The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
The research action plan aims to investigate recycling and waste management at Al-Noori Muslim School. It will address questions about which materials are disposed of, how materials are collected for recycling, how often waste is collected, which materials are difficult to reuse, where materials are taken for recycling, and how waste management at the school could be improved. Primary data will be collected through field work to inspect bins and waste, interviews with teachers and administrators, and emails to inquire about rubbish volumes and types.
Solid waste refers to the range of garbage arising from animal and human activities that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential and commercial activities. Wastes create deterioration of the environment through pollution and damages. One of the most important solutions to this problems is to produce less waste. A number of different techniques can be used to reduce the production of wastes. Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash.
Waste management project proposal for sri lankaLahiru Dilshan
This is a project that was carried out to find methods and possible ways to implement a waste management system in Sri Lanka especially for urban areas.
This is the presentation and the report is in the following link
https://www.slideshare.net/Lahiru_Dilshan/waste-management-project-proposal-for-sri-lanka
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. There are two main types of waste - solid waste like plastics and liquids like waste water. Wastes can also be classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous depending on their properties and effects. Sources of waste include households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. Improper waste management affects human health, the environment, and climate. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle helps mitigate these issues. Philippine laws like RA 9003 promote responsible waste segregation, recycling, and disposal.
The document outlines South Africa's legislative background and current status regarding chemicals and waste management. It discusses the National Environmental Management Waste Act of 2008 and its key provisions, including regulating waste activities through a listing system. The Act aims to protect health and the environment based on a waste hierarchy approach. Key requirements are outlined for generators and transporters of waste, including proper storage, disposal, and permitting. Regulations provide for waste classification, tracking, and information reporting. The overall approach is to manage waste safely and prevent pollution.
International waste management strategiesAhmed Ali
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies.
http://socceronlinetv.com/thailand-vs-indonesia-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live/
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
The research action plan aims to investigate recycling and waste management at Al-Noori Muslim School. It will address questions about which materials are disposed of, how materials are collected for recycling, how often waste is collected, which materials are difficult to reuse, where materials are taken for recycling, and how waste management at the school could be improved. Primary data will be collected through field work to inspect bins and waste, interviews with teachers and administrators, and emails to inquire about rubbish volumes and types.
Solid waste refers to the range of garbage arising from animal and human activities that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential and commercial activities. Wastes create deterioration of the environment through pollution and damages. One of the most important solutions to this problems is to produce less waste. A number of different techniques can be used to reduce the production of wastes. Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash.
Waste management project proposal for sri lankaLahiru Dilshan
This is a project that was carried out to find methods and possible ways to implement a waste management system in Sri Lanka especially for urban areas.
This is the presentation and the report is in the following link
https://www.slideshare.net/Lahiru_Dilshan/waste-management-project-proposal-for-sri-lanka
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. There are two main types of waste - solid waste like plastics and liquids like waste water. Wastes can also be classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous depending on their properties and effects. Sources of waste include households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. Improper waste management affects human health, the environment, and climate. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle helps mitigate these issues. Philippine laws like RA 9003 promote responsible waste segregation, recycling, and disposal.
The document outlines South Africa's legislative background and current status regarding chemicals and waste management. It discusses the National Environmental Management Waste Act of 2008 and its key provisions, including regulating waste activities through a listing system. The Act aims to protect health and the environment based on a waste hierarchy approach. Key requirements are outlined for generators and transporters of waste, including proper storage, disposal, and permitting. Regulations provide for waste classification, tracking, and information reporting. The overall approach is to manage waste safely and prevent pollution.
International waste management strategiesAhmed Ali
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies.
http://socceronlinetv.com/thailand-vs-indonesia-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live/
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
- Mumbai generates over 10,000 metric tons of waste per day which is increasing with population growth.
- There are only three existing landfill sites for Mumbai that are nearing the end of their operational life.
- One of the major challenges for waste management in Mumbai is the shortage of landfill space due to the huge amount of waste generated daily.
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.
Land spreading of solid waste can be a viable waste management option if done properly. Organic wastes that provide ecological benefits can be spread on lands as a fertilizer. However, landspreading requires studying the waste composition and soil's ability to receive the waste. It is important to ensure landspreading is not done to avoid waste laws. Monitoring of groundwater is also needed at land disposal sites to detect contamination and take corrective actions such as containment measures. Different types of landfills exist based on the waste accepted, with sanitary landfills used for municipal solid waste. Waste undergoes various decomposition phases as it breaks down anaerobically in a landfill over time.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It discusses trends in waste generation, the impact of poor management, and the waste management hierarchy. It also covers integrated waste management and the transition to a circular economy. Specific topics include common waste streams, infrastructure, generation rates by region and income level, the costs of inaction, and major dumpsites. The waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle is presented. Case studies demonstrate community-based composting and participatory clean city programs. Moving from linear to circular models and regulations to stimulate recycling are also summarized.
Solid waste includes municipal garbage, industrial waste, sewage sludge, agricultural waste, and mining residues. It can be solid, liquid, or gas. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act aims to safely manage waste to protect human health and the environment. Methods of managing solid waste include reducing waste production, recycling and composting, combustion, and landfilling. Hazardous waste requires special disposal in secure, lined landfills.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and classifies it based on origin and properties. It describes the composition of refuse and different collection methods. The effects of solid waste are explained along with various management approaches like the 3Rs and different disposal methods including landfilling, incineration, composting, and more. Recommendations are provided around improving management through public awareness, prohibiting littering, and increasing waste collection. Finally, key legal provisions governing solid waste handling and management in India are outlined.
Solid waste management by tarun choudharySubham Goyal
This document discusses solid waste management. It begins by defining solid waste as unwanted material generated from residential, commercial and industrial activities. It then outlines the main types of solid waste and defines solid waste management as the system for handling trash collection, recycling, and disposal. The document emphasizes that solid waste management is needed due to health hazards, land depletion from landfills, and pollution concerns. It proceeds to describe the key processes involved - collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal methods like landfilling, incineration and composting. The 4R principle of reduce, reuse, recover and recycle is also presented as important for solid waste management.
Impact of Solid waste on Health and Environmenttabirsir
Solid waste comes from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community activities. It includes garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded materials. Improper management and disposal of solid waste can negatively impact human health, animals, aquatic life, and the environment. As populations and economies grow, more waste is produced which can pollute soil, water, and air if not handled properly. Common health issues from exposure to solid waste include chemical poisoning, increased risk of cancer and disease, and toxicity from heavy metals in contaminated food or water sources. The environment is also harmed through greenhouse gas emissions, destruction of habitats, and pollution of land, rivers, and oceans. Proper treatment and disposal methods like incineration, land
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
This document discusses various types of waste including solid waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and e-waste. It covers waste management principles like generation, prevention, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and disposal. Integrated waste management aims to minimize waste at the source through reduction, reuse and recycling. Key aspects of waste management systems include collection, transport, treatment and final disposal. Improper waste management can pose public health and environmental risks.
