Chemistry:Introduction- Hydrogen and Helium
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Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and is found in stars and gas giant planets. It is the lightest element and is non-toxic, odorless and highly flammable. English scientist Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen in 1766 by running an experiment using zinc and hydrochloric acid. The name hydrogen comes from Greek meaning "water-former" as burning hydrogen produces water. Today, hydrogen is used to make ammonia, refine metals, and power rockets. Most hydrogen on Earth is found in water, though some exists underground. In stars, hydrogen fuses to form helium, releasing heat and energy.
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Helium is a colorless, odorless noble gas that was discovered in 1895. It is nonflammable and less dense than air, so it is often used in balloons and blimps. Helium exists as a trace element in the atmosphere but is primarily found trapped within rocks and minerals in the earth's crust. It is obtained commercially as a byproduct of natural gas extraction. Helium has no known compounds and is inert, making it useful for applications like welding, breathing mixtures, and cryogenics where non-reactivity is important.
Hydrogen
The document discusses hydrogen as a fuel source. It provides background on hydrogen, including that it is the most abundant element in the universe and has been used as a fuel for decades, including by NASA for rocket fuel. The document also outlines four key benefits of hydrogen as a future fuel: it is clean burning, can be produced domestically, and is well-suited for transportation and electricity generation applications.
Timeline of Historical Development of Atoms and Chemical Elements
These is a Powerpoint presentation that shows the heavy and light elements that formed on the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and supernova explosion.
~this is our science Project submitted to: Mrs. Grace B. Veridiano
Submitted By:
JD Panizal
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Antione Lavoiser
Know all about Antione Lavoisier :
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Discoveries
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explain why the jovian planet atmospheres are called primitive atmos.pdf
explain why the jovian planet atmospheres are called primitive atmospheres while terrestrial
planets are called evolved atmospheres.
Solution
Jupiter\'s atmosphere is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, which are the same gases that
dominate the Sun\'s and other stars\' composition. Likewise the early Earth atmosphere was most
likely H2 and He.
But the Earth\'s gravity is too weak to retain these gases for a long time. So contrary to the
Jovian atmosphere the Earth\'s atmosphere changed and evolved. Hydrogen and helium were
quickly replaced by an atmosphere produced by volcanic out-gassing. It contained gases like
H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, S2, Cl2, N2, H2 and NH3 and CH4. But no free O2 as this is not found in
volcanic gases. A lot more water came from outer space brought by comets bombarding the
proto-Earth.
As the Earth cooled, H2O rained out and the oceans formed.
It didn\'t stop there, as oxygen started to buildup as soon as the Archean era, more than 2.5
billion years ago, by means of photochemical dissociation. That is breakup of water and
ammonia molecules by ultraviolet. The O2 level rose to 1-2% of the current level.
At these levels O3 (Ozone) can form to shield the Earth surface from ultraviolet light.
Once the Earth was properly shielded, photosynthesis by bacteria and plants could start: CO2 +
H2O + sunlight = organic compounds + O2, increasing the oxygen level to today\'s levels..
Element wizard mockup
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas that readily forms oxides with most elements except noble gases. It dissolves more readily in cold water, making polar oceans more dense with life. Oxygen makes up one fifth of the atmosphere and is the third most abundant element in the universe, being most common in the Earth's biosphere and vital for cellular respiration in all life. Salt is used widely in food to preserve and enhance flavor, though too much is unhealthy; it also provides the raw materials of sodium, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide through electrolysis, important industrial substances.
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The document discusses the origin and evolution of Earth's atmosphere over time in three main phases:
1) Just after Earth formed, the atmosphere was probably hydrogen and helium which later escaped.
2) As the early Earth cooled, volcanoes released gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane that interacted with water to form the atmosphere.
3) Eventually, photosynthesis by blue-green algae introduced oxygen to the atmosphere while reducing carbon dioxide, leading to the atmosphere we have today with oxygen levels that support life.
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Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up around 75% of all atoms. It has one proton and one electron. On Earth, hydrogen is used as a fuel in rockets due to its highly flammable nature when mixed with oxygen. There is also research into using hydrogen to power cars as it only produces water when burned. Hydrogen plays a key role in many chemical processes and is present in living things. It is essential for life and is found in molecules like water and methane. The fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium within stars like the Sun releases huge amounts of energy.
