Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in small quantities for life and primarily obtained from food due to the body's limited ability to produce them. They function as coenzymes in various biochemical processes and their deficiencies can lead to specific diseases, such as rickets and scurvy. Additionally, advances in metabolic engineering have enabled the production of riboflavin, a key coenzyme, at industrial scales using genetically modified bacteria.

1. Vitamins as coenzymes, different
forms and deficiency disorders
By –Lovnish Thakur
ASU2014010100099
BSBT-513(METABOLISM& METABOLOMICS)

2. Vitamins
• Vitamins are organic compounds which are
needed in small quantities to sustain life.
• Get from food, because the human body
either does not produce enough of them, or
none at all

3. Vitamin role & deficiency disorders

4. A
K
D
E
VITAMIN & Diseases
Night blindness
Rickets &
Osteomalacia

5. B1
B6
C
B3
B2
Folic
acid
B12
skin disease, diarrhea,
dementia
Megaloblastic
anemia
weight loss and anemia
fissures in the corners of
the mouth, inflammation
scurvy, anemia, decreased
ability to fight infections
Beriberi
birth defects, such as
neural tube defects

6. VITAMIN AS A CO-ENZYME

8. Coenzymes
• small organic non-protein molecules
Loosely attached to apoenzymes, seperated easily by dialysis
they are often called co-substrate or secondary substrate
Reaction involving:
 oxidoreduction,
 group. transfer,
 Isomerization and
 covalent bond formation

9. Why vitamin act as a coenzyme
• group transfer agents
• carrying electrons
• chemical groups such as acyl groups, methyl
groups, etc., depending on the coenzyme

10. Examples

11. Vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid) in
NADH & NADPH
-help in oxidation reduction reaction with
enzymes

12. BIOTIN
• Biotin is a prosthetic coenzyme that catalyzes
carboxyl-group transfer
• ATP-dependent carboxylation reactions

13. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)
• Vitamin E is an important lipid-soluble
antioxidant that helps protect
polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane
phospholipids from oxidative damage
• Vitamin E probably picks up electrons from
lipid free radical species.

14. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) in FAD and
FMN
critically important electron carriers for a wide
variety of biological processes

15. Vitamins of B complex group acting as co-
enzymes
vitamins active form (co-enzyme)
Thiamine Vitamin B 1 TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
Riboflavin Vitamin B 2 FMN, FAD
Niacin Vitamin B 3 NAD,NADH
Pantothenic acid Vitamin B 5 component of coenzyme A
Biotin Biotin
Folic acid THF (Tetrahydrofolate)
Cobalamine Vitamin B 12 cobamide

16. Can we synthesize Coenzyme in Lab?

17. Production of riboflavin by metabolically
engineered Corynebacterium ammoniagenes
Improved strains for the production of riboflavin were
constructed through metabolic engineering using
recombinant DNA techniques in Corynebacterium
ammoniagenes.
Ammonia genes strain harboring a plasmid containing its
riboflavin biosynthetic genes accumulated 17-fold as much
riboflavin as the host strain.
They are now used for industrial synthesis of riboflavin based
coenzyme.
Riboflavin was produced at the level of 15.3 g for 72 h in a
fermentor without any end product inhibition
Koizumi, S.; Yonetani, Y.; Maruyama, A.; Teshiba

18. Reference
• Vitamins: What Vitamins Do I Need
(http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/195878.php)
• Vitamins That Function As Coenzymes
(http://www.livestrong.com/article/291313-vitamins-that-function-as-
coenzymes/)
• https://www.rose-hulman.edu/~brandt/Chem330/Vitamin.pdf
• "Coenzymes and Vitamins
("http://www.uwyo.edu/molecbio/courses/molb3610/files/chapter%2
07%20coenzymes%20and%20vitamines.pdf)
• Regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and transport genes in bacteria by
transcriptional and translational attenuation
(https://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/14/3141.full)
• Production of riboflavin by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium
ammoniagenes
(Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology . Jun2000, Vol. 53 Issue 6)

19. YOU