The document discusses waste management practices in India. It notes that India generates around 10-12 million tons of waste annually, which is mostly inert and non-biodegradable. The typical waste management system involves collection, transportation, segregation, treatment and disposal. However, open dumping is common practice and adversely impacts the environment and public health. It also outlines the various waste types (municipal, hazardous, biomedical, electronic), relevant laws and policies, and challenges around lack of awareness, collection/segregation issues. Improved government policies, more sustainable industry practices, and increased public participation are suggested to address the growing waste problem.
The document discusses industrial waste water, specifically focusing on its sources and treatment. It describes how various industries like steel, food, and chemicals use water and generate waste water containing pollutants. It then discusses the need for effluent treatment plants to remove these pollutants before the water is discharged or reused. The document outlines national standards for waste water discharge and explains key parameters of these standards like color, BOD, COD, which are measures of organic contaminants in the water.
Waste comes from many sources such as homes, schools, industries, and agriculture. Municipal authorities collect garbage from bins and dispose of it elsewhere. Waste is any material that is no longer useful in its current form and can cause pollution if not properly disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms and is categorized based on source and degradability. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Effective waste management strategies include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, proper disposal, and educating the public.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and provides classifications of municipal solid waste including garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition waste, and more. It also describes hazardous waste. The document outlines the key components of solid waste management systems including waste identification and minimization, collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, energy recovery, and disposal. It provides details on collection services and discusses processing and disposal methods like compaction, incineration, and landfilling.
The document discusses solid waste management and classification of wastes. It defines solid waste as materials such as household garbage, food waste, yard waste, and construction debris that are not liquid or gaseous. The document classifies wastes according to their properties, effects on health and environment, and origin. Wastes are categorized as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, non-hazardous, nuclear, thermal, plastic, biomedical, municipal, and agricultural wastes. Improper management of wastes can negatively impact health, socio-economic conditions, coastal environments, climate, and groundwater.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that are discarded after use. Solid wastes include domestic, commercial, and industrial trash like plastics, paper, and metal. Liquid wastes include sewage and wastewater from industrial processes. Wastes are also classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous. Improper waste disposal impacts human health through pollution and disease, and harms animals, aquatic life, and the environment. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle can help mitigate waste and its harmful effects.
The document discusses waste management in Mumbai, India. It proposes a new public-private partnership (PPP) model for waste management with responsibilities and benefits outlined for the government, private waste management company, and NGOs. Key aspects of the proposed system include improved waste collection and transfer services, processing of waste via composting and bio-methanation plants, and using a mobile information system with GPS to improve efficiency and generate reports. Public awareness campaigns are also discussed to motivate behavior change.
Existing practices for soil fertility management through cereals-legume inter...Premier Publishers
Low crop production has been attributed to inherently low availability of plant nutrients, nutrient imbalances and inadequate soil moisture for plant growth. Past and current soil management practices have enhanced the degradation of the soils. These have been caused by increased withdrawal of plant nutrients from the soil and consequently to reduced plant growth. To meet future food requirements, it is inevitable that the use of inorganic fertilizers will continue to increase. However, such fertilizers are expensive to farmers and they are potential environmental pollutants. The intensification and diversification of the cropping systems and traditional practices in Africa have compounded the decline in soil fertility. To raise and sustain soil fertility and productivity in Africa, appropriate traditional soil fertility management practices have to be developed and adopted by farmers. Cereal-legumes cropping systems accompanying management technologies indicated the advantage of these technologies and their function of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. This review explored the mechanisms and processes associated with soil fertility management, effect of intensive agriculture on soil degradation, role of traditional and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges and additional cereal-legumes cropping systems. These contributed to understanding the effects soil fertility management decisions and human-use impacts on long-term ecological composition and function.
Solving conflict in a professional settingnimarahman
The document discusses managing conflict in a professional setting. There is a disagreement within a company about how to promote their biggest client, cereal brand Cocoa Puffs, with some preferring a traditional campaign and others wanting a new social media approach. The best solution is to schedule a meeting where both sides can present their ideas and find a compromise that satisfies everyone. As a manager, the optimal decision is to have workers create proposals for each side and then compromise the two ideas, as this shows mutual respect and builds trust within the workplace.
- Mumbai generates over 10,000 metric tons of waste per day which is increasing with population growth.
- There are only three existing landfill sites for Mumbai that are nearing the end of their operational life.
- One of the major challenges for waste management in Mumbai is the shortage of landfill space due to the huge amount of waste generated daily.
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.
Land spreading of solid waste can be a viable waste management option if done properly. Organic wastes that provide ecological benefits can be spread on lands as a fertilizer. However, landspreading requires studying the waste composition and soil's ability to receive the waste. It is important to ensure landspreading is not done to avoid waste laws. Monitoring of groundwater is also needed at land disposal sites to detect contamination and take corrective actions such as containment measures. Different types of landfills exist based on the waste accepted, with sanitary landfills used for municipal solid waste. Waste undergoes various decomposition phases as it breaks down anaerobically in a landfill over time.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It discusses trends in waste generation, the impact of poor management, and the waste management hierarchy. It also covers integrated waste management and the transition to a circular economy. Specific topics include common waste streams, infrastructure, generation rates by region and income level, the costs of inaction, and major dumpsites. The waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle is presented. Case studies demonstrate community-based composting and participatory clean city programs. Moving from linear to circular models and regulations to stimulate recycling are also summarized.
Solid waste includes municipal garbage, industrial waste, sewage sludge, agricultural waste, and mining residues. It can be solid, liquid, or gas. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act aims to safely manage waste to protect human health and the environment. Methods of managing solid waste include reducing waste production, recycling and composting, combustion, and landfilling. Hazardous waste requires special disposal in secure, lined landfills.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and classifies it based on origin and properties. It describes the composition of refuse and different collection methods. The effects of solid waste are explained along with various management approaches like the 3Rs and different disposal methods including landfilling, incineration, composting, and more. Recommendations are provided around improving management through public awareness, prohibiting littering, and increasing waste collection. Finally, key legal provisions governing solid waste handling and management in India are outlined.
Solid waste management by tarun choudharySubham Goyal
This document discusses solid waste management. It begins by defining solid waste as unwanted material generated from residential, commercial and industrial activities. It then outlines the main types of solid waste and defines solid waste management as the system for handling trash collection, recycling, and disposal. The document emphasizes that solid waste management is needed due to health hazards, land depletion from landfills, and pollution concerns. It proceeds to describe the key processes involved - collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal methods like landfilling, incineration and composting. The 4R principle of reduce, reuse, recover and recycle is also presented as important for solid waste management.
Impact of Solid waste on Health and Environmenttabirsir
Solid waste comes from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community activities. It includes garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded materials. Improper management and disposal of solid waste can negatively impact human health, animals, aquatic life, and the environment. As populations and economies grow, more waste is produced which can pollute soil, water, and air if not handled properly. Common health issues from exposure to solid waste include chemical poisoning, increased risk of cancer and disease, and toxicity from heavy metals in contaminated food or water sources. The environment is also harmed through greenhouse gas emissions, destruction of habitats, and pollution of land, rivers, and oceans. Proper treatment and disposal methods like incineration, land
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
This document discusses various types of waste including solid waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and e-waste. It covers waste management principles like generation, prevention, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and disposal. Integrated waste management aims to minimize waste at the source through reduction, reuse and recycling. Key aspects of waste management systems include collection, transport, treatment and final disposal. Improper waste management can pose public health and environmental risks.
