explain why the jovian planet atmospheres are called primitive atmos.pdf
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explain why the jovian planet atmospheres are called primitive atmospheres while terrestrial planets are called evolved atmospheres. Solution Jupiter\'s atmosphere is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, which are the same gases that dominate the Sun\'s and other stars\' composition. Likewise the early Earth atmosphere was most likely H2 and He. But the Earth\'s gravity is too weak to retain these gases for a long time. So contrary to the Jovian atmosphere the Earth\'s atmosphere changed and evolved. Hydrogen and helium were quickly replaced by an atmosphere produced by volcanic out-gassing. It contained gases like H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, S2, Cl2, N2, H2 and NH3 and CH4. But no free O2 as this is not found in volcanic gases. A lot more water came from outer space brought by comets bombarding the proto-Earth. As the Earth cooled, H2O rained out and the oceans formed. It didn\'t stop there, as oxygen started to buildup as soon as the Archean era, more than 2.5 billion years ago, by means of photochemical dissociation. That is breakup of water and ammonia molecules by ultraviolet. The O2 level rose to 1-2% of the current level. At these levels O3 (Ozone) can form to shield the Earth surface from ultraviolet light. Once the Earth was properly shielded, photosynthesis by bacteria and plants could start: CO2 + H2O + sunlight = organic compounds + O2, increasing the oxygen level to today\'s levels..
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The Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere: Still Many Uncertainties
About 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed out of nebula of gases and dust that were to become the solar system
Small objects--called planetoids-- accreted or combined together to build larger objects…such as planets
The early atmosphere would have been similar to the Sun--mainly hydrogen and helium, but this atmosphere was lost quickly for two reasons:
(1) The gravity of the modest size earth was not strong enough to prevent such light gases from escaping to space. Particularly since the early earth was hot!
(2) It appears that around 30 million years after the earth’s formation, it was struck by a large object…the size of Mars. The result: the origin of the moon and loss of earth’s early H, He atmosphere.
The surface of the earth during this period was extremely hot with numerous volcanoes
The earth was under near constant bombardment by objects of varying sizes
Slowly, the earth started to cool down and the second atmosphere began to form.
A new atmosphere was established by the outgasing of volcanoes…the mixture of gases was probably similar to those of today’s volcanoes:
H20 vapor (roughly 80%)
CO2 (roughly 10%)
N2 (few percent)
Small amounts of CO, HCL, HS (Hydrogen Sulfide), SO2, CH4 (Methane), Ammonia (NH3), and other trace gases.
Virtually no oxygen in that second atmosphere.
Thus, no ozone layer, so ultraviolet radiation flooded the earth’s surface.
With a huge influx of water vapor and the cooling of the planet, clouds and earth’s oceans formed.
At that time the sun was about 30% weaker than today…why didn’t the earth freeze over?
The apparent reason: so much CO2 so there was a very strong greenhouse effect.
In the first two billion years of the planet’s evolution, the atmosphere acquired a small amount of oxygen, probably by the splitting of water (H20) molecules by solar radiation.
The evidence of this oxygen is suggested by minor rust in some early rocks.
The oxygen also led to the establishment of an ozone layer that reduced UV radiation at the surface.
With the rise of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) and early plants, oxygen levels began to rise rapidly as did indications of rust in rocks
Between 2.5 billion years ago to about 500 bya, 02 rose to near current levels.
While O2 was increasing, CO2 decreased due to several reasons:
(1) In photosynthesis CO2 is used to produce organic matter, some of which is lost to the system (e.g., drops to the bottom of the ocean or is buried)
(2) chemical weathering, which removes CO2
Sulfur compounds were taken out of the atmosphere as acid rain and were deposited on the ground as sulfates.
N2 gas increased slowly but progressively since it was relatively inert.
Current composition of the atmosphere was established approximately a billion years ago.
With lower CO2 levels the earth became more susceptable to ice ages when solar radiation decreases due to orbital variations,
It appears that around 750-550 million years ago the earth cooled down and became nearly entirely glaciated.
How did Atmosphere Form
This is a ppt on the formation of the earth's atmosphere stage by stage. It tells about how the formation of different kinds atmosphere took place.
The Evolution of Earth
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
Recommended
The Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere: Still Many Uncertainties
About 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed out of nebula of gases and dust that were to become the solar system
Small objects--called planetoids-- accreted or combined together to build larger objects…such as planets
The early atmosphere would have been similar to the Sun--mainly hydrogen and helium, but this atmosphere was lost quickly for two reasons:
(1) The gravity of the modest size earth was not strong enough to prevent such light gases from escaping to space. Particularly since the early earth was hot!
(2) It appears that around 30 million years after the earth’s formation, it was struck by a large object…the size of Mars. The result: the origin of the moon and loss of earth’s early H, He atmosphere.
The surface of the earth during this period was extremely hot with numerous volcanoes
The earth was under near constant bombardment by objects of varying sizes
Slowly, the earth started to cool down and the second atmosphere began to form.
