s MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING Adopted by R Balasubrmaniam