Subject : General Science Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq Class: BS EDUCATION Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027) Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023 Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024 University Of Sargodha Institute of Education These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!

1. ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC NAME:
OUR LIFE AND CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR EHTISHAM UL HAQ
GROUP MEMBERS:
AMMARA KHAN (ROLL NO.01)
URWAH NADEEM (ROLL NO.27) (LEADER)
KASHAF RANA (ROLL NO.35)
EHTISHAM (ROLL NO.40)
SAMEEN SHAHZAD (ROLL NO.44)
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

2. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading this chapter you will be able to understand and learn following topics.
1. The building elements of life
2. Water and its properties
3. Importance of carbon
4. The role of different gases in air
5. An introduction to organic chemistry
6. Essential elements for life
The basic building elements for life:
Life: Organized matter ,that provides genetic information metabolism.
Chemistry: Is the branch of science which deals with nature ,composition and chemical properties of
various things.
In the body of living organisms,many elements are found in different qualities .
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Protein
Lipids
Carbohydrates

3. Carbon (C) :
Basic used in food.
Natural compounds ( natural gas ,petroleum and wood etc).
Fats,sugar starch, cellulose.
Soap ,silk.
It used in photosynthesis.
Hydrogen (H):-
Hydrogen used in water and explosion of sun.
Hydrogen is most important for human beings ,plants and animals .
It is the most common element in universe.
Hydrogen is more explosive than Helium.

4. Oxygen (O2):
Basic used in air.
Oxygen is colorless.
Oxygen is important for living thing.
Aquatic life live in water.
Respiration:
Oxygen is essential for life.
Its play an important role in respiration.
C 6H 12O 6+O2→CO 2+H 2O+E

5. Respiration is the process in which living thing use oxygen from the air to oxidize food substances in their
body.
Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture carbohydrates (glucose) from atmospheric
carbon dioxide and water from the soil, in the presence of energy of sunlight.
Water+ Carbon Dioxide ↔Glucose+ Oxygen
H20+CO2↔C6H12O6+O2
Is the process user in green plants.

6. Compound:
A substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio by mass.
Example : Water is a compound formed by a chemical combination between hydrogen and oxygen
in a fixed ratio of 1:8 by mass.
Properties of compound:
A compound is homogeneous in nature.
The properties of compound are different form is constituent elements.
A compound is formed by chemical reaction between two elements.
Carbon and it’s importance:
CARBON:
It is an element with a wide range of allotropic forms, meaning it can exist in various structural
arrangements at the atomic level .These different forms have significant importance and applications in
various fields . Here a brief overview of some important allotropic and non-allotropic forms of carbon and
their signifigance.

7. DIAMOND (ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
Each carbon atom in diamond is tetrahedrally bonded to four other carbon atoms in a three dimensional,
covalent network structure.
Importance:
Diamond is prized for its hardness, brilliance, and use in jewelry. It has industrial applications, including
cutting, grinding and drilling due exceptional.
GRAPHITE (ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
Graphite consists of layers of hexagonaly arranged carbon atoms. Each layer, carbon atoms are bonded in a
strong covalent manner, while Wan der Waals forces hold the layers.
Importance:
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity and is used in pencils (in the form of pencil leads), lubricants,
batteries, moderator in nuclear reactions.
AMORPHOUS CARBON (NON-ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
Amorphous carbon lacks a regular, repeating crystal structure. It is of disordered carbon.
Importance:
Various forms of amorphous carbon include charcoal, activated and black carbon. They have applications in
water and air purification, and in the production of inks.
CARBON NANOTUBES (ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
They are cylindrical structures made up of rolled sheets, and they can have a single –walled or multi walled.
Importance:

8. They have extraordinary electrical conductivity, mechanical strength. They are used in nanotechnology,
electronics and even potentially in medical.
FULLERENES (ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
Fullerenes are hollow, cage-like molecules made up of a spherical or ellipsoidal shape. Carbon atoms, with
a spherical or ellipsoidal shape.
Importance:
Buckminsterfullerene (C60) was the first fullerene discovered and applications in nanotechnology.
Fullerenes also show promise in drug delivery and materials science.
CARBON NANO-DOTS (ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
Carbon nano-dots are small carbon nanoparticles with a size typically less than 10 nano meters.
Importance:
They have potential applications in fields such as bio-imaging, sensors, and optoelectronics due to their
unique optical and electronic properties.
GRAPHENE (ALLOTROPIC FORM):
Structure:
Graphene consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two- dimensional hexagonal lattice.
Importance:
Graphene has garnered immense attention for its exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical strength,
and potential applications in electronics, materials science, and even in the development of transparent
conductive films and flexible electronics.
Each form of carbon, whether allotropic or non-allotropic, has unique properties and applications that make
carbon one of the most versatile elements in the periodic table, with broad importance in various scientific,
industrial, and technological fields.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds (other than simple salts such as carbonates,
oxides, and carbides).
Classification of organic chemistry:
1) Organic compounds.
2) Inorganic compounds.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen or nitrogen. Organic
compounds are named so because they are associated with living or organisms. Several important types of

9. organic compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Organic compound are carbon
molecules.
Example:
Examples of organic compounds are carbohydrates, fats (lipids), proteins, and nucleic acids, which are the
basis for the molecules of life. Organic compounds also include petroleum and natural gas, which are the
main components of fossil fuels.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Inorganic compounds are compounds which do not contain carbon and are not derived living matter. They
include substances made from single elements, salts, metals, and any from other compound that do not
contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
Example:
An inorganic compound is a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen. A great many
inorganic compounds do contain hydrogen atoms, such as water (H2O) and the hydrochloric acid (HCl)
produced by your stomach. In contrast, only a handful of inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the few examples.
MAIN DIFFERENCE B/W ORGANIC INORGANIC:
Organic compounds are those obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals. The compounds
obtained from minerals are known as inorganic compounds.

10. VITAL FORCE THEORY:
Vital Force Theory is a theory made by the Scientist Berzelius in 1809 which assumed that organic
compounds are only formed in living cells and it is impossible to prepare them in laboratories.
Principles of Vital Force:
Berzelius defined this theory in 1815, setting down three principles with it:
 Organic compounds cannot be made in the laboratory from inorganic compounds.
 Synthesis of organic compounds requires a vital force.
 Only living organisms (God-given) contain this vital force.
Disputing Vital Force Theory:
There were several experiments that ended up disproving the vital force theory. The first one was Friedrich
Wohler's synthesis of urea in the late 1820s. It was discarded because big Friedrich Wohler showed that it
was possible to obtain an organic compound (urea) in the laboratory.
WATER:
Main points:
Definition: Water is a substance composed of chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in
gaseous, liquid &solid states.
States: Solid, Liquid, gas.

11. What is Water?
MAIN POINTS:
Water is a common compound on earth.
Compound is a union of two or more elements e. g (H2O, O2).

12. 75% of earth’s surface is covered with sea.
One and only compound found naturally as solid liquid and gas.
Role in our daily life:
MAIN POINTS:
It plays an important vast and vital role in industries, schools, homes, labs, offices, hospitals.
Facts about water:
MAIN POINTS:
60% of human body is made of water.
Less than 1% of water is drinkable.
NASA discovered water in the form of ice on moon.

