The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report of the IPCC AR6 Adaptation Challenges a...ipcc-media
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore were awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to increase knowledge about human-caused climate change and identify measures needed to address it. The IPCC assesses scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information related to climate change risks, impacts, and adaptation and mitigation options in its reports, which aim to be neutral and objective.
Climate Change 2014- Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilityipcc-media
This document summarizes a report on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability from Working Group 2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The summary includes:
1) The report involved over 1,200 authors from over 90 countries and drew on over 12,000 scientific references. It underwent extensive review by over 50,000 comments from 1,700 reviewers from 84 countries.
2) The report finds that climate change poses a serious threat to sustainable development, but there are opportunities to link mitigation, adaptation and development goals through integrated responses. Delaying mitigation actions may reduce future adaptation options.
3) Key risks from climate change include risks to unique ecosystems, extreme weather events, unevenly distributed
The causes and effects of climate changeColin Mattis
The document gives an introduction to climate change. it gives a definition for weather, climate and climate change. it gives the causes and effects of climate change and strategies that can be implemented to mitigate climate change.
The document discusses various international climate change initiatives and partnerships, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and follow-ups including the Climate Ambition Summit 2020 and COP-26. It outlines India's commitments under these agreements, including pledging to reduce emissions intensity by 33-35% of 2005 levels and reaching 40% non-fossil fuel installed capacity by 2022 under the Paris Agreement. At COP-26, India committed to reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 and cutting projected 2030 emissions by 1 billion tons.
Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy in BangladeshRomeo Afrin Upama
This is a compilation of the major national and international laws, conventions relevant to SD Goals and inter institutional structures of Bangladesh that supports the laws amendment and agreements. And recent national policy and implementation scenario and limitations of law, policy and institutions in implementing SD Goals.
The document discusses climate change and its impacts in Uganda. It provides an overview of climate change, defining it as long-term shifts in weather patterns due to human activity. It then discusses the impacts of climate change, including decreased food yields, flooding, droughts and increased spread of diseases. The document also discusses how climate change can potentially contribute to conflicts by exacerbating competition for scarce resources. It notes Africa's vulnerability to climate change due to factors like heavy reliance on agriculture and weak infrastructure. Finally, it discusses some initiatives countries in Africa have taken to address climate change.
Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report of the IPCC AR6 Adaptation Challenges a...ipcc-media
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore were awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to increase knowledge about human-caused climate change and identify measures needed to address it. The IPCC assesses scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information related to climate change risks, impacts, and adaptation and mitigation options in its reports, which aim to be neutral and objective.
Climate Change 2014- Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilityipcc-media
This document summarizes a report on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability from Working Group 2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The summary includes:
1) The report involved over 1,200 authors from over 90 countries and drew on over 12,000 scientific references. It underwent extensive review by over 50,000 comments from 1,700 reviewers from 84 countries.
2) The report finds that climate change poses a serious threat to sustainable development, but there are opportunities to link mitigation, adaptation and development goals through integrated responses. Delaying mitigation actions may reduce future adaptation options.
3) Key risks from climate change include risks to unique ecosystems, extreme weather events, unevenly distributed
The causes and effects of climate changeColin Mattis
The document gives an introduction to climate change. it gives a definition for weather, climate and climate change. it gives the causes and effects of climate change and strategies that can be implemented to mitigate climate change.
The document discusses various international climate change initiatives and partnerships, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and follow-ups including the Climate Ambition Summit 2020 and COP-26. It outlines India's commitments under these agreements, including pledging to reduce emissions intensity by 33-35% of 2005 levels and reaching 40% non-fossil fuel installed capacity by 2022 under the Paris Agreement. At COP-26, India committed to reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 and cutting projected 2030 emissions by 1 billion tons.
Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy in BangladeshRomeo Afrin Upama
This is a compilation of the major national and international laws, conventions relevant to SD Goals and inter institutional structures of Bangladesh that supports the laws amendment and agreements. And recent national policy and implementation scenario and limitations of law, policy and institutions in implementing SD Goals.
The document discusses climate change and its impacts in Uganda. It provides an overview of climate change, defining it as long-term shifts in weather patterns due to human activity. It then discusses the impacts of climate change, including decreased food yields, flooding, droughts and increased spread of diseases. The document also discusses how climate change can potentially contribute to conflicts by exacerbating competition for scarce resources. It notes Africa's vulnerability to climate change due to factors like heavy reliance on agriculture and weak infrastructure. Finally, it discusses some initiatives countries in Africa have taken to address climate change.
