This document discusses various types of waste including solid waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and e-waste. It covers waste management principles like generation, prevention, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and disposal. Integrated waste management aims to minimize waste at the source through reduction, reuse and recycling. Key aspects of waste management systems include collection, transport, treatment and final disposal. Improper waste management can pose public health and environmental risks.

1. WasteManagement
SEMESTER-III
ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH
AND
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
DSC301
Col. (Prof.) Rajive Kohli, Ph.D.
11, 12 & 14 September 2020

2. WASTE
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Generation, prevention
characterization,
monitoring, treatment,
handling, reuse and
residual disposition of
wastes
Any material
which is not
needed by the
owner, producer
or processor

3. WASTE
 Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.
 All items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to
get rid of or have already discarded.
 Waste is being generated everywhere.
 Waste comes from our homes, schools, colleges, hospitals,
markets, industries, agriculture and commercial places.
 Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and
processing of raw materials.Rapid urbanization,
 Constant change in consumption pattern and social behaviour
 Problems of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal
technologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local
and global environment.

4. WASTE MANAGEMENT orWASTE
DISPOSAL
 activities and actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal.
 includes collection, transport, treatment and disposal
 together with monitoring and regulation of the waste
management process.
 different methods of disposal and management for solid,
liquid, or gas waste.
 Waste management deals with all types of waste,
including industrial, biological and household.
 waste can pose a threat to human health, waste
management is intended to reduce adverse effects of
waste on human health, environment or aesthetics.

5. Types of Waste on the Basis of Their:
Physical State
 Solid waste
 Liquid waste
 Gaseous
waste
Effects on Human
Health
 Hazardous waste
 Non – hazardous
waste
Bio-degradability
 Biodegradable
wastes
 Non–
Biodegradable
wastes

6. Sources
 Residential
 Commercial
 Institutional
 Industrial
 Municipal Solid Waste
(Construction and Demolition)
 Treatment Facilities
 Agricultural

7. Solid waste
 Solid waste is commonly called Garbage.
 It includes only non-liquid wastes
Three types of Solid Waste
 House hold waste or Municipal Solid Waste
 Industrial waste or Hazardous waste
 Hospital waste or Biomedical waste

8. MagnitudeOf Problem in India
 Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum
 With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per
annum
 Yearly increase in waste generation is annually ~ 5%
 Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm
per capita/ day.
 Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the
solid waste generated.
 Rough dumping of waste in most of the cities

9. Public health importance
of waste management
 Poor waste handling and disposal  environmental
pollution  breeding of disease-vector insects, animal
scavengers and rodents  diseases
 Public or community nuisance due to foul odour and
unsightliness
 Obstruction of drainage systems
 Fire hazards.

10. IdealWaste Management System:
1) Provide a customised and robust handling of all waste
with a minimum of effort for the customer
2) Result in the lowest possible load on the environment
3) Provide a maximum of resource recovery from the
waste while minimising use of resource in the waste
handling
4) Provide only little impact on the city with respect to
traffic, vehicle exhaust, noise, traffic accidents and
spill of waste
5) Include proper architectural considerations in
establishing waste collection and treatment facilities.
6) Economically acceptable

11. PRESENT STATUS OFWASTE MANAGEMENT
 Domestic waste thrown on streets
 Trade waste on roads / streets
 Construction debris left unattended
 Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal waste
 Industrial waste disposed off in open areas.
 Segregation and storage of waste at source lacking
 Segregation of recyclable waste at source not
done
 Design & location of municipal waste storage
depots inappropriate, resulting in littering

12. Contd..
 Street sweeping not done everyday
 Wastetransportation done in open vehicles
 Final disposal done through crude dumping
 Ragpickers collect recyclables from municipal bins
/ dumpsites and litter the waste causing insanitary
conditions

13. Integrated SolidWaste Management (ISWM)
 Comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting,
and disposal program
 To minimize the initial generation of waste materials
 through source reduction,
 then through reusing and recycling
 to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to
landfills or incineration compared to the conventional
approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.

14. HIERARCHY OFWASTE
MANAGEMENTOPTIONS :-

15. ISWM program :
 Assessment of present condition and organizational set
up.
 Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste to the greatest
extent possible.
 Co-operate to the extent practicable in recycling
programs conducted by the civilian community
 Facilitating community participation in solid waste
management activities intellectual input – research
on design, materials, concept.
 Financial support towards infrastructure and
maintenance.

