Classical Mechanics and it’s inadequacies, Planck’s Quantum theory, properties of electromagnetic radiation, dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Photoelectric effect, Blackbody radiation and related laws, Quantum Numbers and its types, Hund’s Rule, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, AufBau’s Principle or Building up Principle.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR THEORY)Altamash Ali
Designed in a very easy manner so that u all are able to understand each and everything easily.
Gillespie & Nyholm proposed this theory ion 1957 and its is based on the direction of bonds in a polyatomic molecule.
Based on this there are several postulate that are very necessary to know before any molecule to study.
Classical Mechanics and it’s inadequacies, Planck’s Quantum theory, properties of electromagnetic radiation, dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Photoelectric effect, Blackbody radiation and related laws, Quantum Numbers and its types, Hund’s Rule, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, AufBau’s Principle or Building up Principle.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR THEORY)Altamash Ali
Designed in a very easy manner so that u all are able to understand each and everything easily.
Gillespie & Nyholm proposed this theory ion 1957 and its is based on the direction of bonds in a polyatomic molecule.
Based on this there are several postulate that are very necessary to know before any molecule to study.
BOHR ATOM MODEL - BOHR SOMERFIELD MODEL - de-BROGLIE DUAL NATURE OF ATOM - SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION -MODERN PERIODIC LAW - ELECTRONEGATIVITY SCALES - SLATER RULE - BALANCING OF REDOX EQUATIONS
Bioinorganic Chemistry-Introduction,
Essential Elements,Functions of metal ions in biochemical process.Biochemistry Of Iron,Haemoglobin And Myoglobin,Biological Functions And Toxicity Of Some Elements
S-Block Elements - Group I Metals (Alkali metals) and Group II Metals (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Physical and Chemical Properties # General characteristics # Distiguih between both groups of metals # Some Examples of both groups metals
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIESsarunkumar31
periodic table, modern periodic law, nomenclature of elements greater than 100,electronic configuration and types of elements,periodic trends in properties of elements.ionization enthalpy, effective nuclear charge, electronegativity, s, p d and f block elements, covalent radius, ionic radius, predicition of group, period and block, electron gain enthalpy, periodic trends and chemical reactivity
BOHR ATOM MODEL - BOHR SOMERFIELD MODEL - de-BROGLIE DUAL NATURE OF ATOM - SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION -MODERN PERIODIC LAW - ELECTRONEGATIVITY SCALES - SLATER RULE - BALANCING OF REDOX EQUATIONS
Bioinorganic Chemistry-Introduction,
Essential Elements,Functions of metal ions in biochemical process.Biochemistry Of Iron,Haemoglobin And Myoglobin,Biological Functions And Toxicity Of Some Elements
S-Block Elements - Group I Metals (Alkali metals) and Group II Metals (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Physical and Chemical Properties # General characteristics # Distiguih between both groups of metals # Some Examples of both groups metals
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIESsarunkumar31
periodic table, modern periodic law, nomenclature of elements greater than 100,electronic configuration and types of elements,periodic trends in properties of elements.ionization enthalpy, effective nuclear charge, electronegativity, s, p d and f block elements, covalent radius, ionic radius, predicition of group, period and block, electron gain enthalpy, periodic trends and chemical reactivity
The lunar surface is exposed to the solar wind and solar UV radiation resulting in complex time-variable and spatially heterogeneous near-surface electric fields. Dust
particles injected into this plasma from the regolith, either from human and mechanical activity or from meteoroid impacts or electrostatic forces, are affected by the electrostatic force as well as gravity while above the lunar surface leading to unusual and time variable
dynamics.
Episode 66 : Renewable Energy Technologies
Currently, this is the largest source of renewable energy.
However, much of this is low-technology uses in developing countries. Presumably usage of these fuels will fall as countries grow.
Other fuels include things such as ethanol.
Is there enough farmland to grow the needed feedstocks as well as supplying necessary food supply?
Recent concerns over corn prices is an example here
Used for 16% of world electricity production.
Does not require technological breakthroughs.
However, political acceptance is an issue.
Small hydro is cost competitive
Costs of wind fell by a factor of four between 1981-1999
Wind is now competitive in favorable locations.
Now about 5-8 cents/kWh
Competitive with traditional fuels with a $25/ton CO2 tax
Study shows wind is competitive at $38/ton CO2 near Chicago, and could be situated further away with a price of $76/ton CO2.
