Carbon is a key element that forms the basis of many important compounds due to its ability to bond with other carbon atoms and elements. It exists in several allotropes with varying properties, including diamond and graphite. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms, allowing it to create large, complex molecules through catenation. Saturated carbon compounds contain only single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds. Functional groups and structural isomers give compounds unique reactivity and properties. Important carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps, and detergents.
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
A complete summary of the chapter carbon and its compounds. Every topic has been discussed effectively and provided with pictures for further reference.
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
A complete summary of the chapter carbon and its compounds. Every topic has been discussed effectively and provided with pictures for further reference.
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20MhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. For more such informative presentations go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: COVID 19 LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS
This Presentation is especially for the grade 10 as it is informaive and can be used for the CBSE syllabus of india ( of course ). hope this helps you alot and if any problems please let me know from the comments section below.................peace out......... and message me at bavitharavi@hotmail.com. this is also the chpter 9 of the cbse gr 10 science book biology.
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20MhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. For more such informative presentations go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: COVID 19 LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS
This Presentation is especially for the grade 10 as it is informaive and can be used for the CBSE syllabus of india ( of course ). hope this helps you alot and if any problems please let me know from the comments section below.................peace out......... and message me at bavitharavi@hotmail.com. this is also the chpter 9 of the cbse gr 10 science book biology.
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
Indywidualizacja procesu nauczania - prezentacja Agnieszka Pie
Co oznacza orientacja na potrzeby ucznia:
zapewnienie uczniowi wsparcia i zindywidualizowanej pomocy, w zależności od dokonanego na poziomie szkoły rozpoznania, zarówno trudności w uczeniu się, jak i uzdolnień dziecka
udzielenie potrzebnego wsparcia i pomoc psychologiczno - pedagogiczną jak najbliżej dziecka/ucznia, tj. w przedszkolu, szkole i placówce oświatowej
diagnozę w poradni psychologiczno – pedagogicznej, jeśli udzielone na poziomie przedszkola/szkoły wsparcie okaże się niewystarczające
Intro to Segment & Tracking for Live Streaming by LivestormLivestorm
Livestorm was kindly invited to participate to MeasureCamp, the biggest french analytics conference, to make a small introduction to Segment.
We also shared some thoughts about how to standardize analytics events around live streaming.
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
* CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group IV on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.
* Bonding in Carbon-Covalent Bond
* Allotropes of Carbon
* Graphite
* Diamond
* Fullerenes
* Organic Chemistry
* Isomerism
* Soaps
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. WHAT IS CARBON?
• Food, clothes, medicines, books, or many other
things are all based on carbon.
• The amount of carbon present in the Earth’s
crust and atmosphere is quite meagre.
• The Earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon in the
form of minerals (like carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, coal and petroleum) and the
atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide.
• In spite of this small amount of carbon available
in nature, the importance of carbon seems to be
immense.
3. THE COVALENT BOND
• The relativity of an element is explained as their
tendency to attain a completely filled outer shell,
i.e., attain noble gas configuration.
• In the case of carbon, it has four electrons in its
outermost shell and needs to gain or lose four
electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
I] It could gain four electrons forming C4- anion.
Nut it would be difficult for the nucleus with 6
protons to hold on to 10 electrons.
II] it could lose four electrons forming C4+. But it
would require a large amount of energy to
remove four electrons leaving behind a carbon
cation with 6 protons holding just 2 electrons.
4. • Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its
valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or
with atoms of other elements.
• The simplest molecule formed in this manner is
that of Hydrogen is 1. hence hydrogen has one
electron in its K shell and it requires one more
electron to fill the K shell. So two hydrogen
atoms share their electrons to form a molecule
of Hydrogen, H2. this allows each Hydrogen
atom to attain the electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas, Helium, which has two
electrons in its K shell.
• In the case of Oxygen, we see the formation of a
double bond between in its L shell.
6. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
• The element carbon occurs in different forms in
nature with widely varying physical properties.
Both Diamond and Graphite are formed by
carbon atoms, the difference lies in the manner
in which the carbon atoms are bonded to four
other carbon atoms in the same plane giving a
hexagonal array.
7. VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON
• Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds
with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large
molecules. This property is called catenation.
These compounds may have long chains of
carbon, branched chains of carbon or even
carbon atoms arranged in rings.
• Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable
of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or
atoms of some other mono - valent element.
Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many
other elements other than carbon present in the
molecule.
8. SATURATED AND UNSATURATED
COMPOUNDS
• The compounds of carbon, which are linked by
only single bonds between the carbon atoms are
called saturated compounds. They are less
reactive than unsaturated carbon compounds.
• Compounds of carbon having double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms are called
unsaturated carbons. They are more reactive
than saturated carbon compounds.
9. CHAINS, BRANCHES AND RINGS
• The compounds with different structures but
with identical molecular formula are called
structural isomers.
• A carbon compound can be formed in addition
to chain, braches also in the form of a ring. Ex:
Cyclohexane.
• Straight, branched chain and cyclic carbon
compounds, all may be saturated or unsaturated.
Ex: Benzene.
• All these carbon compounds which contain just
carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
• The saturated hydrocarbons are called alkenes.
• The unsaturated hydrocarbons are called
alkynes.
11. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• In compounds element replacing hydrogen is
referred to as a heteroatom.
• These heteroatom's and the group containing
these confer specific properties, regardless of the
length and nature of the carbon chain and hence
are called functional groups.
12. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
• Carbon atoms are linked together to form a chain.
• The presence of a functional group indicates the properties of that
group.
• The general formula for alkenes can be written as CnH2n, where n = 2,
3, 4.
Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10
Pentane - C5H12
13. NOMENCLATURE
• Naming a carbon compound can be done by the
following method-
1) Identify the number of carbon atoms in the
compound.
2) In case a functional group is present, it is indication
in the name of the compound with either a prefix
or a suffix.
3) If the name is given a suffix, the name of the
carbon chain is modified by deleting the final ‘e’
and adding the appropriate suffix.
4) If the carbon chain is unsaturated the final letter
‘ane’ in the name of the carbon chain is substituted
by ‘ene’ or ‘yne’.
16. SOME IMPORTANT CARBON
COMPOUNDS
• ETHANOL:
1) Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant
smell and burning taste.
2) it is soluble in water
3) Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium
ethoxide and hydrogen.
2C2H5OH + 2Na -------- 2C2H5ONa + H2
4) Ethanol reacts with hot concentrated H2SO4 to
form ethene and water.
17. • ETHANOIC ACID:
1) Ethanoic acid is commonly called as acetic acid.
2) It belongs to carboxylic acid group.
3) 5-8% of ethanoic acid in water is called vinegar.
4) It often freezes during winter that's why it is
also called glacial acetic acid.
18. SOAPS
SOAPS:
• Most dirt is in oily in nature and oil does not
dissolve in water.
• The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium
salts of long-carbon carboxylic acids.
• The ionic-end of a soap dissolves in water while
the carbon chain dissolves in oil. The soap
molecules, thus form structures called micelles,
where one end of the molecules is towards the
oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.
19. DETERGENT
• The bating foam is formed in an insoluble
substance after washing the water. This is caused
by the reaction of soap with the calcium and
magnesium salts.
• This problem is overcome by using detergents.
• Detergents are generally ammonium or
sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
The charged ends of these compounds do not
form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and
magnesium.