13. Properties of Water:
MAIN POINTS:
Clean, colorless, odorless liquid.
Freezing point (0°C) Boiling point (100°C) at one atmospheric pressure.
Ice floats on water indicates, it is lighter than water, but in formal words we can say the density of ice is less
than the density of water.
When the temperature of ice rises its starts melting and density increases.
Water at (0°C) is between 0.9990g/cm3
& 1.00g/cm3
.
Liquid changes into solid at 0°C because water molecules are tightly packed in ice than in liquid water.
Density:
MAIN POINTS:
It dissolves a variety of substance.
Extensively used as Industrial chemical reactions are carried in it.
AIR:
The atmosphere around Earth is a mixture of various gasses as shown in the figure below;
This percentage remains constant due to the process of RESPIRATION and PHOTOSENTHESIS.
ROLE OF OXYGEN (O2 ) IN AIR:
(Oxygen atomic no. 8, atomic mass 16amu)
MAIN POINTS:

14. I. Second most abundant gas in the atmosphere after nitrogen.
II. Oxygen is important for life and in phenomena of burning and rusting.
III. Combustion also requires oxygen along with fuel and heat.
IV. Combustion is a process in which a substance react rapidly with oxygen and give out heat or light,
the left material combines with atmospheric oxygen to give oxides, when the oxide is dissolved in
water it forms acid .
V. Degradation (the process in which quality of something is destroyed or spoiled) of food also happens
because of oxidation (more no. of oxygen loss of electrons).
VI. Ozone (O3) a layer present in atmosphere which protects us from harmful radiations of sun by
absorbing them is produced from oxygen.
ROLE OF NITROGEN (N2):
(Nitrogen atomic no. 7, atomic mass 14amu)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Nitrogen occurs as diatomic molecule (a molecule made from two atoms) in atmosphere, and major
constituent of air.
II. It is relatively inert (difficult to break due to triple bond) as compared to oxygen (double bond).
Nitrogen slows combustion and corrosion.
III. Plants and animals have Nitrogen in form of protein obtained through Nitrogen cycle process.

15. IV. Nitrogen Cycle is a process done through Nitrogen Fixation: Plants cannot take oxygen
directly from atmosphere so during lightning the triple bond of nitrogen breaks which plants
can use but in absence of lightning, micro-organisms also known as nitrogen fixing elements,
take nitrogen from soil and break it into nitrates so that plants can take it from the roots and
plants get nitrogen. These plants are then eaten by animals in this way nitrogen transfers into
animals. After the animal decays (rotting after death), here the decomposers break elements
from the body and hence nitrogen is released back in the atmosphere and again the same
process occurs which is called nitrogen cycle. Through this process the volume of nitrogen in
air is also kept constant.
ROLE OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IN AIR:
(Carbon atomic no. 6, atomic mass 12amu)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Air contains only 0.03% of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This ratio is maintained by carbon
cycle.

16. II. Carbon Cycle working: Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere along with sunlight is used by plants in
the process of photosynthesis when the plants are eaten by animals, carbon dioxide transfers from
plants to animals and humans. Through the process of respiration, animals and humans exhale carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. When the animal’s body decay and the remains are around for many
years, they become fossil fuels which contain huge amount of carbon dioxide. Burning of wood,
fossil fuel, combustion e-t-c release carbon back to the atmosphere known as carbon cycle.
III. Carbon dioxide is a Greenhouse gas which protects living organisms from harmful rays coming from
sun.
IV. Burning of too much carbon containing fuel can cause greenhouse effect in which the temperature
rises causing ice to melt from mountains, forming flood and disaster.
RARE GASES AND THERE USES:
MAIN POINTS:
I. Atmosphere contains 1% by volume of rare noble gases (group VII A of periodic table) characterized
by their inertness. Noble gases are extremely unreactive so they are used in some chemicals reactions
like welding of metals.
II. Helium (He, atomic no. 2, atomic mass 4amu) is used as an alternative of hydrogen in balloons as
hydrogen is extremely explosive and helium is a light gas.
III. Artificial atmosphere for divers is made by combining helium 79% and oxygen 21% mixture instead
of nitrogen as it is less soluble ( the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen induces a state similar to
drunkenness so helium is used for clear vision, helium has low density than nitrogen making it easy
to breath).
IV. Neon (Ne, atomic no. 10, atomic mass 20amu) is used in advertising signs as it glows brighter when
electricity is passed through it.
V. Argon (Ar, atomic no. 18, atomic mass 40amu) is used as a filler for light bulbs, fluorescents and
phototubes.
VI. Krypton (Kr, atomic no. 36, atomic mass 84amu) is used as a filler for photographic flash lamps and
fluorescent lights.
VII. Radon (Rn, atomic no. 86, atomic mass 222amu) is useful in cancer therapy.