A new atmosphere was established by the outgasing of volcanoes…the mixture of gases was probably similar to those of today’s volcanoes:
H20 vapor (roughly 80%)
CO2 (roughly 10%)
N2 (few percent)
Small amounts of CO, HCL, HS (Hydrogen Sulfide), SO2, CH4 (Methane), Ammonia (NH3), and other trace gases.
Virtually no oxygen in that second atmosphere.
Thus, no ozone layer, so ultraviolet radiation flooded the earth’s surface.
With a huge influx of water vapor and the cooling of the planet, clouds and earth’s oceans formed.
At that time the sun was about 30% weaker than today…why didn’t the earth freeze over?
The apparent reason: so much CO2 so there was a very strong greenhouse effect.
In the first two billion years of the planet’s evolution, the atmosphere acquired a small amount of oxygen, probably by the splitting of water (H20) molecules by solar radiation.
The evidence of this oxygen is suggested by minor rust in some early rocks.
The oxygen also led to the establishment of an ozone layer that reduced UV radiation at the surface.
With the rise of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) and early plants, oxygen levels began to rise rapidly as did indications of rust in rocks
Between 2.5 billion years ago to about 500 bya, 02 rose to near current levels.
While O2 was increasing, CO2 decreased due to several reasons:
(1) In photosynthesis CO2 is used to produce organic matter, some of which is lost to the system (e.g., drops to the bottom of the ocean or is buried)
(2) chemical weathering, which removes CO2
Sulfur compounds were taken out of the atmosphere as acid rain and were deposited on the ground as sulfates.
N2 gas increased slowly but progressively since it was relatively inert.
Current composition of the atmosphere was established approximately a billion years ago.
With lower CO2 levels the earth became more susceptable to ice ages when solar radiation decreases due to orbital variations,
It appears that around 750-550 million years ago the earth cooled down and became nearly entirely glaciated.
How did Atmosphere Form
This is a ppt on the formation of the earth's atmosphere stage by stage. It tells about how the formation of different kinds atmosphere took place.
The Evolution of Earth
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
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Earth’s atmosphere is slightly warmer than what it should be due to direct solar heating because of a mild case of greenhouse effect…
The ground is heated by visible and (some) infrared light from the Sun.
The heated surface emits infrared light.
The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (N2 and O2) are not good greenhouse gas.
The small amount of greenhouse gases (H2O, CO2) traps (absorb and re-emit) the infrared radiation, increasing the temperature of the atmosphere…
Planetary Atmospheres II
En esta parte se desarrrolla que es una atmosfera y su estructura, la temperatura de un planeta,el efecto invernadero con respecto a la temperatura y cambio climatico global.
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9. ANS: Cytoskeleton.
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1. Mitochondria had its own DNA (Which is naked and circular).
2. Mitochondria have ribosomes that are mostly similar to prokaryotes.
3. Mitochondria is only produced by pre-existing Mitochondria.
4. Mitochondria can able to synthesizes their own proteins.
15-18. ANS:
Protein synthesis is a process in which cells build proteins from information in a DNA gene in a
DNA gene in a two major steps.
A. Transcription: In which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complimentary strand of RNA.
B. Translation: In this the message in RNA is made into a protein..
You are burning the latest song you bought on ITunes to a disk. The .pdf
You are burning the latest song you bought on ITunes to a disk. The song is 3 minutes, 23
seconds long and was sampled as a stereo signal (two sides, left and right) at 44.1 kHz using 16-
bit encoding. How much space on the disk does this one track take up? If your CD is
640MBytes, how many songs of this size can you fit on one disk (assume 1 byte is 8-bits in
length)? Remember, you don’t want fractional songs! How many songs could be saved on this
same CD if the sampling rate was 128kHz using 32 bit encoding?
Solution
A)
This stream of audio frames, as a whole, is then subjected to CIRC encoding, which segments
and rearranges the data and expands it with parity bits in a way that allows occasional read errors
to be detected and corrected. CIRC encoding also interleaves the audio frames throughout the
disc over several consecutive frames so that the information will be more resistant to burst errors.
Therefore, a physical frame on the disc will actually contain information from multiple logical
audio frames. This process adds 64 bits of error correction data to each frame. After this, 8 bits
of subcode or subchannel data are added to each of these encoded frames, which is used for
control and addressing when playing the CD.
CIRC encoding plus the subcode byte generate 33-bytes long frames, called \"channel-data\"
frames. These frames are then modulated through eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), where
each 8-bit word is replaced with a corresponding 14-bit word designed to reduce the number of
transitions between 0 and 1. This reduces the density of physical pits on the disc and provides an
additional degree of error tolerance. Three \"merging\" bits are added before each 14-bit word for
disambiguation and synchronization. In total there are 33 × (14 + 3) = 561 bits. A 27-bit word (a
24-bit pattern plus 3 merging bits) is added to the beginning of each frame to assist with
synchronization, so the reading device can locate frames easily. With this, a frame ends up
containing 588 bits of \"channel data\" (which are decoded to only 192 bits music).