The document discusses waste management practices in India. It notes that India generates around 10-12 million tons of waste annually, which is mostly inert and non-biodegradable. The typical waste management system involves collection, transportation, segregation, treatment and disposal. However, open dumping is common practice and adversely impacts the environment and public health. It also outlines the various waste types (municipal, hazardous, biomedical, electronic), relevant laws and policies, and challenges around lack of awareness, collection/segregation issues. Improved government policies, more sustainable industry practices, and increased public participation are suggested to address the growing waste problem.
The document discusses industrial waste water, specifically focusing on its sources and treatment. It describes how various industries like steel, food, and chemicals use water and generate waste water containing pollutants. It then discusses the need for effluent treatment plants to remove these pollutants before the water is discharged or reused. The document outlines national standards for waste water discharge and explains key parameters of these standards like color, BOD, COD, which are measures of organic contaminants in the water.
Waste comes from many sources such as homes, schools, industries, and agriculture. Municipal authorities collect garbage from bins and dispose of it elsewhere. Waste is any material that is no longer useful in its current form and can cause pollution if not properly disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms and is categorized based on source and degradability. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Effective waste management strategies include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, proper disposal, and educating the public.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and provides classifications of municipal solid waste including garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition waste, and more. It also describes hazardous waste. The document outlines the key components of solid waste management systems including waste identification and minimization, collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, energy recovery, and disposal. It provides details on collection services and discusses processing and disposal methods like compaction, incineration, and landfilling.
The document discusses solid waste management and classification of wastes. It defines solid waste as materials such as household garbage, food waste, yard waste, and construction debris that are not liquid or gaseous. The document classifies wastes according to their properties, effects on health and environment, and origin. Wastes are categorized as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, non-hazardous, nuclear, thermal, plastic, biomedical, municipal, and agricultural wastes. Improper management of wastes can negatively impact health, socio-economic conditions, coastal environments, climate, and groundwater.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that are discarded after use. Solid wastes include domestic, commercial, and industrial trash like plastics, paper, and metal. Liquid wastes include sewage and wastewater from industrial processes. Wastes are also classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous. Improper waste disposal impacts human health through pollution and disease, and harms animals, aquatic life, and the environment. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle can help mitigate waste and its harmful effects.
The document discusses waste management in Mumbai, India. It proposes a new public-private partnership (PPP) model for waste management with responsibilities and benefits outlined for the government, private waste management company, and NGOs. Key aspects of the proposed system include improved waste collection and transfer services, processing of waste via composting and bio-methanation plants, and using a mobile information system with GPS to improve efficiency and generate reports. Public awareness campaigns are also discussed to motivate behavior change.
Existing practices for soil fertility management through cereals-legume inter...Premier Publishers
Low crop production has been attributed to inherently low availability of plant nutrients, nutrient imbalances and inadequate soil moisture for plant growth. Past and current soil management practices have enhanced the degradation of the soils. These have been caused by increased withdrawal of plant nutrients from the soil and consequently to reduced plant growth. To meet future food requirements, it is inevitable that the use of inorganic fertilizers will continue to increase. However, such fertilizers are expensive to farmers and they are potential environmental pollutants. The intensification and diversification of the cropping systems and traditional practices in Africa have compounded the decline in soil fertility. To raise and sustain soil fertility and productivity in Africa, appropriate traditional soil fertility management practices have to be developed and adopted by farmers. Cereal-legumes cropping systems accompanying management technologies indicated the advantage of these technologies and their function of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. This review explored the mechanisms and processes associated with soil fertility management, effect of intensive agriculture on soil degradation, role of traditional and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges and additional cereal-legumes cropping systems. These contributed to understanding the effects soil fertility management decisions and human-use impacts on long-term ecological composition and function.
Solving conflict in a professional settingnimarahman
The document discusses managing conflict in a professional setting. There is a disagreement within a company about how to promote their biggest client, cereal brand Cocoa Puffs, with some preferring a traditional campaign and others wanting a new social media approach. The best solution is to schedule a meeting where both sides can present their ideas and find a compromise that satisfies everyone. As a manager, the optimal decision is to have workers create proposals for each side and then compromise the two ideas, as this shows mutual respect and builds trust within the workplace.
This document summarizes several landmarks in Antarctica, including an Argentine base used for scientific study located on an island near the peninsula that has an airport and boat access to nearby islands and Antarctica's mainland, an active volcano called Mt. Erebus that has one of Earth's five long-lasting lava lakes at its summit, and Deception Island which forms an almost complete circle and contains a safe harbor that is home to scientific stations and now a tourist destination.
The intern worked at IBM's EBU department helping develop a web application project for a customer called PATAC Shanghai. Their responsibilities included coding Java interfaces for the server side using the Spring framework and MyBatis, and helping develop Angular pages for the data management system. They gained experience with Spring, MyBatis, and Angular JS frameworks and improved both technical and soft skills through workshops and group tasks during the internship.
This digital portfolio belongs to Masami Yenson and includes information about their work experience as a pastry chef at the Relais De La Mothe in France. It provides descriptions of several desserts created by Masami during their time there. The portfolio also mentions Masami's teaching experience at Le'Calabash Cookery School and lists some additional culinary skills including meat fabrication, ice carving, and sugar work. Pastry is highlighted as Masami's main passion.
Theodora rose from humble beginnings as the daughter of a bear trainer to become the influential wife of Byzantine Emperor Justinian. She began her career as an actress and courtesan in Constantinople but found religion and became a supporter of the Monophysite Christian faith. Justinian respected Theodora's intelligence and appointed her as his advisor. As Empress, Theodora advocated for women's rights and the poor, influencing Justinian to pass progressive laws. She helped Justinian survive a major revolt in Constantinople and remained his closest advisor until her death in 548 CE, after which her influence over Justinian waned.
In order to establish human connection in schools, teachers must have a sophisticated understanding of how to interact with and foster learning experiences for all students. Students need connections with their teachers and peers to collaborate, socialize, and develop academically. Providing opportunities for participation and ensuring students feel included, regardless of abilities, allows all students to reach their potential.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
The influence of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butte...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butternuts. Pinching was done at different nodes - no pinching (control), pinching at 2nd node, 4th node, and 6th node. Treatments with pinching had higher yield and number of flowers compared to no pinching. Pinching at later stages (6th node) increased the number of branches compared to earlier pinching. Pinching also increased the number of stems, fruits per plant and hectare, fruit weight per plant, and gross yield compared to no pinching. Pinching later in growth promotes growth, flowering and yield of butternuts.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Using ePortfolio to Foster Interdisciplinary Thinking and Effective Pedagogic...Premier Publishers
This work describes a project using ePortfolio as a medium to facilitate effective pedagogical strategies in the context of a group-based research paper assignment spanning class boundaries. Small groups of students were required to complete a scaffolded, semester-long project culminating in a group research paper based on some topic of relevance to the fields of biology and chemistry. Each group consisted of students from a chemistry class and a biology class. Our aim was to enhance student understanding of scientific concepts, while exercising critical thinking, writing, and reflective skills in an interdisciplinary context using ePortfolio as the medium for work and feedback. We describe the nature and development of the assignment, its implementation and challenges encountered in the process of developing and refining the project. This work was implemented with two cohorts of students. The first attempt revealed a series of shortcomings centering around lack of student interactions and unresponsive group members. These issues were largely alleviated in the second implementation. Our basic framework can be adapted by educators in any discipline seeking to implement multiple pedagogical approaches simultaneously through using ePortfolio. Our experience suggests that the pedagogical strategies we utilized can be successful given adequate instructor engagement and feedback.