17. IMPORTANT ELEMENTS FOR LIFE:
Some elements are essential for daily life uses. Few are mentioned bellow;
IRON (Fe):
(Fe, atomic no. 26, atomic mass 56amu)
MAINPOINT:
Iron is the second most abundant metal after aluminium on earth’s crust, which is not earth’s element but
came on earth from the space.
It is a best known metal and has great economic and industrial importance, used for engineering purposes.
Iron is important for living organisms, present in the active centre (a small region of protein responsible for
distinct functions) of molecules such as haemoglobin and myoglobin which are oxygen carriers to different
organs and tissues of body. These molecules such as cytochromes and ferredoxins are also used for electron
transport.
More intake of iron in body causes siderosis (deposition of excess iron in body tissues).
Iron is also involved in photosynthesis, absorbed in form of ferrous ion (Fe2+
) and ferric ion ( Fe3+
). Content
of iron in plants is about 50-250 parts per million (ppm).
SODIUM (Na):
(Sodium atomic no. 11, atomic mass 23amu)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Sodium vapours are used in street lighting.

18. II. Sodium peroxide (Na2O2), sodium cyanide (NaCN) are used in gold extraction, also used in
preparation of tetraethyl lead (Pb(C2H5)4) which is then used as an anti- knocking agent (additives
used to reduce engine knocking and increasing fuel octane rating) in petrol.
III. Sodium is a major component of vertebrate blood plasma (vertebrates are organisms with a backbone
surrounded by bones and have bright red blood when blood is oxygenated and dark blood when
deoxygenated) important in living organisms.
IV. Sodium is a salt, more intake of this salt (NaCl) causes high blood pressure (BP) which results in
hypertension.
V. Plants absorb sodium as sodium ions (Na+1
) from 0.01% to 10% in leaf tissues.
VI. Sodium is essential for halophytic plants species (plants such as saltbush or sea lavender that grows
in salty soil and usually has a resemblance to dessert plants) that take salt in vacuoles (membrane
bounded structure fond in the cytoplasm of a cell) to maintain turgor (pressure that builds in cell wall
of a plant due to movement of water) and growth.
VII. Spinach, sugar beet, turnip e-t-c crop need sodium for better growth.
POTASSIUM (K):
(Potassium atomic no. 19, atomic mass 39amu)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Potassium as a carbonate (K2CO3) is used in making of glass and soap.
II. Potassium Phosphate (K3PO4) is used in making of detergents.
III. Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) is used in making of glass and explosive materials.
IV. It plays a role in nerve action and cardiac function.
V. It is toxic to mammals when injected intravenously (in veins) otherwise harmless.
VI. Plant roots absorb potassium as K+ ion. Many plant enzymes need potassium for their activation.
VII. Concentration of potassium in vegetative tissue is about 1to 4%.

19. MAGNISIUM (Mg):
(Magnesium atomic no. 12, atomic mass 24amu)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Magnesium is silvery white and very light material, on burning gives eye irritating light/fire. Due to
its low density (1.738 g/cm3
), it is use in making light rough alloys (homogenous mixture of two or
more metals or a metal and non –metal) such as magnalium (aluminium and magnesium mixture).
II. It is used in construction of moving parts of machine.
III. Magnesium is present in chlorophyll (pigments used in green plants and few other organisms) for
electrochemical and enzyme activating functions.
IV. Plants absorb magnesium as Mg+2
ion with concentration about 0.1 to 0.4%.
V. Magnesium ion is the primary constituent of chlorophyll which is important in autotropic plants
(algae, plants and some bacteria and fungi which create their own nutrients) for photosynthesis.
CALCIUM (Ca2+):
(Calcium atomic no. 20, atomic mass 40)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Calcium acts as deoxidant (cleaning process by removing oxygen from compounds, molecules or
other impurities) in steel casting.
II. Used for uranium extraction and making of calcium fluoride (CaF2) calcium hydrides (CaH2).

