According to the International Union of Biochemistry, enzymes are classified into six major classes:
1. Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions and are divided into oxidases, anaerobic dehydrogenases, and hydroperoxidases.
2. Transferases catalyze group transfers and include methyl, carboxyl, aldehyde/keto, glucosyl, amino, phosphorus, acyl, and sulfur transferases.
3. Hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis reactions and include esterases, glycosidases, peptidases, deamidases, and phosphatases acting on acid anhydrides.
4. Lyases cleave groups from substrates without
Chlorophyll and Guarana contains 8 types of Enzymes, rich in Anti-oxidants, Vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, E, and More essential amino-acids. Cleanse to remove eliminate and body wastes. Reduce body heat and improve urination.
Vitamins as coenzymes, different forms and deficiency disorders Lovnish Thakur
Vitamins are organic compounds which are needed in small quantities to sustain life.
Get from food, because the human body either does not produce enough of them, or none at all
Chlorophyll and Guarana contains 8 types of Enzymes, rich in Anti-oxidants, Vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, E, and More essential amino-acids. Cleanse to remove eliminate and body wastes. Reduce body heat and improve urination.
Vitamins as coenzymes, different forms and deficiency disorders Lovnish Thakur
Vitamins are organic compounds which are needed in small quantities to sustain life.
Get from food, because the human body either does not produce enough of them, or none at all
Lingzhi is a mushroom. Its botanical name is Ganoderma. The Japanese calls it Reishi.
It’s a functional food, not medicine. Read more about Lingzhi, benefits, and frequently asked questions.
This slide made by Leona Chin, you may use it to gain more info about Lingzhi. We learn and we share. Do your part and share this useful information to others so that they know how good Lingzhi really is. I hope it will help you in your business and knowledge. All the best in Shuang Hor Business. Go Diamond!
Geological Evidence for photosynthesis, mechanisms of evolution, evolution of co-factors, evolution of protein complexes, photosynthetic reaction centers and electron transport chains
Development of
- Improved catalysts to be employed within existing production units for existing reactors
- Improved catalysts for existing reactors using new procedures calling for new equipment
- Integration of catalyst and reactor
Heat transfer and mass transport
- Integration of catalytic reaction and separation of reactants or reaction products
Catalytic distillation as an example : performing a catalytic reaction within a distillation column ......
Introduction to Carbohydrates and its ChemistryDHANANJAY PATIL
A Comprehensive Introduction to Carbohydrates its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests an disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Introduction
Drug Metabolizing Enzyme
Chemical Pathway of Drug Biotransformation
Phase I reaction
Phase II Reaction
Isoniazide & Phenacetin Metabolism
Factors Affecting Metabolism
Enzymology , classification of enzymes, coenzymesAkhil Pradeep
LDH
AST
ALT
GGT
Troponin
PSA
ALP
Heart isoenzymes
Liver isoenzymes
CKMB include all but not limited to following details normal value... interpretation ,Estimation, Co enzymes
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
3. Class I – Oxidoreductases,
catalyze oxidation reductions
Class II – Transferases
Catalyzing group transfer
Class III– Hydrolases
Catalyzing hydrolysis
Class IV– Lyases
Catalyzing addition of groups to
═ bonds
Class V -- Isomerases
Catalyzing isomerization
Class VI – Ligases
Catalyzing condensations
5. (a) Oxidases: Those which use
oxygen as hydrogen as acceptor
eg:- L amino acid oxidases.
L a.a + H2O + O2 2 oxoacids +
NH3+H2O2
Eg: D-amino acid oxidases,
Tyrosinase,Cyt-oxidases, Uricases.
6. (b) Anaerobic Dehydrogenases
Those which use some other
substances as Hydrogen acceptor ,
eg: NAD,NADP
Enz: 1) Malate Dehydrogenase
2) Succinate Dehydrogenase
3) Lactate Dehydrogenase.
7. These anaerobic dehydrogenases can
further be sub-classified as
(i) Those acting on CH-OH of donors
eg: Glycero-P-dehydrogenase
Gly-3-P + NAD ═ Di Hydroxy Acetone P
+ NADH
Other eg:-- lactate Dehydrogenase
Malate Dehydrogenase
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
8. (ii)Those acting on CH-CH group of donors
eg: Dihydrouracil dehydrogenase
4,5 dihydrouracil + NAD+
═ Uracil + NADH
(iii) Those acting on CH-NH2 group of donor
with NAD or NADP as acceptor.
eg: Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Glutamate + H2O + NAD+
═ 2 oxoglutarate
NH3 + NADH
9. (C) Hydroperoxidases
Acting on H2O2 as acceptor, or those which
use hydrogen peroxide as substrate.
eg:Catalase , Peroxidase
H2O2 + H2O2 ══ O2 +2H2O
10. II Transferases
They catalyze the transfer of some groups from
one molecule to the other.
(1) Methyl Transfer: Methyl transferases
a. S-adenosyl Methionine + Guanidino acetate
║Guanidino acetate Methyl transferase
S-adenosyl homocysteine + Creatine
b. Serine hydroxy methyl transferase
Serine Glycine
14. (ii) Acting on Glycosyl compound
• Amylases β galactosidases
(iii) Acting on Peptide bonds
• Peptidases
aminopeptidases,carboxypeptidases
(iv)Acting on C-N bonds
• Deamidases Urease (Urea Amido Hydrolase)
Eg: Urea + H2O = CO2 + 2 NH3
15. (v) Acting on Acid Anhydride bonds
(a)Pyrophosphate Phosphorylase (Synthetic
Name)
• This enzyme is also called Inorganic pyro
phosphatase (trivial name)
• Pyro PO4 + H2O == 2 ortho phosphate
(b)ATP Phospho Hydrolase (synthetic name)
• ATP ase (trivial name)
• ATP + H2O == ADP + orthophosphate
16. IV .Lyases
•They catalyze the
splitting of group from
substrate without
hydrolysis or
oxidation,reduction.
17. (i) C-C Lyases : Pyruvate Decarboxylase
2 oxo acids == an Acid + CO2
(ii) Keto Acid Lyase : Isocitrate Lyase
Citrate + CoA = Acetyl CoA + H2O +oxalo
acetate
(iii) C-oxylyase : Serine Hydrolyase or
Serine Hydratase
Serine + H2O == Pyruvic + NH3 + H2O
Acid
18. V Isomerases
• They catalyze isomeric
conversions or epimeric
conversions.
• Eg: Isomerases,Racemases,
Epimerases
19. VI- Ligases
(i) Tyrosine S RNA Ligase or Tyrosyl RNA
Synthetase.
ATP + Tyr. + RNA ═ AMP + Pyr PO4 +
Tyrosyl S RNA
(ii) CTP Synthetase
(iii) GMP Synthetase.
20. Ligases can join or form
• C-O bonds
Tyrosyl S. RNA Synthetase
Leucyl S.RNA Synthetase
Alanyl S.RNA Synthetase
• C-N bonds
GMP Synthetase
CTP Synthetase
21. • C-C bonds
(i) Pyruvate CO2 Ligase or Pyruvate
Carboxylase
ATP +Pyruvate +CO2 + H2O = ADP +Oxaloacetate +
Ortho P
(ii) Acetyl CoA CO2 Ligase or Acetyl CoA
Carboxylase
• ATP + Acetyl CoA + CO2 + H2O
║
ADP + Ortho P + Malonyl CoA