Influence of Sodium Chloride on germination, and Zinc, Copper, Zinc-Copper mi...Premier Publishers
Seed germination and seedling performance of Dorke and Omankwa corn varieties were investigated under varying salinity, copper and zinc concentrations. Sample analyses were done using AAS. Germination of both seeds decreased with increasing Sodium chloride. When NaCl was increased from 3 to 6ppm, the range of germination of Dorke seeds reduced from 33 - 20% while that of Omankwa seeds reduced from 20% to 13.3%. 85.5% germination in 60mMNaCl was the highest in Dorke and 72.2% germination in 90mMNaCl was the lowest. 87.8% germination in 30mMNaCl was the highest for Omankwa hybrid, 30% in 90mM being its lowest. Cu2+ accumulated more in the roots than shoot of both hybrids, while Zn2+ accumulated more in their shoots than the roots. Highest mean fresh weight of Dorke was recorded in moderate Cu2+ and Zn2+. Also highest mean fresh weight of Omankwa hybrid occurred under low Cu2+ level and moderate Zn2+ levels, but was highest in higher levels of Zn2+ and Cu2+ mixture. From the study, farmers are advised against planting the two hybrids in alkaline soils and to apply Cu2+/Zn2+ based fertilizers to improve photosynthetic activity and biomass.
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
This document evaluates 15 common bean lines and one check variety across 5 environments in Ethiopia over 2 years to analyze genotype by environment interaction and identify stable, high-yielding lines. Significant genotype by environment interaction was found, with environments explaining most variation (81.06%) followed by interaction (15.73%) and genotypes (3.21%). Combined analysis of variance and AMMI modeling partitioned the interaction into two significant principal component axes explaining 39.45% and 17.38% of variation. Biplots of the results identified lines KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44 as both high yielding and broadly adapted. However, specific adaptation of lines was not consistent over
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical...Premier Publishers
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different dilutions of seawater irrigation on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of two common Egyptian turfgrasses: Seashore paspalum and Bermudagrass. The study found that low percentages of seawater dilution (10-30%) generally produced better results for most measured characteristics compared to higher dilutions or the control. Irrigation with 10-30% diluted seawater led to increased shoot growth, leaf area, plant succulence, and turf quality ratings, while decreasing leaf firing. Higher dilutions caused larger decreases in growth.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
The document discusses the challenges of solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that the majority of solid waste generated is leftover food, plastic, and paper. On average, each person produces 0.3kg of waste daily. Nearly all respondents admit to never separating recyclables from other waste. Most waste collection is done informally by children. Most respondents also acknowledge disposing of waste through unsafe and illegal means like burning or dumping, with no formal waste management system. The study calls for the government to increase education on waste policies and introduce better management strategies.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
This study investigates the municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Vang Vieng district, Vientiane province, Lao PDR toward circular economy. The research focus was placed on (i) current status, (ii) opportunities and challenges, and (iii) solutions to realize circular economy (CE) in MSW management. Different methods were employed, including literature review, semi-interviews, sampling, SWOT, and TOWS matrix. It was found that 43.33 tons/day of MSW is generated in Vang Vieng. Of which, the MSW amounts derived from the urban, rural, and public areas account for 50.11 %, 35.52 %, and 14.37 %, respectively. The MSW collection and recycling rates are 34.62 % and 11.54 %, correspondingly. Open dumping at a landfill is the main pathway for MSW disposal in Vang Vieng. The limitations to be addressed include (1) lack of proper awareness of solid waste management, (2) insufficiency in collection service, recycling facilities, and disposal technologies, and (3) unpopularity of the CE in the district. Contrarily, there are opportunities for applying CE in MSW management, namely (1) Vang Vieng has a specific governmental organization in charge of MSW management to keep the city clean and tidy, (2) the private sector plays an increasingly active role in MSW management, and (3) local people start to use cloth bags and glassware to minimize the MSW quantity. Finally, key solutions are proposed including (i) enhancement of the MSW separation, recycling, and transportation, (ii) promotion of the community based MSW management, and (iii) promulgation and enforcement of the MSW recycling incentive policies.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
1. What are the current challenges of waste management in our towns/municipals/cities today?
2. What are the possible measures that can be put forward to overcome the above challenges?
Similar to Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
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This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
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A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
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This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 143
In most countries the population is increasing hence
causing many people to migrate to urban areas. Most
urban areas especially in the sub-Saharan Africa, half of
the solid waste generated is not collected. Waste in
developing countries is rarely recycled but thrown in
dump sites. This has posed serious health and
environmental impacts. In low income countries, the
situation is worse. Many cities and towns in developing
countries are not adequately meeting their refuse
collection obligations due to financial constraints (Mohee
and Simelane, 2015; Senkoro, 2003). There is an
observation that residents have resorted to illegal
dumping of some solid waste in open spaces (Tevera et
al., 2002). Researchers have carried out many
researches to answer the question why there are
variations of solid waste generation from place to place in
quality of waste generated and quantity. Manyanhaire
and Sango (2009) discovered that in Zambia, Chirundu
and Marondera in Zimbabwe 15.62% to 72% of waste
generated was vegetative components. In Zimbabwe’s
cities and towns, solid waste management has reached
crisis levels as there is now mismatch between planning
and policy implementations and this is worsened by some
financial problems experienced (Matowu and Tevera,
2002). It is estimated that each person produces over 1-
1.5 kg of garbage a day and this accumulation of waste
can lead to severe environmental degradation (Camille,
et al, 2012).
There are several key issues in developing countries on
solid waste. Policies are required for long term planning
which is realistic. Policies usually are made because of
the arousal of solid waste problems. In developing
countries there are limited resources in waste collection
and inadequate storage facilities. No proper solid waste
disposal facilities are available in developing countries
(Government of Zimbabwe, 2007;Mangizvo,
2010;Muchandiona, 2013). The use of technology has
been of much help in developing countries on waste
disposal but inappropriate technological facilities are
being used as well as the equipment. Developing
countries do lack enough funds and end up using the
equipment which will not be suitable for a certain task.
Scavenging process is also a key issue in developing
people are found searching through refuse for useful
material. This process allows waste to stay in
environments as this result in improper waste disposal.
There is also knowledge which is insufficient on basic
principles of waste management.
In most urban cities of Zimbabwe the issue of solid waste
management including refuse collection and disposal has
been a controversial issue in the environment. Litter has
become a common site along highways and in many
urban and peri-urban communities in Zimbabwe. Waste
management has collapsed, and this has triggered
chaotic and rampant waste dumping, putting the health of
residents at great risk (Makwara and Magudu, 2013).