16.  Privatize solid waste
management facilities or
contract for waste
disposal services,
including recycling.
 Complying with
applicable regulations
regarding solid waste
management and
recycling.
 Overall monitoring and
co-ordination.

17. 3 approaches in
ISWM
1. Life-cycle based
2. Generation based
3. Management based

18. 1. Lifecycle-based ISWM
 Based on lifecycle assessment of a product from its production and
consumption point of view.

19. 2 Generation-based ISWM
 based on its generation from different sources including domestic,
commercial, industrial and agriculture.

20. 3. Management-based ISWM
I
,includes laws, institutions, financial mechanisms, technology and
infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders.

22. Solid waste
disposal
 On-site disposal
 Composting
 Incineration
 Open dumps
 Sanitary landfills

23. E waste
 E-waste comprises of waste electronics goods
which are not fit for their originally intended use.
 Such electronics goods may be television,
telephones, radios, computers, printers, fax
machines, DVDs and CDs etc.

24. Sources of E-waste
 IT and Telecom Equipments
 Large and small HouseholdAppliances
 Consumer & Lighting Equipments
 Electrical & Electronic Tools
 Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment
 Medical Devices
 Monitoring & Control Instruments

25. Health effects
 Electronics products like computers and cell
phones contain a lot of different toxins.
 For example, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) contain
heavy metals such as Lead, Barium and Cadmium,
which can damage human nervous and respiratory
system if they enter the water system.

26. Effects of E-waste
■ On Environment
 Pollution of Ground-
Water.
 Acidification of soil.
 Air Pollution.
 E-Waste accounts for
40 percent of the lead
and 75 percent of the
heavy metals found in
landfills.
On Human Health
 DNA damage.
 Lung Cancer.
 Damage to heart, liver
and spleen.
 Chronic damage to the
brain.
 Asthmatic bronchitis.
34

27. E-waste Management
The major components of E-waste Management are -
 E-waste collection, sorting and transportation.
 E-waste recycling.
In industries, management of E-waste is done by Waste
Minimization Techniques. It involves-
 Inventory management,
 Production-process modification,
 Volume reduction,
 Recovery and reuse.

29. TreatmentOptions of E-Waste
 Land filling.
 Incineration.
Technology Currently Used in India
 Dismantling.
 Pulverization/
Hammering.
 Shredding.
 Density separation.

30. Hazardous waste
 Consist of toxic
substances that are
of chemical nature
 highly dangerous to
human, plants,
animals and the
overall environment

31. Criteria
 Ignitability - includes liquids with a flash point
less than 140°F
, at standard temperature and
pressure.
 Corrosivity - includes aqueous wastes with a pH at
or below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases)
 Reactivity - includes unstable chemicals, violent
reactions with water, formation of explosive
mixtures when mixed with water, etc
 Toxicity - includes poisons and other toxic substances
that pose a threat to human health, domestic
livestock, pets, or wildlife through ingestion,
inhalation, or absorption

32. Hazardous waste Management
 Minimizing
 Collection and
Packaging
 Labelling
 Storage
 Disposal

33.  Minimize
 Reuse old chemical containers
 helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency & environmental
protection.
 Collection and Packaging
 Never mix incompatible materials
 Sealed containers
 Liquid Waste containers should only be fill to 75% of capacity to allow for
expansion

34.  Labeling
 Proper labeling
 Storage
 Waste should be segregated and stored according to compatibility
 Make sure container are secure and check for leaks in storage area

35.  Treatment
 Physical - Screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, floatation, adsorption
 Chemical -Neutralization, precipitation, oxidation and reduction.
 Biological - Different types of microorganisms
Pseudomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.

36.  Disposal
 Incineration - able to achieve 99.99% destruction &
removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste.
 Land disposal, underground disposal & deep well
injection

37. BIOMEDICALWASTE
"Bio-medical waste“ means
any waste which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization
of human beings or animals or in
research activities or in
production or testing
of biologicals.