The frames of channel data are finally written to disc physically in the form of pits and lands,
with each pit or land representing a series of zeroes, and with the transition points—the edge of
each pit—representing 1. A Red Book-compatible CD-R has pit-and-land-shaped spots on a
layer of organic dye instead of actual pits and lands; a laser creates the spots by altering the
reflective properties of the dye.
The audio data stream in an audio CD is continuous, but has three parts. The main portion, which
is further divided into playable audio tracks, is the program area. This section is preceded by a
lead-in track and followed by a lead-out track. The lead-in and lead-out tracks encode only silent
audio, but all three sections contain subcode data streams.
The lead-in\'s subcode contains repeated copies of the disc\'s Table Of Contents (TOC), which
provides an index of the start positions of the track.
Write a scientific research paper that investigates the properties of.pdf
Write a scientific research paper that investigates the properties of Digital (hardware) design
from its inception till today. Be sure to pay special attention to the advent of Boolean algebra.
Logic Gates and how they revolutionized today\'s technology. The paper must include the
following sections: Introduction 1:5 pages Methodology 2 pages Project Analysis 2-3 pages
Conclusion 1 page Annotated Bibliography The introduction should be no more than a page and
a half long and should clearly state the objective(s) of your research paper. It should provide a
brief history of the digital technology and the nature of your project. The methodology section
should explain in great details to the layman, how the digital technology works from hardware
and software point of view. The project analysis section should compare features of the digital
technology with features from other technology (of your choice) from all aspects. Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of both types of technologies. The conclusion should relate to the
objective(s) stated in the introduction and summarizes the highlights of the paper. The annotated
bibliography must conform to APA standards and you must remember to reference all your
sources. Pay attention to the content, grammar and style.
Solution
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION:
Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that handle digital signals
– discrete bands of analog levels – rather than by continuous ranges (as used in analogue
electronics). All levels within a band of values represent the same numeric value. Because of this
discretization, relatively small changes to the analog signal levels due to manufacturing
tolerance, signal attenuation or parasitic noise do not leave the discrete envelope, and as a result
are ignored by signal state sensing circuitry.
In most cases, the number of these states is two, and they are represented by two voltage bands:
one near a reference value (typically termed as \"ground\" or zero volts), and the other a value
near the supply voltage. These correspond to the \"false\" (\"0\") and \"true\" (\"1\") values of the
Boolean domain respectively, named after its inventor, George Boole, yielding binary code.
Digital techniques are useful because it is easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of
a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values.
Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, simple
electronic representations of Boolean logic functions.
METHODOLOGY:
A digital circuit is a circuit where the signal must be one of two discrete levels. Each level is
interpreted as one of two different states (for example, on/off, 0/1, true/false). Digital circuits use
transistors to create logic gates in order to perform Boolean logic. This logic is the foundation of
digital electronics and computer processing. Digital circuits are less susceptible to noise or
degradation in qualit.
Write a function that multiplies each element in the array myA.pdf
// Write a function that multiplies each element in the array \"myArray\" // by the variable
\"multiplyMe\". #include using namespace std; // TODO - Write your function prototype here
int main() { const int SIZE = 10; int myArray [SIZE] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,
50}; int multiplyMe = 5; // TODO - Add your function call here // print the array
for(int i=0; i < SIZE; i++) { cout << myArray[i] << \" \"; } cout << endl; return
0; } // TODO - Write your function definition here
Solution.
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of monosaccharidesA..pdf
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of monosaccharides?A. similar or equal
numbers of carbon and oxygen atomsB. a carbonyl (C=O) groupC. numerous hydroxyl (-OH)
groupsD. All of the listed responses are correct.
Solution
The general formula for monosaccharides: (CH2O)n here n=3 or >3
On the basis of number of carbon atoms in the monosaccharides, these are classified as triose,
tetrose, pentose, hexose. If n=3 then monosaccharides are called Trioses or if n=4
monosaccharides are known as Tetroses.
Monosaccharides are also classified on the basis of carbonyl functional groups. If
monosaccharide contains ketone group (>C=O) in the structure then these are classified as
Ketose (example Dihydroxyacetone, Mannoheptulose), if monosaccharide contains aldehyde
group (-CHO) then these are known as Aldoses (example Glucose, Glyceraldehyde).
Monosaccharides contain numerous hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose
contain 2, 3, 4 and 5 -OH groups respectively in their structure.
Ans D will be correct answer..
Who are the owners of a cor[poration,and how is their ownership repr.pdf
Who are the owners of a cor[poration,and how is their ownership represented?
Solution
Shareholders are the real owners of a cooperation. they hold the share capital of the Company
i.e., they bring the fund for the establishment and working of the Company. The shareholders
own the corporation and are responsible for electing the directors also.
Their ownership represented by the the number, value and class of shares they hold..
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