Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. A balanced diet provides calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in a 60:20:20 ratio and supplies micronutrients. Carbohydrates like starch are the primary energy source and provide 4 calories per gram, while proteins build body tissues and fats supply 9 calories per gram and aid nutrient absorption. A balanced diet containing fibers, unsaturated fats like omega-3s, and less than 250mg of cholesterol daily supports health.
Introduction of Nutritional requirements ( according to RDA data ), different methods for assaying nutritional requirements, interaction with other nutrients and Antagonists & Analogues of vitamins.
Common Sources of Various Nutrients and Nutritional Requirements According to...SmritiVerma55
Nutrition being a very broad and expansive topic in itself, the ppt aimed at summing it up, giving a few basic concepts to MBBS students in a very short span, and make them capable of carrying out a brief nutritional assessment of their patients in future and provide them with some meaningful counseling and advice.
Introduction of Nutritional requirements ( according to RDA data ), different methods for assaying nutritional requirements, interaction with other nutrients and Antagonists & Analogues of vitamins.
Common Sources of Various Nutrients and Nutritional Requirements According to...SmritiVerma55
Nutrition being a very broad and expansive topic in itself, the ppt aimed at summing it up, giving a few basic concepts to MBBS students in a very short span, and make them capable of carrying out a brief nutritional assessment of their patients in future and provide them with some meaningful counseling and advice.
Food intake is essential for sustenance of life. The main purpose of food is the provision of adequate nutrition to carry out the daily activities of life. With so many varieties of food types available, it is essential to know the basics of diet and nutrition so as to obtain the benefits of all the micro nutrients and macro nutrients.
Hippocrates wisely stated back in 400 BC, “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food”. Modern research has validated this doctrine. The science of nutrition is dedicated to learning about foods that the human body requires at different stages of life in order to meet the nutritional needs for proper growth, as well as to maintain health and prevent disease. A baby is born with a very high requirement for energy and nutrient intake per unit of body weight to provide for rapid growth. The rate of growth is the highest during the first year and declines slowly after the age of two, with a corresponding decrease in nutrient and energy requirements. During puberty, however, nutritional requirements increase sharply until this period of fast growth is completed. Adulthood begins at about the age of fourteen or fifteen for girls, and eighteen or nineteen for boys. An adult individual needs to balance energy intake with his or her level of physical activity to avoid storing excess body fat. Dietary practices and food choices are related to wellness and affect health, fitness, weight management, and the prevention of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Nutrition describes the processes by which all of the food a person eats are taken in and the nutrients that the body needs are absorbed. Good nutrition like Pugos Nutrition can help prevent disease and promote health.
Similar to Nutrition and its proximal principles (20)
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
8. A Balanced diet is a kind of a
diet which contains variety of
foods in such quantities and
proportions that the bodies
need for energy .
Like -- Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins, Vitamins & minerals
9. A Balanced diet should
contain and obtain
calories from
carbohydrates, proteins
and fats in the ratio of
60:20:20.
10.
11. WHAT IS A CALORIE ?
The energy content of food
materials is measured in calories.
How is a Calorie defined?
1 calorie is the heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 g of
water through 1⁰c.
12. CALORIE IS A SMALL UNIT
Since it is a very small unit, in
medical practice, the energy
content is usually expressed in
kilocalorie (Kcal) which is equal to
1000 calories.
The maximum available energy
contained in a food can be
measured by burning it in an
atmosphere of in a bomb
calorimeter.
13. THE PROXIMAL PRINCIPLES
The Proximal Principles of
Nutrtion are mainly three
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
To a certain extent in small
quantities Vitamins and
minerals
14. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF
CARBOHYDRATES
The dietary carbohydrates provide
a major fraction of the body’s
energy needs.
1.Ideally –Carbohydrates may
provide about 60-65% of total
calories.
There are two groups of dietary
carbohydrates
15. A. AVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATES
These can be metabolized by the
body to give energy
e.g, starch & sugars
Carbohydrates provide 4kcal/g
1.Cane sugar (100%-CHO)
2.Rice (80%)
3.Wheat (70-80%)
4.Bread (50-60%)
5.Honey (80%)
6.Potatoes (25%)
CHO in
Common
foods
16. THE MAJOR DIETARY
CARBOHYDRATE
Starch is the major dietary
carbohydrate
It is digested by amylase to
maltose & then hydrolyzed to
glucose
17. Glucose is the major source
of energy (fuel) for most
organs & tissues
Brain cells & R.B.C ‘s are
wholly dependent on
Glucose for energy.
Excess (starch & glycogen)
is converted to fat & stored.
Cane sugar is mainly used
as a sweetening agent
18. Sucrose is easily fermented by the
bacteria present in dental plaque, which
would damage the enamel & leads to
tooth decay and dental caries.
In adults consumption of large
quantities of refined sugars tend to
produce a sudden rise in blood glucose
level. This will also lead to excessive
calorie intake
.
19. Sucrose consumption
also results in
increased levels of
plasma lipids.
While prescribing
diets for diabetics & for
weight reduction,
sucrose should be
strictly avoided
20. B. UNAVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATE
These cannot be assimilated &
constitute only the dietary fibers
Dietary fiber are also called
unavailable ,indigestible
carbohydrates
In the diet they are necessary to
maintain the normal motility of the GIT
e.g Cellulose, Hemi cellulose, Lignin &
Pectins.
21. The Fiber requirement per
day is about 30g.