Our Life and Chemistry Chp-2 General Science 9th 10th
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
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The document discusses the element hydrogen. It notes that hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element, and exists as a diatomic gas made of two hydrogen atoms bonded together. Hydrogen can exist in different phases such as compressed gas, liquid, solid, and even a predicted metallic liquid phase under extreme pressures. Hydrogen reacts with many elements to form compounds, taking on a positive charge due to being less electronegative than elements like oxygen or halogens. The Bohr model is discussed as a way to conceptualize hydrogen's electron energy levels.
Major Minor Oskim.ppt
Oceanography is the study of the earth's oceans and their interconnected ecosystems, geological, chemical and physical processes. It includes the study of geological, chemical, physical, meteorological and biological aspects of the oceans. The development of the oceans and atmosphere has evolved over geologic time through processes like volcanic outgassing, asteroid impacts and plate tectonics. Modern oceanography developed through historic voyages of exploration and the rise of dedicated oceanographic research institutions.
Evolution part1
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth. It describes the early conditions on the primitive Earth that allowed for life to emerge, including the presence of liquid water, moderate temperatures, sunlight, and gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Early life forms like bacteria emerged around 3.8 billion years ago. The document then discusses theories for how life began like spontaneous generation, the Miller-Urey experiment that produced amino acids from conditions simulating early Earth, and chemical evolution in underwater vents. Early life was in the form of prokaryotes for over a billion years before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, allowing for more complex aerobic life
Origin of life
The document discusses several theories for the origin of life on Earth, including:
1) Special Creation theory which proposes life was created by God.
2) Spontaneous generation theory which suggests life arose from non-living matter.
3) Biochemical evolution theory (also known as Oparin-Haldane hypothesis) which proposes life emerged from chemical reactions in the early reducing Earth's atmosphere.
4) Recent deep sea hydrothermal vent theory proposes life began near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
Chemistry 21st century.ppt
This document provides a history of chemistry from ancient Greece to the 21st century. It discusses how chemistry originated from Aristotle's theory of four elements of earth, water, air and fire. Key developments included Georg Agricola's work on mining and metallurgy in the 16th century, Robert Boyle's experimental methods in the 17th century, Lavoisier's discoveries on combustion and being the "Father of Modern Chemistry" in the 18th century, Dalton's atomic theory and the law of conservation of energy in the 19th century, and discoveries of the atomic nucleus, neutron and superconductivity leading into the 21st century. The document traces the major advances in chemistry over the centuries.
What is matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It is composed of small particles and can be classified as either pure substances or mixtures. Elements are the simplest pure substances, composed of only one type of atom. When two or more elements are chemically combined, they form a compound, which has different properties than the individual elements. Common compounds include water, salt, and sugar which are essential to everyday life.
Group IA table of elements
Francium is a highly radioactive metal that is predicted to have properties similar to cesium but has never been isolated in pure form due to its extreme radioactivity. It was discovered in 1939 as a decay product of actinium and is the least stable and most radioactive element. Francium exists only in trace quantities as an intermediate in the natural radioactive decay chains of heavier elements.
Air Around Us
Volcanic eruptions released gases from within the Earth that collected in the atmosphere over millions of years to form the air we breathe. As the young planet cooled, thick clouds developed and heavy rains formed the oceans, which absorbed much of the carbon dioxide. Tiny ocean plants then began producing oxygen through photosynthesis, enriching the atmosphere with the nitrogen and oxygen that now dominate air and support life.
Hydrogen Presentation
Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 1 and atomic mass of 1.00794. Though it is in the first group, hydrogen is not part of the alkali metal family. Hydrogen exists as a colorless, odorless diatomic gas and is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. It plays a vital role in many compounds necessary for life.
Priestley & lavoisier 112
This document provides a summary of Antoine Lavoisier's contributions to chemistry, including:
1) Lavoisier disproved the theory of phlogiston through experiments showing that combustion reactions involve gases combining with oxygen rather than releasing phlogiston.
2) He established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen by collecting and weighing the products of a combustion reaction.
