Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the third most abundant on the surface of the globe.
All you have to know about this inflammable gas.
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
Class 10 l Science l Chemistry l Lesson 1: Chemical equations and reactionsMoulyaT
This is a PPT of chemistry science class 10 "chemical equations and reactions". This is also a very helpful material for notes. Please find it helpful and don't forget to like this PPT for my efforts. Thank you :-)
The elements in which the valence electron enters the s orbital are called s block elements.
The elements in which the valence electron enters the p orbital are called p block elements.
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
Class 10 l Science l Chemistry l Lesson 1: Chemical equations and reactionsMoulyaT
This is a PPT of chemistry science class 10 "chemical equations and reactions". This is also a very helpful material for notes. Please find it helpful and don't forget to like this PPT for my efforts. Thank you :-)
The elements in which the valence electron enters the s orbital are called s block elements.
The elements in which the valence electron enters the p orbital are called p block elements.
1. Principles of Marketing - SS2014 - University of Siegen - Paul Marx: Chapt...Paul Marx
Introduction to Marketing
contents
Definition of marketing
Evolution of the concept of marketing
Scope of marketing
Application domain of marketing concepts
Determining the relevant market
This presentation is about Hydrogen, isotopes of Hydrogen, its preparation, properties and Uses. And aslo you can able to learn some of the compounds of Hydrogen like Water, Hard and soft water, removal of temporary hardness by Clark's method and removal of Permanent hardness using zeolites, Heavy water, Hydrogen peroxide with its properties, structure and Uses. Hydrides and Hydrogen bonding are explained with its types.
it is use ful for 11 class students and also use ful to intermediate students and degree students which are for neet and emcet people for preparation if we are have a ppt easy to understand to increase the knowledge and give good out put for students who are preparaing for higher education
Properties of Hydrogen, production and application of hydrogen, thermochemical methods, fossil fuel methods, solar methods, storage & transportation, safety & management.
In this chapter we will discuss about the hydrogen and the properties why the hydrogen is considered as the first group first place and they are having allotropes also they are having metal property as well as nonmetall also and mettalloid
It comprises the study of Hydrogen Chemistry and their applications.
Apart from these, It contains The stoarge, transportation of hydrogen along with the preparation of hydrogen.
This tackles the basics and the easiest concept of Chemical reactions. This features only the four basic types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, metathesis, and ion - exchange reaction.
This is a basic concept because there is a pattern to be followed in each type of reaction.
More types of chemical reactions will be given on my next set of presentation entitled, "Everything You Want to Know About Chemical Reactions."
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Hydrogen
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen, chemical element that exists as a gas at room temperature.
When hydrogen gas burns in air, it forms water.
Hydrogen has the smallest atoms of any element. A hydrogen atom contains
one proton, and only one electron . The proton is the center, or nucleus, of
the hydrogen atom, and the electron travels around the nucleus.
Pure hydrogen exists as hydrogen gas, in which pairs of hydrogen atoms
bond together to make molecules.
First element in the periodic table with atomic mass of 1 u and atomic
number 1.
3. Discovery of Hydrogen
In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to
recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance,
by identifying the gas from a metal-acid reaction
as flammable air. In 1781 he was the first person
to find that the gas produces water when burned.
This was a key experiment in disproving the
Aristotelian theory of the four elements.
4. THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN
ATOM
The hydrogen atom
consisting the
proton in the
centre or the
nucleus of the
hydrogen atom and
the electron
7. RESEMBLANCE WITH
OTHER ELEMENTS
• With Alkali Metals:
Hydrogen has an electronic configuration of 1s1 which is similar to the
electronic configuration of alkali metals (ns1). Hydrogen forms oxides, halides
and sulphides like alkali metals. But it gains an electron to become an anion. It
has high ionization enthalpy and forms covalent bonds.
• With Halogens:
In terms of ionization enthalpy, hydrogen resembles halogens. Like halogens,
hydrogen forms diatomic molecule, combines with elements to form hydrides and
a large number of covalent compounds. But it loses an electron to become a cation
and hydrogen reacts with halogens themselves.
9. It is usually prepared by the reaction of granulated zinc with the dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Zn + 2H+ Zn+2+ H2
It can also be prepared by the reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali.
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
10. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
• 1- Electrolysis of acidified water using platinum electrode gives
HYDROGEN.
• 2H2O ELECTROLYSIS 2H2 + O2
• 2- Electrolysis of warm aqueous barium oxide solution between
nickel electrodes.
• 3- In manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by electrolysis
of brine solution (Byproduct)
• 4- Reaction of steam on hydrocarbons or coke at high
temperatures in prescence of catalyst gives hydrogen.
• Eg. CH4 + H2O CO+ 3H2
1270K/
Ni
11.
12. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• DIHYDROGEN IS COLOURLESS, ODOURLESS AND TASTELESS.
• IT IS COMBUSTIBLE. HYDROGEN AND HELIUM IS PRESENT ON THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH.
13. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical behavior of dihydrogen, like all other molecules depends
the bond dissociation enthalpy.
The inertness of dihydrogen at room temperature is due to the
dissociation enthalpy
Since it’s orbital 1s is empty, it combines with almost all elements
It can lose 1 electron to form H+, gain one electron to form H- or share
it’s electron to form single bonds
14. Reactions of Hydrogen with other
substances
Reactions with substance also gives us the
chemical properties of hydrogen:
• Reaction with Halogen: It leads to the formation of Hydrogen Halides
H2 (g) + X2 (g) 2HX (g)
In which X is a halogen, eg. F, Cl, Br, I.