Inclusion of fiber rich foods in
weight reducing diets is found to
be helpful, since it provides a
feeling of fullness without
consumption of excess calories.
22. The beneficial effect is more
with soluble fiber present in
vegetables & only a diet having
plenty of vegetables & green
leaves will have the desired
effects.
23. A diet rich in fiber improves
bowel motility, prevents
constipation and decreases
re- absorption of bile acids
Thereby lowering cholesterol
level & improves glucose
tolerance. for Hypoglycemic &
Hypo lipidemic effect.
24. PROTEINS
Proteins form the building blocks
for body tissues.
Only 10-15% of total energy is
derived from proteins.
When enough carbohydrates are
present in the diet. The amino
acids are not used for yielding
energy.
This is known as the protein
sparing effect of carbohydrates
25. During starvation, amino
acids may act as energy
sources.
Proteins are the only source of
essential amino acids.
As per WHO recommendation
the safe levels of protein intake for
an adult is 0.75-0.8 g /kg / day or
in more simpler terms
1gm / kg body weight
26. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF
PROTEINS
For the synthesis of body proteins all
essential amino acids should be
supplied in adequate quantities at the
same time.
Cystine & Tyrosine can be
synthesized, when Methionine &
phenylalanine are available.
Thus the requirement of the precursor
amino acid is determined by the
availability of the product .
27. The remaining amino acids can be
synthesized provided there is enough
supply of proteins in total.
Only 3 amino acids Alanine, Aspartic
acid & Glutamic acid are truly
dispensable, as they can be synthesized
from pyruvate, Oxalo acetate & α keto
glutarate respectively & these
precursors are generally available in
plenty.
28. LIMITING AMINO ACIDS
Certain proteins are deficient in 1 or
more essential amino acids. If this
particular protein is fed to young rat
,as the only source of protein, it fails
to grow.
This deficient amino acid is said to
be limiting amino acid
( which limit weight gain).
29. PROTEIN LIMITING AMINO
ACID
PROTEIN
SUPPLEMENT
TO RECTIFY
DEFICIENCY
RICE Lysine,
Threonine
Pulse protein
WHEAT Lysine,
Threonine
Pulse protein
GELATIN Tryptophan Milk protein
ZEIN Tryptophan
Lysine
Meat protein
BENGAL GRAM Cystine,
Methionine
Cereals
31. A minimum intake of lipids is
essential since the requirement
of fat soluble vitamins &
essential fatty acids are to be
met.
4.Fats increase the taste &
palatability of food.
32. DIETARY FATS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO VISIBLE &
INVISIBLE FATS CONSUMED
Visible Fat
These are consumed as such
e.gs- Butter, Ghee, Oil.
The recommended daily intake of visible fats
is 10% of the total calories or 20g/day.
During pregnancy 30g/day
During lactation 45g/day.
33. INVISIBLE FAT CONSUMED IN DIET
Fats present as part of other food
items,
e.g. egg, fish, meat, cereals, nuts
& oil seeds.
Even cereals contain 1g of fat/kg.
More than half of essential Fatty
acids in Indian diet is in the
form of invisible fat.
34. CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol a derived lipid and
has atherogenic effect.
People with hypercholesterolemia are
on high risk of coronary artery
diseases. Hence dietary intake of
cholesterol should be restricted.
Food items rich in cholesterol are egg
yolk ,liver , brain & kidney.
Vegetable cereals & pulses do not
contain any cholesterol.
35. On the other hand vegetable
sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption.
Saturated fats raise serum
cholesterol ,while unsaturated fats
lower it.
Therefore Unsaturated fats (vegetable
oils & fish oils ) are to be preferred.
PUFAS are required for esterification &
excretion of Cholesterol. They reduce the
cholesterol level in blood & are anti -
atherogenic.
36. PUFAS ARE PRESENT IN VEGETABLE OILS & FISH OILS.
THEY ARE ESSENTIAL F.AS & PRECURSORS OF
PROSTAGLANDINS & LEUKOTRIENES.
NAME OF PUFA/EF.AS DIETARY SOURCE
Linolenic acid Vegetable oils
Lanoliec acid ‘’
Archidonic acid ‘’
Timnodonic acid Fish oils
37. The omega 3 F.AS from fish oils decrease the plasma
lipoproteins (VLDL & LDL) & thereby decrease the risk of
CADS ( Coronary artery diseases).
FAT/OILS Saturated Monounsat
urated
Polyunsatur
ated
Butter/Ghee 75% 20% 5%
Safflower 9% 12% 79%
Coconut oil 86% 12% 2%
Ground nut
oil
18% 46% 36%
38. Excess of PUFA may lead to production
of free radicals that may be injurious to
cells.
PUFA should not be more than 30% of
total fat.
Therefore it is essential to take
saturated: monounsaturated:
polyunsaturated F.AS in 1:1:1 ratio.
39. Cholesterol intake should be less
than 250mg/day.
The ideal fat intake is about
15-20% of total calories, out of
which about 25-30% may be PUFA.
This will be a total of about 20-25g
of oils & about 3g of PUFA for a
normal person.
40. TRANS FATTY ACIDS
TFA are atherogenic they lower
HDL levels & elevates LDL levels.
TFA are present in dairy products &
hydrogenated edible oils .
It is widely used in food industry,
since increases the life of fried
food.
41. TFA adversely affect
endothelial functions &
aggravate insulin resistance &
diabetes.
It is high in processed foods &
bakery products, where
hydrogenated vegetable oils are
used for cooking.