38. In India - 1-2 kg/bed/day of biomedical waste

39. WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human AnatomicalWaste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & BiotechnologyWaste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 IncinerationAsh
Category No.10 Chemical Waste

40. Steps in BMW management

41. Steps in BMW
management
 Survey of waste generated
o Quantity
o Type
o Source
o Level of disinfection

42.  Segregation and collection
 Done at point of Generation of waste
 Process where wastes of different types, hazardous nature and consistency
are separated.
 As per the categories.
 Colour coded containers
 Where? - Should be displayed.
 Local languages.

44. NEW - 2011

45.  Reusable bins/containers - cleaned/disinfected
 Correct size to hold the desired quantity

46.  Storage of waste
 Holding of biomedical waste for such period of time, at the end of which
waste is treated and disposed of.
 Safe from tampering and access to rag-pickers.
 Not beyond a period of 48 hours.
 Biohazard symbol

47.  Transportation of waste
 Vital link
 Source  interim storage site  final disposal
 Secured from the public as well as waste handlers.
 Minimal effort , spillage or disturbance to the waste.
 Frequency and timings of transport should be informed
 Keep proper documentation of the frequency.

48.  Technologies for waste treatment
 Reduce its bulk and make it free from pathogenic organisms.
 Changes the physical, chemical or biological characteristics or
composition.
 Hazardous  non-hazardous
 Chemical disinfection Technology
 Thermal technology
 Mechanical Technology
 Irradiation technology.

49.  Final disposal methods
 Incineration
 Deep burial
 Landfill

51. Liquid waste
TYPES:
 Sewage
 Sullage
 Industrial waste
 Runoff

52. Sewage
 Waste water from the community which contains solid
and liquid excreta.
 99.9% - water
 0.1% - solids

53. Sewage management
Basic requirements
 Surface water must not be contaminated.
 There should be no contamination of groundwater that
may, in turn, contaminate springs or wells.
 Excreta should not be accessible to flies or other
animals.
 There should be no handling of excreta; where this is
unavoidable, it should be kept to a minimum.
 There should be no odours or unsightly conditions.
 The method used should be simple and inexpensive in
construction and operation.
 The method should last for at least five years to be cost-
effective.

54. Sullage
 Waste water which does not contain human excreta.
 Eg : waste water from kitchens and bathrooms

55. Waste water management
Three stages
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological

56. PRE-TREATMENT:
 Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily
collected from the raw waste water before they damage
or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment
clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.).
 Screening and grit removal

57.  Primary treatment
 "primary sedimentation tanks.“
 Settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed
off.
 50-70% of solids settle
 Biological action
 Complex organic  simpler substances

58.  Secondary treatment
 Degrade the biological content of the sewage
 Aerobic biological processes
 Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-
growth systems.
 Fixed film  trickling filters and rotating biological contactors
 Suspended – growth systems  activated sludge

59.  Secondary sedimentation
 2-3 hrs
 Aerated sludge
 Sludge digestion and disposal
 As a method of treatment
 Fav: temp: and pH – anaerobic auto-digestion
 Manure , sea disposal , landfill
 Effluent disposal
 Chlorination and Dilution, irrigation

61. Challenges
 Absence of segregation of waste at source
 Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement
segregation,
 Unwillingness of LSGI to introduce proper collection,
transportation and treatment/ disposal systems
 Lack of Management Information Systems

62.  Lack of planning for waste management
while planning townships
 Indifferent attitude of citizens
towards waste management due to
lack of awareness
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of community participation
towards waste management and
hygienic conditions
Lack of funds with LSGIs

63. 76
Environmental Legislation
 The Environment (Protection)Act,1986
 The BiomedicalWaste(Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 ,
2011
 The Municipal SolidWaste(Management & Handling)
Rules, 2000
 The HazardousWaste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989
 The National EnvironmentalTribunalAct,1995
 TheAir (Prevention andControl of Pollution)Act,1981

64. OTHER INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Waste
Solid
 T
echnical Manual on Municipal Solid
Management
 Technology Advisory Group on Municipal
Waste Management
 Income T
ax relief to Waste Management
agencies
 Public-Private Partnership in SWM
 Capacity Building
 Urban Reforms Incentive Fund

65. Difference between BMW management
rules 1998 and 2011