This document summarizes different visions of environmental governance:
- The Market Liberal Vision embraces globalization and believes economic prosperity and a well-functioning market can improve the environment.
- The Institutionalist Vision also supports globalization but emphasizes strengthening the global environmental regime with international agreements, organizations, and enforcement.
- The Bio-Environmental Vision predicts future environmental doom due to human overpopulation and overconsumption, calling for population control and reduced resource use.
- The Social Green Vision proposes a steady-state economy and measures like localizing trade, empowering communities, and import substitution to increase sustainability and equality.
This presentation is targeted to the community development practitioners who are working in various field of human welfare as livelihood improvement, human health, water and sanitation, renewable energy etc. this presentation intends to expand their understanding on climate change. Climate change issues are multisectoral and require a multi-stakeholder consultation and action in order to apply adaption and mitigation schemes. It needs to be thought broadly that the problem they are addressing might be the impacts of climate change. Community development workers are the agents of change. They must start advocating on 2°C warmer world as their dissemination of information are quite effective than other means and media.
ISLAM: Solution to Climate Change/Global Warmingmoreonislam
We believe Islam has an answer to the issues facing our planet. In this background, please find attached a presentation on the solution to climate change.
Join http://groups.yahoo.com/group/moreonislam/files to download other presentations.
Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment. Key components of ecology include producers, consumers, decomposers and the biosphere. Ecology studies different levels of organization from populations and communities to ecosystems and the biosphere. Human activities directly and indirectly impact ecology through land use changes, agriculture, construction, pollution and more. Governments are taking actions to promote more environmentally friendly practices and mitigate human impacts on the environment.
This document discusses the impact of climate change on gender in Ethiopia. It provides background on the author, Almaz Demessie, and her qualifications as an agrometeorologist. The document then discusses how climate change affects men and women differently due to traditional gender roles and responsibilities. Women are often more vulnerable because they form the majority of the poor and depend more on local natural resources. The document provides examples of how climate change is impacting different regions of Ethiopia through changes in rainfall patterns. It also defines gender and explains how gender analysis is important to understanding the human causes and impacts of climate change. The effects of climate change, like natural disasters, often impact women more severely.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental science, including the components of the environment, climate and weather, air pollution, and greenhouse gases. It defines key terms like biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, climate, weather, carbon footprint, and global warming. It also summarizes the causes and impacts of phenomena like the El Nino Southern Oscillation and describes major air pollutants like particulate matter, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and toxic metals.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
This document summarizes a paper examining the issue of environmental pollution in Nigeria. It discusses how human activities like agriculture, industry, housing, and conflicts pollute the air, water, and land in Nigeria. This causes problems for human health and development. The paper recommends creating more environmental awareness and sustainable management strategies to address pollution issues in Nigeria.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
- The document discusses prospects of material flow management (MFM) in waste control and energy generation in Nigeria.
- Nigeria generates an estimated 6.03 million tons of solid waste and 83.04 million tons of fresh animal waste per year. Considering this waste amount, MFM should be integrated into all aspects of waste management in Nigeria for sustainable waste management now and in the future.
- The document recommends biogas technology as one technique of MFM that can boost energy generation through waste.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Effective Waste Management and Environmental ControlIOSR Journals
There is wide spread interest in the world today in the methods that enable the re-use of waste.
According to Webster’s Mew Practical Dictionary, ‘Waste’ means “Thrown away as worthless after being used.
i.e. of no further use to a person, animal or plant; contrary to this opinion, it has been discovered that what is
regarded as waste or worthless, when worked upon can be manipulated to generated or produce materials that
are beneficial for the use of man.
This paper throw light into how waste resources can be control by analysis the theories of waste
management, recycling, re-use disposal and compositing from organic wastes and ways by which farm and
municipal waste can be worked upon to produce materials that are beneficial for the use of man
Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study administered questionnaires to over 1,600 residents across low, medium, and high residential areas. Six indices were developed to measure perceptions on various environmental effects. Results showed residents strongly agreed that waste from the enterprises makes areas dirty and litters streets. Noise, odors from waste, and shops blocking drainage were also issues. Correlation analysis found the physical, behavioral, environmental, land use, and economic characteristics of the enterprises all impacted the environment. The paper recommends policies and legislation for better waste management to promote more sustainable cities.