Zimbabwe’s most solid waste generators often dispose
uncollected waste at illegal dumping sites. In less
economically developed countries most households do
not recycle waste but simply find their way to the
dumpsite (Akkucuk, 2015). Sakubva in Mutare amongst
other Zimbabwean cities has had disease outbreaks as a
result of improper refuse management.
The objectives of the study are to investigate the
challenges of solid waste management by assessing the
frequency of solid waste collection in Sakubva. It also
looks at the systems which are being used by residents in
solid waste disposal. The study is going to establish the
challenges on solid waste management being faced by
Sakubva residential suburb which hinders sustainable
development of the environment. For the concept of
sustainable development to be understood, discussions
concentrating on environmental impacts of solid waste
should be raised in academic circles. This study allows
the residents to give their own views on the management
of waste within their environment to attain sustainable
development and healthy environments. Through this
research, there is a high chance of influencing the
residents in terms of understanding that they have a
significant role when it comes to solid waste
management. Residents will also be able to understand
that they have a huge responsibility when it comes to
solid waste disposal in the environment. They will
understand that it is not only the city council and
municipality’s responsibility in solid waste disposal. The
information will be used by city fathers at large in policy
formulation on maintaining environmental sustainability
for a safe environment. This research brings out the
necessity of participation in the management of solid
waste in many cities as it incorporates all stakeholders in
the management of solid waste. These stakeholders
include the Mutare city council, NGOs, Environmental
Management Agency (EMA), ZINWA and other
responsible organizations in solid waste management.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Site Description and Experimental Design
The research was conducted in Mutare District in
Manicaland, located South-Eastern of Zimbabwe. Mutare
is the third largest city in the country. It is also the capital
of the Manicaland Province. It is the border city between
Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The city has a tropical
location but it has a temperate climate due to being
located in a mountainous area. The study area has a
variable climate from wet to semi-arid. The mean annual
temperature of the area is 19⁰C and the mean annual
rainfall is 818mm.
3. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 144
Figure 1. Map of Zimbabwe showing Districts of Manicaland Province and Mutare (Source, Google Maps
accessed March 6, 2016)
Table 1. Summary of sampling procedure
Section of
Suburb
Number of
houses
Sample size (%) Sample size Sample
interval
Chineta 188 5 9 21
Mawonde 426 5 21 20
Mazhambe 200 5 10 19
Muchena 400 5 20 20
Total 1294 20 60 80
N=60
There are more than 20 suburbs in Mutare having low,
medium and high density suburbs. Sakubva is the oldest
high density suburb in Mutare and it is characterized by
high population growth and overcrowding. It was
established in 1934 and it has a population density of
nearly 209 people per square kilometer (Sigauke, 2007).
The research design was based on the description of the
challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva high
density suburb of Mutare. This method was also used to
evaluate the disposal systems of solid waste, residents’
perceptions on current solid waste management by
Mutare city and the frequency of solid waste collection in
Sakubva.
The stratified sampling method was used in the research.
The 39 sections in Sakubva with a total housing stock of
5 327. were taken as stratas. Four stratas were selected
using convenience sampling determined by high rates of
illegal waste dumping, high population density and the
number of houses. The areas selected were Chineta,
Mawonde, Mazhambe, and Muchena. Deliberate
sampling or convenience sampling method was very
useful. The research used a sample size of 5% of the
number of houses in the section were the investigation
was conducted. Systematic sampling was then used to
determine the households to issue copies of a
questionnaire. Sampling interval (SI) was obtained by
dividing the population (P) by the sample size (n) (SI=
P/n). Every n
th
household unit from the sampling frame
was selected. Table 1 above summarizes the sampling
procedure.
The units of measurement were residents, vendors and
the Mutare city council. Two structured questionnaires
were developed and elicited responses from interviewees
provided the data required in the study.
Two types of questionnaires were constructed by the
researcher for the different groups including the residents
and the city council. The questionnaires collected data
through face to face interviews with residents of the
Mutare two suburbs and the city fathers. The
questionnaires were written in English and during
administering them on respondents, translation to Shona
was done when and where necessary.
4. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 145
Figure 2: Gender distribution of the respondents
Table 2: Age groups of respondents.
Measure of Central Tendency Age group (years)
Mean 25-34
Mode 25-34
Minimum <15
Maximum 50-64
Data Types and Data Sources
In this research study, both qualitative and quantitative
data collection methods were implemented. Quantitative
data was gathered through the use of close ended
questionnaires and the qualitative data through open
ended questions. Open ended questions allowed the
perceptions of residents on the current solid waste
management by Mutare city.
The study used both primary and secondary data.
Primary data was obtained from the use of
questionnaires which were administered to various
residents of Sakubva high density. It was also obtained
from the city council responsible with the collection of
solid waste in Mutare urban. Observations were also
used on some of the solid waste disposal systems used
by the residents of Sakubva suburb. The information
collected includes the systems used by residents in
disposing waste as well as what they think and suggest in
terms of solid waste management of the suburb. The city
council provided information on the frequency of waste
collection in the suburb including the equipment they use
in the collection of solid waste in the suburb.
Sources of secondary data used were published
textbooks and journals on solid waste collection and
disposal. This information on solid waste management
was collected from the use of the internet, the city council
and the library.
Data Analysis and Presentation
In this research the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) was used for data entry and analysis.
Data presentation analysis consists of examining,
categorizing, tabulating or otherwise re-combining the
evidence, to address the initial propositions of a study.
Quantitative data was presented using descriptive
statistics like percentages, means, tabulation, and
frequency distribution. Graphs, tables and photographs
will be used to present the outputs.
RESULTS
Data Obtained From Residents
Demographic and Socio-economic characteristics of
respondents
Gender distribution: Figure 2 shows the gender
distribution of the sample respondents in percentages of
the sample population of Sakubva residents. This
categorical variable is important in explaining decision
making patterns in waste disposal at household level.
Gender is a significant part of the study since most of the
household chores are done by ladies and they are the
ones who generate much of the waste. Of the 60
respondents, 53.3% were male and 46.7% were female.
Age group of respondents: The age frequency
distribution of the respondents from the sample
population is shown in Table 2. The age of the
respondents ranged from <15years to 64years. Most of
the participants (36.7%) were in the age group 25-
34years followed by 16-24years age group (23.3%).
53.3%
46.7%
Male Female
5. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 146
Table 3. Demographic and Socio-economic characteristics of respondents.
Variable Category Frequency(n=60) Percentage (%)
Marital status Never married
Married
27
33
45.00
55.00
Education
qualification
Below Grade7/Standard 6
Grade 7/Standard 6
O-Level
A-Level
Tertiary Certificate/Diploma
University degree
3
8
24
13
6
6
5.00
13.33
40.00
21.67
10.00
10.00
Employment
status
Employed formally
Self-employed informally
Unemployed but looking for work
Student
19
17
15
9
31.67
28.33
25.00
15.00
Tenure status Owner/Purchaser
Tenant
Lodger
Tied accommodation
19
16
16
9
31.67
26.67
26.67
15.00
Figure 3. Response of residents on frequency of waste collection
Marital status: Table 4 shows the marital status
distribution of sample respondents in percentages of the
sample population of Sakubva residents. The sample
constituted respondents who were never married
(45.0%), married (55.0%).