15. Reaction with Dioxygen: It reacts with dioxygen to form water. The reaction is
highly exothermic
2H2 + O2 2H2O
16. Reaction with Dinitrogen:
With Nitrogen it forms Ammonia
3H2 + N2 2NH3
Reaction With Metals:
It combines with many metals at a high temperature to yield the corresponding hydrides.
H2 + 2M 2MH (M=ALKALI METAL)
Reaction with metal ions and metal oxides:
It reduces some metal ions in aqueous state.
H2(g) + Pd2+ (aq Pd(s) + 2H+(aq)
It reduces oxides of metals into their corresponding oxide:
yH2(g) + MxOy (s) xM(s) + yH2O(L)
21. • Major part of the living beings is made up of water
• Humans have 65% of water while some plants have 95% of water
• It is a solvent of great importance and necessary for the survival of all
organisms
• The distribution of water around the globe is not uniform
23. Amphoteric Nature
Water has the ability to act as an acid as well as a base
H2O + NH3 (OH-) +NH4+
H2O + H2S (H3O+) + HS+
24. Redox Reaction
Water can be easily reduced to dihydrogen by highly electropositive metals
2H2O + 2Na 2NaOH + H2
Water is oxidized to O2 during photosynthesis
6CO2 +12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O +6O2
25. Hydrolysis Reaction and Hydrates Formation
• Due to high dielectric constant, water has a very hydrating tendency. It
dissolves many tonic compounds. However, certain covalent and some
ionic compounds are hydrolysed in water.
P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4
• From aqueous solution many salts can be crystallized as hydrated
salts. These are of different types: (i)coordinate water (ii) interstitial
water (iii) hydrogen bonded water
26. • Water which contain salts of magnesium and calcium in
the form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride and sulphate is
called HARD WATER. It does not give lather with soap
• Water free from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium
is known as SOFT WATER. It gives lather with soap
easily.
28. REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS
DUE TO MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM HYDROGEN
CARBONATES
BOILING: DURING BOILING, THE SOLUBLE MG(HCO3)2 IS CONVERTED
INTO INSOLUBLE MG(OH)2 AND CA(HCO3)2 IS CHANGED TO
INSOLUBLE CACO3. THESE PRECIPITATES CAN BE REMOVED BY
FILTRATION. FILTRATE THUS OBTAINED IS A HARD WATER.
MG(HCO3)2 MG(OH)2 +
2CO2
CA(HCO3)2 CACO3 + H2O
+ CO2
Clarke’s Method: A calculated amount of lime is added to hard water
which precipitates out calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide
which can be filtered off.
Ca(HCO3) + Ca(OH)2
2CaCO3
+ 2H2O
29. REMOVAL OF PERMANENT HARDNESS
• TREATMENT WITH WASHING SODA: WASHING SODA REACTS WITH SOLUBLE CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES TO FORM INSOLUBLE CARBONATES
• CALGON’S METHOD: SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE(NA6P6O18) COMMERCIALLY KNOWN AS CALGON,
WHEN ADDED TO HARD WATER LEADS TO THE FORMATION COMPLEX ANIONS WHICH KEEPS MG2+ AND
CA2+ IONS IN THE SOLUTION.
30. • Ion exchange method: When sodium aluminium silicate
(zeolite/permutit) is added to hard water, exchange reaction
takes place.
• Synthetic resins method: Nowadays hard water is softened by
using synthetic cation exchangers. This method is more
efficient than zeolite process.
32. PREPARATION
ACIDYFING BARIUM PEROXIDE AND REMOVING EXCESS WATER BY
WVAPORATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE GIVES H2O2
PEROXODISULPHATE ON HYDROLYSIS YIELDS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
HO3SOOSO3H HYDROLYSIS 2HSO4 + 2H + H2O2
Industrially it is prepared by the auto-oxidation of 2-alklylanthraquinols. In this case
1% H2O2 is formed. It is extracted with water and concentrated to 30% pressure. It can
be further concentrated to 85% by careful distillation under low pressure. The
remaining water can be frozen out to obtain pure H2O2
BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O2 + 8H2O
33. Physical Properties
In the pure state, H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid with a melting point of 272.4 K, boiling
point of 423 K. It is miscible in water in all proportions and it form hydrates H2O2.H2O. A
30% solution of H2O2 is marketed as 100 volume hydrogen peroxide.
34.
35. USES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
1) USED AS HAIR BLEACH AND MILD DISINFECTANT
2)USEDTO MANUFACTURE CHEMICALS LIKE PER-CARBONATE
3)USED IN SYNTHESSIS OF CERTAIN FOOD PRODUCTS
4)USED IN INDUSTRIES AS BLEACHING AGENT
5)USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
36. HEAVY WATER (D2O)
IT IS USED AS A MODERATOR IN NUCLEAUR REACTORS AND IN
EXCHANGE REACTIONS.
IT IS PREPARED BY EXHAUSTIVE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER AS A BY-
PRODUCTIN SOME FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES.
IT IS USED FOR PREPARATION OF OTHER DEUTERIUM
COMPOUNDS:
CaC2 + 2D2O C2D2 + Ca(OD)2
SO3 + D2O 2SO4
AL4C3 + 12D2O 3CD4 +
4AL(OD)3
37. DIHYDROGEN AS A FUEL
HYDROGEN RELEASES LARGE QUANTITIES OF HEAT ON COMBUSTION. IT RELEASES
MORE ENERGY THAN PETROL, ALMOST THRICE. THE ONLY POLLUTANTS ARE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN ,WHICH CAN BE REDUCED BY INJECTING A SMALL AMOUNT OF
WATER IN THE CYLINDER TO LOWER TEMERATURE.