This document summarizes different visions of environmental governance:
- The Market Liberal Vision embraces globalization and believes economic prosperity and a well-functioning market can improve the environment.
- The Institutionalist Vision also supports globalization but emphasizes strengthening the global environmental regime with international agreements, organizations, and enforcement.
- The Bio-Environmental Vision predicts future environmental doom due to human overpopulation and overconsumption, calling for population control and reduced resource use.
- The Social Green Vision proposes a steady-state economy and measures like localizing trade, empowering communities, and import substitution to increase sustainability and equality.
This presentation is targeted to the community development practitioners who are working in various field of human welfare as livelihood improvement, human health, water and sanitation, renewable energy etc. this presentation intends to expand their understanding on climate change. Climate change issues are multisectoral and require a multi-stakeholder consultation and action in order to apply adaption and mitigation schemes. It needs to be thought broadly that the problem they are addressing might be the impacts of climate change. Community development workers are the agents of change. They must start advocating on 2°C warmer world as their dissemination of information are quite effective than other means and media.
ISLAM: Solution to Climate Change/Global Warmingmoreonislam
We believe Islam has an answer to the issues facing our planet. In this background, please find attached a presentation on the solution to climate change.
Join http://groups.yahoo.com/group/moreonislam/files to download other presentations.
Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment. Key components of ecology include producers, consumers, decomposers and the biosphere. Ecology studies different levels of organization from populations and communities to ecosystems and the biosphere. Human activities directly and indirectly impact ecology through land use changes, agriculture, construction, pollution and more. Governments are taking actions to promote more environmentally friendly practices and mitigate human impacts on the environment.
This document discusses the impact of climate change on gender in Ethiopia. It provides background on the author, Almaz Demessie, and her qualifications as an agrometeorologist. The document then discusses how climate change affects men and women differently due to traditional gender roles and responsibilities. Women are often more vulnerable because they form the majority of the poor and depend more on local natural resources. The document provides examples of how climate change is impacting different regions of Ethiopia through changes in rainfall patterns. It also defines gender and explains how gender analysis is important to understanding the human causes and impacts of climate change. The effects of climate change, like natural disasters, often impact women more severely.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental science, including the components of the environment, climate and weather, air pollution, and greenhouse gases. It defines key terms like biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, climate, weather, carbon footprint, and global warming. It also summarizes the causes and impacts of phenomena like the El Nino Southern Oscillation and describes major air pollutants like particulate matter, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and toxic metals.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
This document summarizes a paper examining the issue of environmental pollution in Nigeria. It discusses how human activities like agriculture, industry, housing, and conflicts pollute the air, water, and land in Nigeria. This causes problems for human health and development. The paper recommends creating more environmental awareness and sustainable management strategies to address pollution issues in Nigeria.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
- The document discusses prospects of material flow management (MFM) in waste control and energy generation in Nigeria.
- Nigeria generates an estimated 6.03 million tons of solid waste and 83.04 million tons of fresh animal waste per year. Considering this waste amount, MFM should be integrated into all aspects of waste management in Nigeria for sustainable waste management now and in the future.
- The document recommends biogas technology as one technique of MFM that can boost energy generation through waste.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Effective Waste Management and Environmental ControlIOSR Journals
There is wide spread interest in the world today in the methods that enable the re-use of waste.
According to Webster’s Mew Practical Dictionary, ‘Waste’ means “Thrown away as worthless after being used.
i.e. of no further use to a person, animal or plant; contrary to this opinion, it has been discovered that what is
regarded as waste or worthless, when worked upon can be manipulated to generated or produce materials that
are beneficial for the use of man.
This paper throw light into how waste resources can be control by analysis the theories of waste
management, recycling, re-use disposal and compositing from organic wastes and ways by which farm and
municipal waste can be worked upon to produce materials that are beneficial for the use of man
Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study administered questionnaires to over 1,600 residents across low, medium, and high residential areas. Six indices were developed to measure perceptions on various environmental effects. Results showed residents strongly agreed that waste from the enterprises makes areas dirty and litters streets. Noise, odors from waste, and shops blocking drainage were also issues. Correlation analysis found the physical, behavioral, environmental, land use, and economic characteristics of the enterprises all impacted the environment. The paper recommends policies and legislation for better waste management to promote more sustainable cities.
Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises ...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. A survey of over 1,600 residents found that the highest levels of agreement were with the statements that informal enterprise waste makes the environment dirty (average rating of 4.14) and litters the streets (4.12). Residents also perceived that the enterprises generate high noise levels (3.85) and deface the environment (3.90). The results indicate various environmental issues related to waste management and aesthetics. The document recommends policies and legislation to promote proper waste management from the informal sector and sustainability in Nigerian cities.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document provides a literature review on media as a tool for environmental awareness. It discusses several key points:
1. Environmental problems in Nigeria include deforestation, soil erosion, oil spills, pollution, and health issues due to poor sanitation. More than 65% of Nigerians rely on natural resources for their livelihoods.
2. Developing countries face additional challenges like poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy that make environmental conservation efforts difficult. Traditional and modern media must be used together to spread awareness messages to both literate and illiterate audiences.
3. Effective environmental communication involves understanding audiences' belief systems about nature, communicating accurate scientific information credibly, and motivating audiences to take sustainable
Characterization of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and its adverse effe...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document discusses persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Rwanda. It finds that awareness of POPs and their effects is low, resulting in continued POPs use. The most common POPs in Rwanda are organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxins and furans as unintentional byproducts. Studies identified POP pesticides stored at dumps and estimated levels of PBDEs in electronics. Exposure to POPs poses risks for waste workers and communities near contaminated sites. The paper aims to characterize POPs and build capacity for sound management to transform wastes into resources.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
Similar to An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA) (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 174
Something becomes waste when it is no longer useful to
the owner, or it is so used that it fails to fulfill its purpose.
Under normal conditions, solid waste is generated from
the following main sources, this generation being typically
stable with quantities and composition of waste being
known:
1. Households
2. Construction and demolition site
3. Hospitals with clinical and healthcare waste
4. Industries, for example factories and other
industrial sites
The most important threat to the quality of urban
environment in Nigeria are domestic waste (fuel residues,
wrapping papers, plastic bags, leaves, empty cans and
bottles and other forms of containers) and industrial
waste (metal scraps, saw dust, waste paper, chips and
grits from machine and pieces of glass). (Nest, 1991).
WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
Municipal solid waste generation in Nigeria ranges from
0.44 kg/capita/day to 0.66 kg/capita/ day, the variation
depending on socio economic variables such as location,
income level, and dietary habits amongst others.(UNDP,
2016).In his own opinion, Al-khatib et al (2010) attributed
the generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) to
rapid population, economic growth, and rise in community
living standards, thereby causing its management to be a
major worldwide challenge. Nigeria as a country,
witnessed rapid growth in the nation’s economy
occasioned by mineral resource exploration and
exploitation. As a result, old and new cities that are now
state capitals and local government headquarters expand
in size and population accompanied by a phenomenal
increase in volume and diversity of solid waste generated
daily. Maiduguri is not an exception in terms of expands
in size, population and economy. Population movement
from rural area into the city as a result of insurgency and
in search of jobs resulted in major urban centers
experiencing an increase in total waste generation. In
Borno state, 2,690 tons of municipal solid wastes are
generated daily, with IDP movement contributing to shift
825 tons of daily waste generation to the urban locations
such as Maiduguri. In the state capital alone, daily waste
generation rose from an estimated 390 to 570 tons per
day. (UNDP. 2016).Fellman, H. J., Getis, A & Getis , J.
(1995) claims that growth in population and concentration
in urban areas, growth in purchasing power and in
consumption patterns are attended by growth in the
volume of waste generated. This is result from urban
people buying of packaged foods, preference and
demand for plastic wrapping and containers for bought
items and the desire for wide range manufactured goods
both consumer durables and those to be used and
discarded quickly.
The volume of waste generated in country has
overwhelmed urban administrators’ capacity plan for their
collection and disposal. In some Nigeria cities the
volumes of solid waste have assumed such alarming
proportions that they have constituted blockages across
streets and river channels, rendering them inaccessible
to traffic and water respectively. (Kagu, 1996). Waste
dumping is the common practice of waste disposal in
Nigeria. They are frequently and indiscriminately dumped
on open plots of lands and especially on streets. This
method is based on “throw away culture” in which wastes
are disposed into the nearest open space, on land or
surface water without any thought of environmental
impacts. This is refers to what is known as “Not in my
backyard syndrome” (Okpala, 1997). Oyediran (1997)
has observed that sometimes, the waste are buried or
used in landfills, in the expectation that out of sight is out
of mind.