Education qualification: The majority of the
respondents (40.0%) went through the formal education
up to O-Level while 21.67% attained A-Level certificate. A
13.33% of the respondents attained Grade7 or Standard
5/6 while 10.00% attained a tertiary certificate/dilploma
the same as those with University degrees (Table 3).
Employment status: Data pertaining to employment
status of the respondents is show in Table 3. The
employment status is important since it affects income
and the ability to pay extra for the waste disposal when
council fails. Most of the respondents are formally
employed (31.67%) while the least percentage (15.00%)
of the respondents are students. A total of 28.33% of the
respondents were self-employed informally while the
remainder proportion of the respondents (25.00%) was
unemployed but looking for work.
Accommodation status: Data pertaining to
accommodation status revealed that most of the
respondents (31.67%) own or have purchased the house
they stay in, 26.67% are lodgers same as tenants while
remainder (15.00%) use tied accommodation (Table 4).
Solid waste collection by Council
Frequency of waste collection: Data pertaining to
council’s schedule on solid waste collection is shown in
Figure 3. Most of the respondents (35.0%) reported that
waste collection is irregular while those who reported no
collection of waste were 21.7%. The proportion of the
sample population who reported that waste collection
was only 8.3%.
23.3%
11.7%
35.0%
21.7%
8.3%
Once a week
Twice a week
Irregularly
Not collected
Everyday
6. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 147
Figure 4: Type of solid waste generated at household level
Table 4. Methods used in solid waste disposal.
Method Frequency
(n=60)
Percentages
(%)
Open dumping
Burying
Composting
Burning
Illegal dumping
Collection by Council
30
27
29
36
29
34
50.0
45.0
48.3
60.0
48.3
56.7
Type of waste and Systems used by residents in solid
waste disposal
The assessment did not attempt to quantify the amount of
waste generated by each household but rather sought to
find out the type of waste generated per household
(Figure 4). This study revealed that all of the households
surveyed generate plastic and food wastes. Of the 60
households surveyed those who produce
paper/cardboard waste constitutes 47.0% while those
who generate glass wastes are 28.0%. Other waste
generated is shown in Figure 4.
Almost every household produce plastic waste probably
because to a larger extent packaging of goods from
shops, supermarkets and even butcheries predominately
use plastic. From bread to margarine, meats, beverages,
mealie meal etc plastic packages eventually ends up in
trash cans at household level. On the other hand, every
household cook some food and waste is generated in
form of leftovers of too much food prepared. Waste is
also generated from uncookable and/or unpreferred parts
of the food being prepared which have to be cutoff and
disposed during preparing a meal. Perishable food which
is not cooked in time also contributes this waste. Like
plastic, paper is used in packages as a result after
serving its purpose at the house it become waste. As for
the other waste generated, the different activities that
happen at the houses determine the type of waste being
produced. At some households there are welding or
carpentry activities which take place thus translating to
metals and wood waste produced respectively. A lot of
construction has resulted in builder’s rubble generation
alongside with some electrical cables. Some of the
electricals are coming from broken down household
appliances such as stoves, geysers, DVD players, radios
and electric irons, which are thrown away.
Methods used in solid waste disposal by Sakubva
residents are shown in Table 4. Burying is the least
practised method (see, Plate1). Of the 60 sample
residents only 45.0% dispose their waste by digging pits
either in their yard or on open spaces and bury
household waste.
Other commonly practised method of disposal of waste at
household level in Sabvuka is through illegal dumping of
waste and 48.3% of the residents use this method (see,
Plate 1). Thirty-four out of the 60 (56.7%) households
surveyed effectively dispose waste generated at their
houses through the council when it comes to collect solid
waste from the residents. However, investigation
100%
28%
47%
25%
100%
5%
10%
3% 2%
13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
7. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 148
Source, Photo by Author, 2016)
Plate 1. Open dump
Source, Photo by Author, 2016
Plate 2. Vegetable garden fertilized by compost manure
revealed that the most frequently practised method of
waste disposal by Sakubva residents is burning of waste.
Although these methods are the least desired, the
residents attributed the use of these methods to the delay
by council to collect waste and/or non-collection at all.
Residents who are using improper receptacles are
illegally dumping their solid waste as their receptacles fill
up before the one week period. Placestargeted mostly by
illegal dumpers include vacant land, open spaces,
unfenced housing stands awaiting development, storm
water drains, market places, intersections of busy streets,
road verges and areas of high waste generation with
inadequate or no waste containers like informal
settlements that sustain high population densities. These
illegal open dumping often occurs mostly, but not
exclusively, at night as a way of reducing chances of
apprehension by municipal police officers. Respondents
however, suggested that local authorities should earmark
certain areas within the communities as legal sites for
solid waste collection for waste to be picked up by local
authorities. These could be properly managed by
providing for waste separation, fencing the area, and
regularly disinfecting waste to reduce disease. This could
reduce the costs of door to door collection of refuse and
organize waste recovery and recycling in a safer manner.
Composting is a marginally used method of waste
disposal by residents. Only 48.3% of the residents
compost some of their waste. In theory composting could
reduce environmental pollution and provide fertilizers
which can be used in lawns and backyard vegetable
gardens (see, Plate 2). This compost fertilizer also could
help improve agricultural production and improve soil
structure which means it offers a longer term advantage
over other non-compost mineral-based fertilizers. In
practice, composting is not a widely employed
technology. In spite of such initiatives, the quantity
8. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 149
Figure 5. Distribution of respondents regarding waste recycling
Table 5. Benefits from recycling solid waste.
Benefit Frequency (n=21) Percentage (%)
Monetary
Reduced waste
Aesthetic (beauty appearance)
No benefit
4
21
14
5
19.0
100.0
66.7
23.8
currently being disposed of through composting is
negligible owing to lack of markets for compost in the
suburb. This is also attributed to the fact that urban
agriculture is not vigorously pursued in the town and
volumes of compostable waste generated at household
level is low.
Usually solid waste segregation enables easier recovery
of waste at source and promotes recycling as the waste
is already sorted out and volume reduced. Segregation is
also vital in the management of hazardous waste from
households, for instance disposal of batteries. only 36.7%
of the residents separate waste at household level. This
is normally done to recover some of the waste in form of
plastic bags and plastic containers for reuse. Some of the
respondents indicated that they separate household
waste to facilitate for composting as well. Low levels of
waste segregation were generally reported by
households and cited various barriers to segregation of
waste. Residents reported that waste segregation makes
a mess around the house, takes too much room, takes
much time and is too inconvenient among other reasons
as well. Most of these barriers seem related to the
inconvenience of doing this, indicating that encouraging
this practice would need some incentives, to create
awareness of the benefits of waste segregation, facilitate
the practice, such as with receptacles and collection, and
support its implementation through promotion by public
health inspectors.
