This was my short presentation on Titanium and Helium.

1. Physics Presentation Task 2012
6PHO1 – Physics
Foundation in Science
By : Darrell Nadeng Dominic

2. Presentation Outline :
• History of the element
• Physical Properties and appearance
of the element
• Usage and Application of the element

4. History of Titanium
• Discovered and announced in 1791 by an amateur
geologist Reverend William Gregor from
Cornwall, England.
• Gregor found a black, magnetic sand that looked like
gunpowder in a stream parish of Mannacan in
Cornwall, England.
• This substance is known as sand ilmenite which is a
mixture of oxides of iron and titanium.

5. Ilmenite (iron titanium oxide) ; the mineral in
which William Gregor discovered Titanium

6. History of Titanium (continue)
• Many research on Titanium has gone on the
way ever since the element was discovered in
1791.
• 199 years after its discovery, 99.9% titanium
was isolated in 1910 by metallurgist Matthew
Hunter, who heated Titanium(VI) chloride
with sodium to red-hot in a pressure cylinder.

7. History of Titanium (continue)
• By 1936, the Kroll Process (heating titanium
(IV) chloride with magnesium) made the
commercial production of titanium possible.
• In 1956, scientist and engineers had realized
titanium’s properties were highly desirable and
worldwide production has exploded to 25,000
tons a year.

8. Physical Properties and Appearance
• Pure titanium is a light, silvery-white, hard,
lustrous metal.
• It has excellent strength and corrosion
resistance and also has a high strength to
weight ratio.
• Titanium has a low corrosion rate where after
4000 years in seawater, corrosion would only
have penetrated the metal to the thickness of a
thin sheet of paper

9. Physical Properties and Appearance
(continue)
• At high temperature, the metal burns in air
and, unusually, titanium also burns in pure
nitrogen.
• Titanium is ductile and malleable when heated.
• It is insoluble in water, but soluble in
concentrated acids.

10. Titanium is soluble in concentrated acid

11. Uses and application of Titanium
• Titanium metals are used as an alloying agent
with metals including
aluminum, iron, molybdenum and manganese.
• Alloys of titanium are mainly used in
aerospace, aircraft and engines where
strong, lightweight, temperature-resistant
materials are needed.

12. Uses and application of Titanium (continue)
Because titanium is very resistant to sea
water, titanium is ued for hulls of ships, propeller
shafts and other structures exposed to sea.

13. Uses and application of titanium (continue)
Titanium is also used in joint replacement
implants, such as the ball-and-socket hip joint.

14. Uses and application of Titanium
(continue)
• About 95% of titanium production is in the form of
titanium dioxide. This is an intensely white
pigment, with a high refractive index and strong UV
light absorption is used in white paint, food
coloring, toothpaste, plastics and sunscreen.
• Titanium is used in several everyday products such as
drill bits, bicycles, golf clubs, watches and laptop
computers.

15. Titanium Dioxide

17. The History of Helium
• French astronomer, Pierre-Jules-Cesar-Janssen
first obtained evidence of the existence of helium
during the solar eclipse in 1868 in India when he
detected yellow line in the solar spectrum very
close to the yellow sodium D-line.
• It was not possible to produce this line in the lab.
Sir Norman Lockyer, an English
astronomer, recognized that no known element
at that time gave this line and named the
element helium for the sun.

18. Ionized helium atoms at about 60,000 C in the
Sun’s chromosphere emit the ultraviolet light
seen in the image.

19. History of Helium (continue)
• For many years, helium was regarded as an
element that might exist on the sun although it
was unknown on Earth.
• In 1895, Sir William Ramsey discovered
helium after treating cleveite, a uranium
mineral, with mineral acids. Ramsey sent
samples of the gas to Sir William Crooks and
Sir Norman Lockyer who identified it as
helium.

20. Physical Properties and Appearance
• Helium is a light, odorless, colorless, inert,
monoatomic gas. It can form diatomic
molecules, but only weakly and at
temperatures close to absolute zero.
• Helium has the lowest melting point of any
element and its boiling point is close to
absolute zero.

21. Physical Properties and Appearance(continue)
• Unlike any other element, helium does not
solidify but remains a liquid down to absolute
zero under ordinary pressures.
• The voice of someone who has inhaled helium
temporarily sounds high-pitched.

22. Uses and Application of Helium
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the
biggest user of helium. The helium is used to
cool MRI scanners’ superconducting magnets.
• Mixtures of helium and oxygen are used as
artificial ‘air’ for divers and other working
under pressure. Helium is used instead of
nitrogen in normal air because, after a long
dive, helium leaves the body faster than
nitrogen, allowing faster decompression

23. Uses and Application of Helium(continue)
• Helium is used for filling balloons such as
blimps and for pressuring liquid fuel rockets
• Helium is used as a gas shield in the vicinity of
arc welding preventing. For example, any
reaction of hot metal welds with oxygen. The
gas is used in the semi-conductor industry to
provide an inert atmosphere for growing
silicon and germanium crystals.

24. This is a Blimp