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE ON URBAND
ENVIRONMENT
There are a lot of health hazards and other negative
consequences on the people and the environment as a
result of improper disposal of solid waste. The breeding
grounds for mosquitoes, flies, rats and other disease
vectors in most urban areas is as a result of open waste
dumps. (Kagu, 1996).According to (Kagu, 1996, NEST,
1991 and Oyediran, 1997,) identified the followings as
some of the major effects of solid waste, they are:
Environmental degradation, insects, odour, rats and
atmospheric pollution. Indiscriminate depositing of
polythene bags, plastics and other non-biodegradable
materials also deface the natural beauty of urban
landscape in Nigeria.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
The collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal
of waste including the after care of the disposal site is
refer to as waste management. (Oyediran, 1997). It also
comprises the complete range of administrative, financial,
legal, and planning functions, as well as the physical
aspects of solid waste handling. It is known from the
definition that solid waste management is only one
aspect of waste management. Thus the developments of
efficient waste management strategy consist of all
management elements and not just the narrow disposal
perception held by many. Therefore, a good
understanding of waste generation processes and
adequate characterization of wastes leads to appropriate
waste management.
Madu (2001) sees solid waste management as an
important public health challenge and problem and a
basic factor impacting the quality of the environment. The
author further suggested the need for proper solid waste
management and should include:
a. To ensure favorable living and working conditions
for people and preserve the aesthetic beauty of the
3. An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 175
environment.
b. To try to reduce the incidence of epidemics of
avoidable diseases which often results from failure or
delay in disposing wastes.
c. To avoid pollution by not directly or indirectly
altering the physical, biological and thermal properties of
any part of the excessive or dangerous amount or to
create a condition this is hazardous to public health and
safety or welfare to animals and plants.
Solid waste management is an aspect of environmental
management which is seen as a conscious and
systematic effort by one or more persons acting in
concert to produce an aesthetically pleasing,
economically viable and physically healthy environment.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION DAY MODEL
An environmental sanitation edict was established in
1972-73 by Federal Government of Nigeria with the aim
of generating awareness and enhances enthusiasm
among the citizens’ particularly the youth. (Napoleon S.M,
Kingsley D.& Joan, 2011).One day (last Saturday of
every month) was dedicated as a civil responsibility
toward the cleaning and beautification of the environment
by all citizen of Nigeria between 7.00am-10.00am in
observation of National Environmental Sanitation Day.
Residence are to clean roads and streets, neighborhood
surroundings, drainage channels, market centre, public
buildings, etc. domestic solid waste such as kitchen
waste, commercial and industrial wastes, outdoor wastes
were also gathered and disposed accordingly. Except on
emergency cases movement is not allowed.
Despite the one-day-a month national sanitation day /
exercise, some people will generate wastes and do not
know where to dump them. And there are some who may
know where the sites are located but find them too far
away or do not have the means or the alternative method
of disposal. They, therefore, indulge in indiscriminate
dumping of non hazardous solid wastes at night and in
isolated spots in Cities without deterrence.
According to the authors Unclear refuse heaps still
inundate our activity nuclei, viz. markets, shopping
centers, civic centers, public fields, residential
neighborhood set as a result of non-conformance and
non compliance to existing laws and poorly coordinated
municipal solid wastes clearance scheme. Even then, the
monthly one day Saturday weekend is too minimal and
insufficient to combat the rate of the wastes build up so
that the uncollected garbage from residential units and
drainage channels return to existing status or form. The
markets for example, remain filthy because of unclear
solid wastes. Therefore, the chain or cycles of event will
not have any meaningful impact is due to its distant and
disconnection. It is also noteworthy that there are often
no credible designated sanitary landfill sites.
BORNO STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY(BOSEPA)
The Borno State Environmental Protection Agency
(BOSEPA) was established in 1995 by the then
government, (News diary Online, 2014).In Borno,
BOSEPA is in charge of waste collection and
management of dumpsites, healthcare waste is managed
by hospitals under Ministry of Health for public structures,
but there is currently no system in place for treatment and
disposal of healthcare waste from private facilities such
as health clinics, pharmacies and veterinary clinics.