Distance from center decreases intermittency, but increases transmission losses.
Because wind is intermittent, storage is an issue.
For instance, excess power could be used to compress air in a reservoir as storage.
Currently feasible at about $93/ton
Denmark and Norway work in tandem to provide power.
When winds are favorable, Denmark exports wind energy to Norway. When not, Norway exports hydropower to Denmark.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. The Noble Gases
• Group 18 Elements
-Helium -Neon
-Argon -Krypton
-Xenon -Radon
• Helium is used to fill
balloons.
• Neon signs contain
noble gases.
5. Helium Shortage OverviewHelium Shortage Overview
• Helium shortage existed since 2006Helium shortage existed since 2006
• Helium has numerous applicationsHelium has numerous applications
• Federal Helium Reserve Program hasFederal Helium Reserve Program has
existed since the 1960sexisted since the 1960s
• Current legislation may determine theCurrent legislation may determine the
future of this finite resourcefuture of this finite resource
6. Helium HistoryHelium History
• Interest began in WWI for defenseInterest began in WWI for defense
• Continued use of Helium after WWIContinued use of Helium after WWI
lead to the formation of the Bushlead to the formation of the Bush
Dome Reservoir/Federal HeliumDome Reservoir/Federal Helium
Reserve ProgramReserve Program
• People lost interest in helium towardsPeople lost interest in helium towards
the end of the 1900’s, but it has sincethe end of the 1900’s, but it has since
regained importance for science andregained importance for science and
technology.technology.
7. Uniqueness of HeliumUniqueness of Helium
• Liquefies at lower temperature thanLiquefies at lower temperature than
all other elementsall other elements66
• Chemically inertChemically inert
• Highest specific heat capacity of anyHighest specific heat capacity of any
gaseous elementgaseous element
• Invisible- cannot be renderedInvisible- cannot be rendered
radioactiveradioactive77
11. Helium ApplicationsHelium Applications
Daily Life Applications:Daily Life Applications:
• LCD screen manufacturing-used toLCD screen manufacturing-used to
make sleeve for glass tube in fibermake sleeve for glass tube in fiber
opticsoptics
• Welding for specialty metals- chemicalWelding for specialty metals- chemical
inertness and high heat capacityinertness and high heat capacity
• Processing of semiconductor phoneProcessing of semiconductor phone
chips- cryogenic use and to flush thechips- cryogenic use and to flush the
vesselsvessels
12. Helium in HealthcareHelium in Healthcare
• Helium used as coolant for magnet inHelium used as coolant for magnet in
Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI)
technologytechnology
• ~75,000 MRI scans/day, ~20,000 jobs~75,000 MRI scans/day, ~20,000 jobs
at GE Healthcare alone are MRIat GE Healthcare alone are MRI
specificspecific88
13. During shortage, many patientsDuring shortage, many patients
will wait for necessary scanswill wait for necessary scans
14. Helium in DefenseHelium in Defense
• Defense is where it all began andDefense is where it all began and
continues helium’s use as a lifting gascontinues helium’s use as a lifting gas
• Safer than hydrogen as it is lessSafer than hydrogen as it is less
flammableflammable
• Previously used for air travel,Previously used for air travel,
currently used for observation incurrently used for observation in
blimps and balloonsblimps and balloons
• Helium-3 is used in neutron detectorsHelium-3 is used in neutron detectors
at bordersat borders
16. LegislationLegislation
1996 Helium Privatization Act1996 Helium Privatization Act44
• Based on debt to National TreasuryBased on debt to National Treasury
• Required sell-off of helium at flat rateRequired sell-off of helium at flat rate
• Price mandated by government, notPrice mandated by government, not
marketmarket
• Did not accurately predict future usesDid not accurately predict future uses
of heliumof helium
17. Upcoming LegislationUpcoming Legislation
2012 Helium Stewardship Act2012 Helium Stewardship Act55
• Allows Federal Helium Reserve toAllows Federal Helium Reserve to
remain self-sustainable withoutremain self-sustainable without
government appropriationsgovernment appropriations
• Government phase out- no longerGovernment phase out- no longer
regulates pricesregulates prices
• Slow phase out will allow for time toSlow phase out will allow for time to
form new mines and keep market fromform new mines and keep market from
a monopoly.a monopoly.
