Crystal Material, Non-Crystalline Material, Crystal Structure, Space Lattice, Unit Cell, Crystal Systems, and Bravais Lattices, Simple Cubic Lattice, Body-Centered Cubic Structure, Face centered cubic structure, No of Atoms per Unit Cell, Atomic Radius, Atomic Packing Factor, Coordination Number, Crystal Defects, Point Defects, Line Defects, Planar Defects, Volume Defects.
Crystal Material, Non-Crystalline Material, Crystal Structure, Space Lattice, Unit Cell, Crystal Systems, and Bravais Lattices, Simple Cubic Lattice, Body-Centered Cubic Structure, Face centered cubic structure, No of Atoms per Unit Cell, Atomic Radius, Atomic Packing Factor, Coordination Number, Crystal Defects, Point Defects, Line Defects, Planar Defects, Volume Defects.
Space lattice, Unit cell, Bravais lattices (3-D), Miller indices, Lattice planes, Hexagonal closed packing (hcp) structure, Characteristics of an hcp cell, Imperfections in crystal: Point defects (Concentration of Frenkel and Schottky defects).
X – ray diffraction : Bragg’s law and Bragg’s spectrometer, Powder method, Rotating crystal method.
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
Solids - Arrangement of solid particlesSidra Javed
In solids, molecules, ions or atoms are arranged in a definite pattern. Packing arrangement of particles is responsible for different types of solids and their properties
Space lattice, Unit cell, Bravais lattices (3-D), Miller indices, Lattice planes, Hexagonal closed packing (hcp) structure, Characteristics of an hcp cell, Imperfections in crystal: Point defects (Concentration of Frenkel and Schottky defects).
X – ray diffraction : Bragg’s law and Bragg’s spectrometer, Powder method, Rotating crystal method.
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
Solids - Arrangement of solid particlesSidra Javed
In solids, molecules, ions or atoms are arranged in a definite pattern. Packing arrangement of particles is responsible for different types of solids and their properties
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Crystal structures & Packing Fraction
1.
2. CRYSTAL
“A crystal is a solid in which atoms are arranged in
some regular repetition pattern in all directions.”
“Aggregation of molecules with a definite internal
structure and the external form of a solid enclosed
by symmetrically arranged plane faces.”
STRUCTURES
“Structure of anything is defined as the framework of
its body.”
3. Crystal = Lattice+Base
Motif or basis:
Typically an atom or a group of atoms associated with
each lattice point.
Lattice The underlying periodicity of the crystal
Basis Entity associated with each lattice points
Lattice Crystal
Translationally periodic Translationally periodic
arrangement of points. arrangement of motifs.
4. Crystal = Lattice (Where to repeat)
+
Motif (What to repeat)
Crystal
a
=
Lattice
a
+
Motif Note: all parts of the motif do not sit on the lattice
a point
2
5. Let us construct the crystal considered before starting with an
infinite array of points spaced a/2 apart
Put arrow marks pointing up and down alternately on the points:
What we get is a crystal of lattice parameter „a‟ and not „a/2‟!
And the
motif
is: +
6. A strict 1D crystal = 1D lattice + 1D motif
The only kind of 1D motif is a line segment.
An unit cell is a representative unit of the structure
(finite part of a infinite structure) .
Which when repeated gives the whole structure.
Lattice
+
Motif
=
Crystal
7. 2D crystal = 2D lattice + 2D motif
Lattice
+
Motif
b
a
9. 3D crystal = 3D lattice + 3D motifs
CRYSTAL OR SPACE LATTICE
It is defined as an array of points in 3 dimensions
in which every point has surroundings identical to
every other point in array.
According to BRAVAIS there are 14 possible types
of space lattice in 7 basic crystal system
10.
11. a = b= c
= = = 90º
• Simple Cubic (P) - SC
• Body Centred Cubic (I) – BCC
• Face Centred Cubic (F) - FCC
Elements with Cubic structure →
SC: F, O
BCC: Cr, Fe, Nb, K, W
FCC: Al, Ar, Pb, Ni, Ge
12. SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE
• Cubic unit cell is 3D repeat unit
• Rare (only Po has this structure)
• Coordination No. = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
13. a
R=0.5a
close-packed directions
contains 8 x 1/8 =
1 atom/unit cell
Adapted from Fig. 3.19,
Callister 6e.
0.52
Lattice constant
• APF for a simple cubic structure =
15. Unit cell c ontains:
1 + 8 x 1/8
= 2 atoms/unit cell
R
Adapted from a
Fig. 3.2,
Callister 6e.
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 3/8 = 0.68
16. FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
Atoms are arranged at the corners and center
of each cube face of the cell.
◦ Atoms are assumed to touch along face diagonals
18. Unit cell c ontains:
6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = /(3 2) = 0.74
19. • FCC Unit Cell
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection
A
B B
C
A
A sites B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites
20. Ideally, c/a = 1.633 for close packing
However, in most metals, c/a ratio deviates from this valu
21. • ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection
A sites
B sites
A sites
• Coordination NO.= 12
• APF = 0.74, for ideal c/a ratio of 1.633
22.
23. Close packed crystals
A plane
B plane
C plane
A plane
…ABCABCABC… packing …ABABAB… packing
[Face Centered Cubic (FCC)] [Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP)]
24. Examples of elements with Cubic Crystal Structure
Fe Cu
Po
n = 2 BCC n = 4 FCC/CCP
n = 1 SC
n = 8 DC
C (diamond)
25. a=b c
= = = 90º
Simple Tetragonal
Body Centred Tetragonal -BCT
Elements with Tetragonal structure → In, Sn
26. Example of an element with Body Centred Tetragonal Crystal Structure
B
C
T
27. a b c
= = = 90º
Simple Orthorhombic
Body Centred Orthorhombic
Face Centred Orthorhombic
End Centred Orthorhombic
Elements with Orthorhombic structure → Br, Cl, Ga
35. 14 Bravais Lattices divided into 7 Crystal Systems
A Symmetry based concept „Translation‟ based concept
Crystal System Shape of UC Bravais Lattices
P I F C
1 Cubic Cube
2 Tetragonal Square Prism (general height)
3 Orthorhombic Rectangular Prism (general height)
4 Hexagonal 120 Rhombic Prism
5 Trigonal Parallopiped (Equilateral, Equiangular)
6 Monoclinic Parallogramic Prism
7 Triclinic Parallopiped (general)
P Primitive
I Body Centred
F Face Centred
C A/B/C- Centred
36. Face Centred Cubic (FCC) Lattice Two Carbon atom Motif
(0,0,0) & (¼, ¼, ¼)
+
=
Diamond Cubic Crystal