BOSEPA is also in charge of transfer of waste from IDP
camps to disposal sites. It provides 60 1.1 m3 dustbins
(collector bins) in the streets as communal storage
containers, however the number of containers is
insufficient and their state is often poor, reason for which
they must be emptied manually into compactor trucks.
Additionally, in Maiduguri there are 4,500 plastic bins of
various shape and capacity: 120L capacity wheelie bins,
round 200L round plastic bins, and 60L plastic bins.21.
(UNDP, 2016).
In Maiduguri the study area, there are communal storage
locations in the form of concrete enclosures, which
seems there, are not being used, while other enclosure
where originally dedicated for bus stops and are currently
used as temporary dumps sites. As the number of bins
proves insufficient, coverage is limited to main streets
and some public places. Open dumping and burning is
widespread across the city of Maiduguri: open spaces
and unused plots of land are used as dumping grounds
for household and construction waste. The topology of
the state capital makes natural water bodies and
drainage ditches the second destination for dumping
household and commercial waste.
METHODS OF URBAN WASTE DISPOSAL
There are various methods of waste disposal which
include:
I.Incineration
II.Compositing
III.Open dumping
IV.Sanitary land filling
V.Recycling
VI.Onsite disposal
METHODS OF URBAN WASTE DISPOSAL USED BY
BOSEPA
To address the rise in generated waste, estimated to be
equivalent to 45% increase from the pre-crisis level,
BOSEPA has adopted the following waste disposal
methods.
4. An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 176
Figure 1. Showing the study area
Source: (Abba Kagu, 2013).
Recycling
BOSEPA is currently piloting a recycling project to make
interlocking paving blocks out of plastic bags. The
process is labour intensive and on a small scales due to
its reliance on manual tools. The informal sector
dominates the recycling activities in Borno. Waste pickers
collect metallic waste and PET bottles from dumpsites
and sell them to scrapyards and junkshops, who also
collect metal scrap from mechanical workshops. . In turn,
scrap yard and junkshop owners sell recovered materials
to companies from Abuja, Kano and Lagos, ultimately
leading to either recycling in country or export. There is
currently no glass or paper and cardboard recycling,
while there is some level of recovery for rubber; women
also pick yard or green waste, namely tree branches and
other wood waste for firewood.
Open dumping
There are 4 dumpsites in Maiduguri designated by
BOSEPA as official disposal sites. These are excavation
pits from road and construction works located in the city
outskirts, which are managed under a semi controlled
dumping regime. Refuse is dumped on a daily basis,
before being it partially compacted, sanitized and capped
with a laterite layer. Once a section is brought to the level
of the road, construction ensues on the reclaimed patch
of land.
STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
Study Area
Maiduguri urban, with a land mass of 137.356 Sq km
(NPC, 2010), is located between latitude N 11°46'18" to
N11°53'21" and longitude E 13°03'23" to E 13°14'19"
(Google Earth, 2012, in Kagu, 2013). The area lies within
the lake Chad Basin formation, which is an area formed
as a result of down-warping during the Pleistocene period
(Waziri,2007 in Kagu, 2013).
Methodology
This study is limited to Maiduguri Metropolitan Council
(MMC). MMC comprises fifteen wards (15) out of which
5. An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 177
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in Maiduguri Metropolis
S / N V A R I A B L E C L A S S S C O R E PERCENTAGE (%)
1 G e n d e r M a l e
F e m a l e
2 3 5
6 5
7 8
2 2
2 A g e 2 0 - 3 5
3 6 - 4 5
4 6 - 5 5
5 6 - 6 5
9 6
1 3 6
3 9
2 9
3 2
4 5
1 3
1 0
3 E d u c a t i o n a l L e v e l N o f o r m a l
P r i m a r y
S e c o n d a r y
T e r t i a r y
8 3
9 1
1 1 5
1 1
2 8
3 0
3 8
0 4
4 M a r i t a l s t a t u s S i n g l e
M a r r i e d
D i v o r c e d
W i d o w
8 5
1 8 4
1 1
2 0
2 8
6 1
0 4
0 7
5 O c c u p a t i o n C i v i l s e r v a n t
T r a d i n g
F a r m i n g
S t u d e n t
4 5
1 0 8
8 0
6 7
1 5
3 6
2 7
2 2
Authors’ field work (2017)
three (3) were selected (Gwenge ward, Hausari ward and
GRA ward)to ensure spatial coverage of the study area.