Although being the most promising method for
conservation of natural resources only 48.3% of the
residents recycle waste generated in their houses (Figure
5). The materials recycled largely comprise both paper
and plastic bags and containers, and soap. On the other
hand, because the recycling industry is still in its infancy
compared to the manufacturing, the compensation for
recyclable materials fluctuates a lot making it a less
attractive venture for these residents.
When the residents were asked further about the benefits
they derive from recycling, their responses as follows
(Table 6).
Perceptions on Solid waste Collection and disposal
The waste management system of Sakubva suburb of
Mutare involves generation, storage, collection and
disposal. The residents reported a high level of
dissatisfaction with the council when it comes to solid
waste collection and disposal. More than 85.0% of the
respondents have reported a poor to very poor
performance by the council in this regard (Figure 7).
Households reported that they do not get support for
accessing bins and have to buy these themselves.
TARSC, (2010) also reported similar findings for Mutare
residents in a study they conducted. One in eight
households had access to bins as these are usually
65.0%
48.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
No (n=39) Yes (n=21)
9. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 150
Figure 6. Residents’ responses on quality of solid waste disposal by council
Figure 7. Residents’ responses on quality of solid waste disposal by civic organizations and NGOs
obtained when the civic organizations and NGOs do their
clean-up campaigns in the area while a very small
proportion indicated they get bins elsewhere (Figure 8).
Slightly above 30.0% of the households rated satisfactory
to excellent the quality of solid waste disposal done by
civic organizations and NGOs. The significance of the
private sector was poorly rated as most of the residents
reported that they have not seen any private players
(more than 65.0% - Don’t know) in solid waste disposal in
their area (Figure 9). This could be a reflection of the
council not being proactive in looking for partners to
collaborate with in solid waste management or the
partners are just not interested in waste disposal.
Majority of the respondents use black plastic paper bins
and hard plastic bins for waste collection at household
level (see, Plate 3). However, the council does not
provide these receptacles to the residents. Some of the
receptacles used include sacks, cardboard boxes,
mealie-meal plastics and metal tins. In an earlier study by
Muchandiona, (2013) he found that the coverage of
receptacles for all cities was above 50.0%. Receptacles
are important for successful recycling programs because
they enable separation and sorting of different types of
waste. However, the available receptacles were not even
enough for storing unsorted waste and different types of
solid waste
Zimbabwe does not have an overall waste act that
provides the essential legal basis for a consolidated
waste management strategy in the country. However,
there is a comprehensive legal framework that guides
waste management in both urban and rural areas. A
number of Acts of Parliament and regulations deal
directly and indirectly with environmental pollution in
0.0
0.0
13.3
56.7
26.7
3.3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Excellent
Good
Satifactory
Poor
VeryPoor
Don’t Know
% of total househlds (n=60)
6.7
26.7
20.0
21.7
10.0
15.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Excellent
Good
Satifactory
Poor
VeryPoor
Don’t Know
% of total househlds (n=60)
10. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 151
(Source, Photo by Author, 2016)
Plate 3. Waste receptacles
Figure 5. Distribution of respondents on knowledge of
legislation
general and waste management in particular. A number
of ministries are involved in the administration of the Acts,
but the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
takes overall responsibility and accountability. In addition
to the Acts of Parliament and policies on waste
management most local authorities have by-laws which
they employ to effectively regulate activities in the areas
under their jurisdiction.
Data obtained by the researcher revealed that out of the
60 respondents 83.3% of the respondents were not
aware of the regulations that governs solid waste
disposal (Figure 5). However, all the respondents who
are aware of the regulatory legislation to do with solid
waste disposal none of them gave mention of any act
suggesting that they only head of the existence of these
regulations but do not know what it says.
Efficiency Levels Of Council’s Solid Waste
Management
Solid waste collection and disposal system
The frequency and regularity of waste collection vary
greatly in the town of Mutare. The refuse collection
schedule shows that solid waste is collected daily in
Sakubva. However, the senior hygiene officer reported
that some of the schedules are not being met as the
council is suffering from a lot challenges. Where no
benefit from any formal waste collection service reaches
the residents the communities experience high levels of
illegal dumping and land pollution from the use of
unsustainable practices as a way of disposing waste.
These findings also concur with Masocha (2004) who
reported that residents resort to illegal dumping and to
16.7%
83.3%
Aware of legislation Not aware of legislation
11. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 152
Table 6. Refuse equipment for solid waste management.
Equipment Functional No-functional Ideal
Refuse compactor
Front-end-loader
Tractor and trailer
Dozer
Landfill compactor
Skip bins
Skip trucks
Weighbridge
Incinerator
Tipper trucks
1
1
1
1
0
10
0
0
1
1
2
1
-
1
0
20
0
0
0
3
3
1
2
1
1
30
2
1
1
5
Table 7. Household to Staff ratio and staff break down proportions for urban councils
(Source, Muchandiona, 2013)
burning of refuse when the council failed to collect refuse.
Burning is not allowed as it causes further environmental
pollution. The report by the senior hygiene officer is in
agreement with Bartone, (2000) who argued that to
improve solid waste management, there is need to
enforce laws against illegal dumping and use the crude
dumping system to dispose of their solid waste. This is
whereby waste is tipped into a dump, which has very little
on-site management. Open waste dumps are prime
breeding sites for houseflies, rodents, mosquitoes, and
other vectors of communicable diseases, such as fever,
dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera and malaria (Musademba
et al., 2011). Illegal dumping is a criminal offence which
can attract a fine from the Environmental Management
Authority but residents dump their refuse at night. This
has forced residents to use cardboard boxes and mealie-
meal plastics which quickly filled up and overspill
resulting in illegal burning and open space dumping. The
use of plastic papers for bins has proved to be ineffective
in solid waste management. Although they are cheap and
easily available to the residents and light to lift up, they
are not strong to hold waste or scrap metal and bottle
12. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 153
hence tear off easily. Plastic container/bins are the best
option for household solid waste because of their
durability.
The municipal crew when they collect the waste from
residents they take it to the landfill. The estimated
quantity of waste collected per day is 30truckloads of
5.88 tonnes waste. Thus on average the crew collects
1.500 tonnes of waste per month according the hygiene
officer. At the landfill bulldozers and front-end loaders are
used to manage the waste by spreading it. Since not all
waste is collected from the residents when it should, the
efficiency of council is not at its best. This was reported to
be attributed to poor performance of the town system,
weak financial resource, which forces the municipal to
rely on inadequate vehicles and fail to invest in solid
waste infrastructure. In another study by Muchandiona
(2013), he noted that the collection efficiency of municipal
solid waste for Mutare urban council was 90.0%.
However, the mean for the Zimbabwean urban councils
of 63.9%, was low when compared to the mean for the
world cities of 89.0% (UN Habitat, 2010). This shows that
Zimbabwean urban councils were operating below the
performance of international cities.
3.2.2 Major constraints
Since 1998, when the national economy started to falter,
the Municipality of Mutare has encountered a number of
challenges including shortages of fuel, equipment,
inadequate funds and insufficient labor force, which
hamper efficient delivery solid waste management
service. The prevailing unstable macro-economic
environment characterized by critical shortages of foreign
currency and political instability has resulted in poor
performance of the municipal waste management
systems throughout the country.