20. III. Calcium is important compound in blood clotting, cell walls, bones and some shells.
IV. Calcium concentration in plants is about 0.2 to 1%.
V. It is important for structure and permeability of cell membrane (a gateway or ease with which a
molecule can pass through the membrane.
PHOSPHOROUS (P4):
(Phosphorous atomic no. 15, atomic mass 31amu)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Phosphorus concentration in plants is between 0.1 and 0.4%.
II. Phosphorus helps plants in energy storage and transfer.
III. Adenosine di and tri-phosphates (ADP and ATP) act as “energy currency” (Energy metabolism) in
plants.
IV. The energy produced during carbohydrate metabolism in humans and photosynthesis in plants is
stored as phosphate compounds (ADP and ATP). When any of this compound is split of, large
amount of energy is released which is used in growth and reproductive processes.
V. It is an important constituent of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (Ribonucleic acid),ADP, ATP,
bone, teeth, shell, membrane, phospholipids (type of lipid and component of cell membrane).
VI. In fertilizers phosphorous is used as superphosphate and tri-phosphate.
VII. Phosphoric acid and its salts are used in food industries.
VIII. Phosphorous is present in the tip of matchsticks and on the scratching sheet.
FLUORINE (F2):
(Fluorine atomic no. 9, atomic mass 19)
MAIN POINT:

21. I. Fluorine about 2.5ppm is essential for optimal growth and strengthens teeth in mammals.
II. Fluorine in plants is about 2 -20ppm in dry matter, some plants can handle more amount of fluorine.
III. High concentration of fluorine in plants is toxic to animals and don’t help in plant metabolism and
growth.
IV. Some flourides and other fluorine compounds are used as refrigerants, anaesthetic, non-stick agent
insulator.
V. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used in etching glass (designing engrave on glass) or cleaning steel.
VI. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is used for fluoridation 9process of adding fluoride in drink) of water.
VII. Tin fluoride is used in toothpaste to protect tooth decay.
CHLORINE (Cl-
):
(Chlorine atomic no. 17, atomic mass 35.5)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Chlorine gas is very poisonous but has many beneficial uses example chlorine is used in domestic
bleach or killing germs and bacteria, also in purification of water and swimming pools.
II. Polyvinyl chloride (tough, chemically resistant synthetic resin made from polymerizing vinyl
chloride (H2C=CHCl) or PVC is a plastic compound of chlorine is used as insulator of water
proofing material.
III. Chlorine is essential for higher plants and mammals as sodium salt of chloride (NaCl) acts as
electrolyte and hydrochloric acid (HCl) in digestive juices.
IV. Chloride deficiency causes abnormal or poor growth in infants.
V. Chlorine is essential for plants as present in chloroplast which is important for photosynthesis.
VI. Plants with more amount of Cl-
ions have high water content.
IODINE (I2):
(Iodine atomic no. 53, atomic mass 127)
MAIN POINTS:
I. Iodine is used in making of dyes for colour photography and pharmaceutical chemicals.

22. II. A dilute solution of iodine in ethanol (CH3CH2OH) known as tincture of iodine (alcohol mixture of
iodine solution in water) is used as antiseptic.
III. Iodine deficiency causes goiter (lump or swelling at front of the neck caused by a swollen thyroid).
IV. Iodine-131 is used to treat thyroid (a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of neck just
below adam’s apple).
V. Iodine is not that much effect in plant growth but in healthy plants, iodine level is about 0.5ppm at
higher concentration.