Furthermore, structured questionnaire was used in data
collection. This questionnaire contained 18 items divided
into the sections A and B. Section A conveyed the
demographics of the respondent while the second section
of the questionnaire waste generation and assessed the
sanitary activity of BOSEPA in the study area. A total of
three hundred (300) questionnaire were administered that
is, one hundred per ward.
The data obtained from the field was analyzed using
simple descriptive; the simple descriptive includes
frequency and percentages.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the result of analysis of respondents’
socio-demographic characteristics. Table 1 result shows
that men constituted 235 (78%) which shows there were
more male respondents compare to female respondents.
The table also shows that the age grade (36-45) have the
highest representation with 136 (45%) followed by age
grade (20-35) with 32%. while the age grade (46-55
years) seems to constitute the lowest group of
respondents with about 13%. This low percentage
response from the strong and virile working class may be
attributable to the fact that this age grade may likely be at
their work places, at the time of questionnaire
administration. This finding agree with the similar
research works carried out by Ngwuluka et al (2009) in
Lagos which found out that the lowest class of
respondents in most waste management related research
usually are the strong and virile.
Analysis of educational level of respondents’ shows that
the Non formal constitute (28%), primary with (30%),
secondary (38) and tertiary (04) respectively. This result
shows that majority of the respondents are secondary
leavers constituting the traders and farmers in the study
area. On the issue of marital status, table 1 shows that
184 respondents from all the three wards constituting
about 61% of respondents were married couples, while
the lowest group (04%) is made up of divorced
respondents.
In the same vein, the result of analysis of occupational
status of the respondents’ as presented in table 1 shows
that traders (36%) are the majority of them. farmers
(27%), students (22%) and civil servants (15%) are the
other occupation observed in the study area and their
percentage representation.
The figure in table 2 indicate that the research was
carried out mostly in a residential houses constituting
about 176 (59%) of the respondents while for commercial
purposes is comprises of about (34%). The analysis
further confirmed that some respondents lived there for
about 1-5 years constituting (20%). While 6-10years
(58%), 11-15years (14%), and 16 years and above,
(08%).
On the issue of type of waste generated, table 2 shows
that (07%) respondents confirmed Ashes as the type of
waste generated. While the majority of the respondents
constituting (45%) pointed garbage as the type of waste
generated. This could be attributable to the fact that most
wastes are not burnt. Rubbish (33%) and others such as
glass and wood (15%). In terms of waste containers,
table shows that majority of the respondents are using
plastic containers representing about (43%). 25% of
6. An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 178
Table 2: Waste generation Information for Maiduguri Metropolis
S / N V A R I A B L E C L A S S S C O R E P E R C E N T A G E ( % )
6 T y p e o f l a n d u s e R e s i d e n t i a l
C o m m e r c i a l
I n d u s t r i a l
I n s t i t u t i o n a l
1 7 6
1 0 3
0 0
2 1
5 9
3 4
0 0
0 7
7 L i v i n g d u r a t i o n 1 - 5 y e a r s
6 - 1 0 y e a r s
1 1 - 1 5 y e a r s
1 6 a n d a b o v e
6 0
1 7 4
4 2
2 4
2 0
5 8
1 4
0 8
8 T y p e o f w a s t e g e n e r a t e d A s h e s
G a r b a g e
R u b b i s h
G l a s s e s a n d w o o d
2 1
1 3 5
9 8
4 6
0 7
4 5
3 3
1 5
9 K i n d o f w a s t e c o n t a i n e r s M e t a l
B u c k e t
P l a s t i c c o n t a i n e r s
C a r t o n s
O p e n d u m p s
7 5
6 0
1 3 0
0 0
3 5
2 5
2 0
4 3
0 0
1 2
1 0 S o u r c e o f w a st e g e n e r at i o n F a r m p r o d u c t s
D o m e s t i c a c t i v i t y
I n d u s t r i a l
6 2
2 0 8
3 0
2 1
6 9
1 0
1 1 R e f u s e d i s p o s a l O p e n s p a c e
B a c k y a r d
D r a i n a g e
l a n d f i l l
1 2 6
7 4
3 0
7 0
4 2
2 5
1 0
2 3
Authors’ field work (2017)
Table 3: Assessment of BOSEPA
S / N V A R I A B L E C L A S S S C O R E P E R C E N T A G E ( % )
1 2 Are you aware of the activi ti es of BOSEP A Y e s
N o
1 7 0
1 3 0
5 7
4 3
1 3 Are disposed refuse ever collected by the agenc y Y e s