3) Lavoisier is considered the founder of modern chemistry for his establishment of a system of chemical nomenclature and for listing the first table of chemical elements. He emphasized quantitative experiments and conservation of mass.
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Timeline of Historical Development of Atoms and Chemical Elements
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Chemistry:Introduction- Hydrogen and Helium
- 1. Hydrogen and Helium Made by: Syahidah Asma Amanina
- 2. Properties of Hydrogen • Hydrogen is the smallest chemical elements. • Hydrogen is the lightest element, hydrogen is less dense than air. • Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, especially in stars and gas giant planets. • Hydrogen is a nontoxic, non-metallic, odourless, tasteless, colourless, and highly combustible. • Hydrogen gas is made up of diatomic molecules designated as H2. • Hydrogen is also prevalent on Earth in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water.
- 3. Why it’s called Hydrogen? How was it discovered? English scientist Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen as an element in 1766. Cavendish ran an experiment using zinc and hydrochloric acid. He discovered hydrogen and also found that it produced water when it burned. Where did hydrogen get its name? The name hydrogen comes from the Greek words "hydro" (meaning water) and "genes" (meaning creator). It was named by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier because when it burns it "creates water".
- 4. How is Hydrogen used today? Hydrogen is a very useful element. It is used to make: • ammonia for fertilizers • refining metals • methanol for making artificial material like plastics Hydrogen is also used as a rocket fuel where liquid hydrogen is combined with liquid oxygen to produce a powerful explosion. Scientists hope that someday hydrogen can be used as a clean fuel alternative to gasoline.
- 5. Hydrogen on Earth • The most common place to find hydrogen on earth is in water. Each water molecule (H2 O) contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. • Hydrogen is also found in a wide range of compounds throughout the earth including hydrocarbons, acids, and hydroxides. There is very little free hydrogen in the Earth's atmosphere because it is so light that it eventually escapes into space. The only free hydrogen on earth is deep underground. Hydrogen burns when it comes into contact with oxygen, The by-product of a hydrogen and oxygen explosion is water or H2 O.
- 6. Hydrogen in Stars and Planets • Hydrogen is found mostly in stars and gas giant planets. • The Sun is made up of mostly hydrogen. • Deep inside stars, the pressure is so high that hydrogen atoms are converted to helium atoms. This conversion is called fusion and it releases heat and energy that we see as sunlight.
- 7. Properties of Helium • At room temperature helium is an odourless, tasteless, colourless gas. • It has very low boiling and melting points, meaning that it is generally found in the gas phase except under the most extreme of conditions. • Helium is the only element that does not solidify under ordinary pressures and remains a liquid even at absolute zero. • Helium is very unreactive and non- flammable.
- 8. Why it’s called Helium? How was it discovered? Helium was first discovered in 1868 by astronomer Pierre Janssen. He noticed the new element when studying a solar eclipse. The element wasn't found on Earth until 1895. Where did helium get its name? Helium gets its name from the Greek word "helios" meaning "sun". Helios is also the name of the Greek god of the Sun.
- 9. How is Helium used today? • Helium is used in balloons and airships to make them float. It is not as light at hydrogen, but is a much safer gas as hydrogen is very flammable. • Use Helium to keep the superconducting magnets cool.
- 10. Helium on Earth • Helium is fairly rare on Earth. There is very little in the Earth's atmosphere because it is so light that it eventually escapes into outer space. • Scientists believe that most of the helium in the universe was created at the formation of the universe. • new helium is created in the centre of stars and also as part of radioactive decay on Earth. • Helium from radioactive decay can be found trapped underground in natural gas reservoirs.
- 11. Helium in Stars Helium is constantly being produced at the internal cores of stars. Deep inside a star, intense pressures cause hydrogen atoms to convert into helium atoms. This creates the energy, heat, and light that powers the stars and the sun. This conversion is called nuclear fusion.
- 12. References • https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/b oundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements- 21/hydrogen-148/properties-of-hydrogen-571-3498/ • http://www.ducksters.com/science/chemistry/hydro gen.php • http://www.fplsafetyworld.com/?ver=kkblue&utilid= fplforkids&id=16182
Editor's Notes
- only consist of one proton and one electron. Atomic weight: 1.008 amu (atomic mass unit)