18. Helium’s FutureHelium’s Future
• As applications increase the FederalAs applications increase the Federal
Helium Reserve must remainHelium Reserve must remain
operational- swift passage of S.2374operational- swift passage of S.2374
• House companion billHouse companion bill
• New plants should be createdNew plants should be created
• Reuse technology should beReuse technology should be
encouraged and mandated for largeencouraged and mandated for large
companiescompanies
• Possible areas for public awarenessPossible areas for public awareness
20. OverviewOverview
Helium-3 Background
What Is it…Where Is it Found?
How Do We get it?
Current Energy Demands
U.S.
Global
Fossil Fuels & Nuclear Energy
Other Energy Alternatives
He3 Global Implications
He3 Economic Implications
Way Ahead
Conclusion
21. What is Helium-3…Where Do We Find It?What is Helium-3…Where Do We Find It?
He3 is naturally produced through fusion in the
sun
Settles on the moon’s surface
Earths atmosphere repels He3 from settling
on its surface
He3 combined with deuterium produces energy
There is 10 times more energy in He3 than in all
of the fossil fuels on Earth (oil, coal, natural gas)
22.
23. Helium-3…How Do We Get It?Helium-3…How Do We Get It?
Artist's rendition of He3
mining machine
Using direct sun energy, He3 particles
will then be heated to about 1400 degrees
1400 degrees is the required temperature
to convert He3 to usable energy
24. He3 is not a proven concept but has potential
Estimated 30 – 50 years before Earth could use He3
Increased funding would decrease timeline
Much research and work remains
What’s appealing about He3?
Abundance of energy
Clean energy
What’s unappealing?
Unproven technology
Costly R&D / production
25. United States Energy UseUnited States Energy Use
U.S. spends about $440 billion annually for energy
Consumes about 6.2B barrels of oil per year
Consumes about 965M tons of coal per year
Energy needs expected to increase over the next 25 years
26. Global Energy UseGlobal Energy Use
World oil consumption is
expected to grow by 1.3 million
bbl/d in both 2008 and 2009
Projected 50% increase in
energy requirements by 2030
China/India represent
45% of the increase
World coal usage approx 5.3
B tons
Expected to increase by
2.2B every year through
2025
27. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy: Rising ConcernsFossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy: Rising Concerns
OilOil
• Some speculation of “peak oil” inSome speculation of “peak oil” in
40-50 years40-50 years
• Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues
• Geopolitical factorsGeopolitical factors
• Rising costsRising costs
Natural gasNatural gas
• North American natural gas atNorth American natural gas at
or near peakor near peak
• Alaska / other continents gasAlaska / other continents gas
resources costly to transportresources costly to transport
CoalCoal
• Est. 275 years of resourcesEst. 275 years of resources
• Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues
NuclearNuclear
• Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste
• Replace aging reactorsReplace aging reactors
• Public health hazardPublic health hazard
30. U.S.U.S.
Return to moon 2020Return to moon 2020
Establish Moon BaseEstablish Moon Base
Moon Mining?Moon Mining?
RussiaRussia
• Manned moonManned moon
mission--2022mission--2022
• Mining by 2030Mining by 2030
ChinChin
• Man on moon by 202Man on moon by 202
• Moon MiningMoon Mining
ndiandia
Various Space InitiativesVarious Space Initiatives
European UnionEuropean Union
• FranceFrance
• GermanyGermany
U.N. & Rest of the WorldU.N. & Rest of the World
GlobalGlobal
ImplicationsImplications
32. Global Implications: Existing Space TreatiesGlobal Implications: Existing Space Treaties
Outer Space Treaty -- 1967Outer Space Treaty -- 1967
Moon Agreement -- 1984Moon Agreement -- 1984
Additional treaties, agreements andAdditional treaties, agreements and
international law requiredinternational law required
Editor's Notes
Welding due to its high heat capacity. Others due to inertness
Dr. Ong—USA is only country which doesn’t mandate reuse of helium
Data Source: http://www.asi.org/adb/02/09/he3-intro.html
Data as of -- May 2007.
Source for data:
Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.doe.gov/overview_hd.html.
http://www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.html
Data as of -- May 2007.
Source for data: Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.doe.gov/overview_hd.html.
Additional information found here: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/WEO2007SUM.pdf
Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Group -- http://www.tsl.uu.se/uhdsg/