N o
1 5 5
1 4 5
5 2
4 8
1 4 Collection points provided by the agenc y Y e s
N o
1 2 4
1 7 6
4 1
5 9
1 5 Nu m b er o f co ll ec ti o n po in ts r ec or d e d 5 p o i n t s
1 0 p o i n t s
1 5 p o i n t s
2 0 p o i n t s
N o n e
7 0
3 6
3 0
2 0
1 4 4
2 3
1 2
1 0
0 7
4 8
1 6 V i s i t s r e c o r d e d b y B O S E P A W e e k l y
M o n t h l y
Y e a r l y
N e v e r
1 5
4 5
7 8
1 6 2
0 5
1 5
2 6
5 4
1 7 A s s e s s m e n t o f B O S E P A a c t i v i t i e s 2 0 %
4 0 %
6 0 %
8 0 %
1 0 0 %
1 7 9
5 4
4 2
2 1
0 4
6 0
1 8
1 4
0 7
0 1
Authors’ field work (2017)
respondents are using metal waste containers. The table
further shows that most waste generated are from
domestic activities with (69%). This high percentage
further agrees with the findings that most areas are for
residential purposes. The farm products represented
(21%) and 10% is from industrial source. In the same
vein the table shows that most respondents constituting
(42%) disposed waste openly, followed by (25%) of
respondents disposed waste at the backyards. Drainage
(10%) and landfill (23%). This indiscriminate dumping of
refuse seems to agree with the study by UNDP (2016) in
Maiduguri which stated that the number of containers is
insufficient and their state is often poor. Coverage is
limited to main streets and some public places.
Table 3 shows the result of assessment of the Borno
State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA).
7. An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 179
Result from the table indicated that 57%) of respondents
are aware of BOSEPA activities. While (43%)
respondents’ dispute it. This implies that the impacts of
BOSEPA activities are not felt evenly. The table also
shows that (48%) admitted that regular collection of
refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. This is
why heaps of waste can be sighted in some parts of
MMC. The research further shows that there are grossly
inadequate collection points as admitted by (59%)
respondents. This is why open spaces and unused plots
of land are used as dumping grounds for household and
construction waste in the city of Maiduguri.
Irregular visit was also noticed from the study. The table
revealed that (54%) of the respondents admitted that
refuse are not cleared completely by the agency. Weekly
collection of refuse was admitted by only (5%) of the
respondents. No wonder Al-Khatib and Arafat, (2010)
showed that waste collections are irregular and is only
restricted to the major cities.
CHALLENGES
Effective and timely collection and environmentally sound
disposal of waste has been a challenge faced by
BOSEPA. The capacity of the agency is limited due to
lack of vehicle, vehicle spare parts, lack of know-how and
human capital pertaining use of ICT equipment, finance
and management, technical knowledge of waste
management standards and best practices by staff of
agency. (UNDP, 2016).
CONCLUSION
The rapid population, economic growth, and rise in
community living standards has been a major contributor
to generation rate of municipal solid waste, managing it
has been a major challenge worldwide. Despite the
existence of Borno State environmental Protection
Agency (BOSEPA), collection, transport, storage,
treatment and disposal of waste within the Metropolis is
still facing pre-mature operation. The study has found
that, the Metropolis is lacking waste collection points,
collection containers and the respondents hardly see
BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse
collection. There should be proper environmental
sanitation enlightenment to educate the populace on
negative impacts of indiscriminate dumping of refuse and
effective penalties must be invoked and culprits
punished, so that the enforcement of proper practices are
not left to area wide waste management authorities
alone. BOSEPA should keep to an effective chain in the
cycle of timely clearance to designated landfills, dump
sites, for incineration and compacting and composting
should be integrated into energy and the land reclamation
schemes envisioned in the future. Government should
invest massively in the affairs of environmental waste
management through sufficient support of agency
charged with the responsibility of waste management by
way of adequate funding and circulatory infrastructural
improvements to enable the agency perform successfully
if the current situations need to be reversed.
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