Shortage of adequate refuse trucks
There is lack of adequate and appropriate refuse trucks,
which suit the high density nature of the waste produced
in the suburb. The municipal has over time failed to
achieve satisfactory waste collection level, which are met
in other areas partly because of its reliance on
inadequate trucks. The shortage of adequate vehicles
also results in over use of those trucks that are currently
functional resulting in high wear and tear, which are
major causes of frequent breakdowns.
Table 6 presents the results of the refuse equipment.
Serious shortage of landfill equipment against the ideal
number of landfill equipment is also leading to poor
sanitary disposal of waste. The reason why the councils
use open dumpsites and fail to bury refuse on daily basis
in open dumpsites could be attributed to lack of landfill
equipment. Mudzengerere and Chigwenya (2012) and
Muchandiona, (2013) have also reported that this is a
problem facing other towns in the country. Blight and
Mbande (1996) also highlighted the issue of equipment
shortage and the use of old and inappropriate machinery
which is inefficiency in the management of waste in many
cities in developing countries. With these shortages,
there was need to engage private players to assist in the
collection of refuse.
Inadequate human resource
The critical shortage of sufficient personnel is also a
major hindrance to the provision of a sustainable solid
waste management system in the town. Although at the
managerial level, the municipal has adequate skilled
personnel who have relevant professional qualifications,
the number of staff at the operational level is grossly
inadequate. Currently, people who are employed in the
waste management division of the council are 112
against a requirement of 225 people and only 4people
work at the municipal dump.
A study was done by Muchandiona, (2013) on the
adequacy of manpower for solid waste management in
the Zimbabwe.Table 8 presents four parameters;
Households to Staff Ratio, Top management to Total staff
Ratio, Middle management to Total staff Ratio and
Labourers to Total staff Ratio.
The mean Households to Staff ratio for the 22 urban
councils was 911 and ranged from 208 to 7,690 as
shown in Table 7. The wide range was due to Epworth
which had only 6 workers to deal with solid waste
management. The reason why Epworth had few workers
was that it was not collecting refuse in residential areas.
According to (Henderson, 2005) the international
standard for Household to Staff ratio is between 150 to
200. Comparing the international standards with the
Zimbabwean performance range of 208 to 7690, it
showed that Zimbabwe had a serious shortage of refuse
manpower. Similar studies in South Africa by DEAT
(2007) revealed that the average Household to Staff ratio
was 273. Comparing the South African average with the
Zimbabwean average of 911, it showed that South Africa
has a higher number of manpower than Zimbabwe.
Shortage of manpower in Zimbabwe was as a result
financial constrains. Table 7 also shows that the mean
ratio of Top management/ Total refuse staff is 6% and
ranged from 0 to 25%. Cities and municipalities had low
top management to staffing ratio in the range of 0.3 to
3%. High Top management to Total staff ratio was
common for urban towns. According to (Henderson,
2005) the optimum refuse staff break down is 10% Top
management to Total staff ratio. Comparing the
international best practice with the Zimbabwean Top
management to Total refuse ratio of 6% it shows that
Zimbabwean urban councils did not have adequate top
management man power. Table 8 also showed that the
average Middle management to Total staff ratio is 4%
13. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 154
and Laborers to Total refuse staff is 90%. According to
Henderson (2005) the optimum staff breakdown is 25%
for Middle management and 65% for Laborers. All the
urban councils failed to reach the optimum international
best practice of 25% for Middle management to Total
refuse staff. The Laborers to Total refuse staff have an
average of 90% for Zimbabwean urban councils which
were above the international best practice. This implied
that the composition of manpower in Zimbabwe had a
bias towards laborers than the managerial level.
Impact Of Solid Waste To Council
Available literature (Kungnulskiti, 1990; Nath et al., 1991;
Satterthwaite, 1993; Hunt, 1996;Khan and Mudassir,
1996; Eerd, 1997) shows that the direct handling of
wastes can result in various infections and diseases and
the worst affected are waste workers. In Zimbabwe as
elsewhere in the developing world, it is difficult to quantify
the health impacts of solid waste disposal because to
date few studies have attempted to directly link disease
outbreaks to unsanitary waste disposal. Nonetheless,
some studies (e.g. Tevera et al., 2002) have highlighted
that the failure by urban authorities to properly dispose of
tonnes of solid waste undermine public health and the
urban poor are the most vulnerable. In this study, the
council has managed to get some economic benefits of
USD$102,000.00 for the month of February 2016 alone.
This suggests if solid waste disposal can be managed
proficiently it can generate lots of monies for the council
and also those who may want to participate as well.
Social benefits derived from solid waste management
include improvement of quality of life, reduced disease
vectors and suppressing and preventing of disease
outbreaks among others.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study revealed that solid waste quantities are ever
increasing, but the problem faced by Mutare City Council
to render effective and consistent solid waste collection
and disposal services in Sakubva remains unabated. The
main challenge identified included lack of cooperation
and awareness by some residents, financial constraints,
and poor enforcement of laws by the authorities. The
study which was carried out in Zimbabwe on challenges
of solid waste management systems came up with the
following conclusions:
Frequency of solid waste collection in residential
areas of Sakubva high density suburb: Poor refuse
coverage and collection in Sakubva was caused by
inadequate equipment as the existing equipment was far
from reaching the optimum levels. Inadequate human
resources in the management of waste is also a major
contributor of poor refuse collection services, as the
figures were far from international best practices. Poor
refuse coverage and Collection efficiency was also poor
because of lack of proper receptacles.
Systems used by residents in solid waste disposal:
The disposal of solid waste was far from being
environmentally sustainable and most residents were
using illegal open dumps, burning and burying of waste.
Challenges in recycling were as a result of no separation
of waste at source as evidenced by a critical shortage of
receptacles, recycling reduce waste.
Perception of residents on the current solid waste
management by Mutare City: Council is not collecting
waste as often as it should resulting in illegal dumps.
Communication between council and residents is poor.
Recommendations
1. The councils should increase equipment to meet
the capacity of solid waste collection and disposal.
2. Councils should increase refuse human
resources to optimum levels.
3. Councils should increase the number of proper
receptacles to cover all areas.
4. Council should encourage recycling, through
supplying residents with adequate receptacles, public
campaigns and involving users in the planning and
collection of waste.
5. Council is encouraged to promote reuse, recycle,
compost, or recover materials for use as direct or indirect
inputs to new products
6. Council should improve interaction with residents
so that their efforts of waste management are clearly
understood by residents. This can be done by increasing
the visibility of the Public Health officers visiting the
residents
7. Council to increase residents’ participation in
solid waste management.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our gratitude also goes to the Mr and Mrs Mafume for
funding this research. We wish to extend many thanks to
Mr T. Masaka for his assistance in the development of
this paper.
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Akkucuk U (2016). Handbook of research on waste
management techniques for sustainability, IGI Global,
U.S.A.
Bartone CR (2000), Strategies for Improving Municipal
Solid Waste Management: Lessons from a Decade of
WorldBank lending. Regional Conference ‘Partnership
in Municipal Solid Waste Management, Cairo, 10-12
April 2000. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.