This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
These slides discuss our recent cultivation of groundnut and its oil extraction. We have organically cultivated groundnut and its yield was better than an average non-organic farming. The procedures are presented in the slides.
ideal para estudantes de agronomia, e para produtores de açúcar e fornecedores de cana. Pode ser utilizado também para estudantes de pós-graduação, como mestrado e doutorado.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
These slides discuss our recent cultivation of groundnut and its oil extraction. We have organically cultivated groundnut and its yield was better than an average non-organic farming. The procedures are presented in the slides.
ideal para estudantes de agronomia, e para produtores de açúcar e fornecedores de cana. Pode ser utilizado também para estudantes de pós-graduação, como mestrado e doutorado.
Sulphur is an essential macro nutrient for all crops, especially in oilseed crops it helps in improving in the yield of Oil content and also enhances the essential aminio acids content.
Soyabean crop production and quality seed productionAshishNain
Globally legumes play a vital role in human nutrition since they are a rich source of protein, calories, certain minerals, and vitamins. Among which soybean is probably the largest source of vegetable seed oil (20%) and protein (40%). Owing to the nutritional and health benefits of soybean. It excited the growers in recent years. US, Argentina, Brazil, and China claims as the biggest producers of this supergroup, the modern technologies, and changes in their agronomic practices is worth to discuss its possibility in the Indian scenario.
Soybean package of practice and quality seed production with seed certification standards
India Water Soluble Fertilizers Market Forecast 2028 | TechSci ResearchTechSci Research
India Water Soluble Fertilizers Market By Fertilizer Type (15.5-0-0-18.8, 19-19-19, 13-0-45 & Others), By Application (Fertigation & Foliar), By Crop Type (Horticulture, Ornamental, Field Crop & Others), Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, FY2028
Report URL- https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-water-soluble-fertilizers-market/1332.html
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Sulphur is an essential macro nutrient for all crops, especially in oilseed crops it helps in improving in the yield of Oil content and also enhances the essential aminio acids content.
Soyabean crop production and quality seed productionAshishNain
Globally legumes play a vital role in human nutrition since they are a rich source of protein, calories, certain minerals, and vitamins. Among which soybean is probably the largest source of vegetable seed oil (20%) and protein (40%). Owing to the nutritional and health benefits of soybean. It excited the growers in recent years. US, Argentina, Brazil, and China claims as the biggest producers of this supergroup, the modern technologies, and changes in their agronomic practices is worth to discuss its possibility in the Indian scenario.
Soybean package of practice and quality seed production with seed certification standards
India Water Soluble Fertilizers Market Forecast 2028 | TechSci ResearchTechSci Research
India Water Soluble Fertilizers Market By Fertilizer Type (15.5-0-0-18.8, 19-19-19, 13-0-45 & Others), By Application (Fertigation & Foliar), By Crop Type (Horticulture, Ornamental, Field Crop & Others), Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, FY2028
Report URL- https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-water-soluble-fertilizers-market/1332.html
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Role of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize (Zea mays) growth and nu...Innspub Net
Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) have a potential to boost maize (Zea mays) growth and increase the P and Zn uptake through the symbiotic association they form with the plant, even in acidic soils conditions. Five AMF inoculums produced from the most abundant and ubiquitous morphotypes isolated from field soils in maize fields in South Kivu (DRC) were assessed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the role of these AMF on nutrients uptake in a Nitisol and a Ferralsol. Eight treatments namely inoculums named AMF1 (Gigaspora gigantea), AMF2 (Gigaspora sp.), AMF3 (Gigaspora margarita), AMF4 (Rhizophagus intraradices) AMF5 (Acaulospora reducta), mineral phosphorus fertilizers (Pi), commercial biofertilizer Rhizatech and a Control were laid in a randomized complete block design. In the Ferralsol, Pi application, Rhizatech and AMF2 produced the highest height. Pi application resulted in the best shoot biomass. No difference was observed for the P content, but for the Zn content, AMF2 was the highest. Roots colonization did not vary among treatments. In the Nitisol, AMF4 produced the highest plant height and AMF1 the highiest chlorophyll content. AMF4 and Rhizatech colonized highly the roots. AMF3 gave the highest P however, Zinc content was equal in all treatments and the controls yielded the lowest results. Spores densities in both inoculums produced and experimental soils were low compared to the commercial inoculum but growth and roots colonisation was influenced by fertilization and soils types. The performance of efficient AMF inoculums of Gipaspora gigantea, Gigaspora sp., Rhizophagus intraradices and Acaulospora reducta applied with high densities spores and multispecies inoculums should be assessed.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
Assessment of Zinc and Copper Status of Fadama Soils In Borgu Local Governmen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The status of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) of fadama soils under cultivation at Borgu Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria was studied. Soil samples were purposely collected from three extension blocks, namely; Wawa, Babana and Goffanti. Particle size distribution of the soils showed sandy loam texture. The soils pH were either slightly acidic or neutral with a range between 6.05 and 6.93. The level of Organic Carbon (OC) ranged between low and medium, total nitrogen were rated high, available phosphorus were low while exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg) were all rated high. Though soil content of Zn and Cu were very low, values were not significantly (P<0.05) different for all locations. The mean values for Zn ranged between 0.496 and 0.592 mg/kg, while Cu ranged between 0.550 and 0.945 mg/kg. This result implies that soil amendments in the form of organic manure and/or supplement of Zn and Cu would enhance nutrient availability for optimum yields of crops for the resource-poor farmers in the study area.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
The Role of Micronutrients in Crop GrowthNualgi.org
Research on low nutrient availability to plants due to soil defficiencies in Pakistan, particularly Zinc, Boron and Iron. These mineral elements - Zn, Fe and Cu are as crucial for human health as organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, protein and vitamins.
Impact of nitrogen fertilizer from organic and conventional sources on seed y...Innspub Net
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.), a minor oil seed crop cultivated on marginal and sub marginal lands under poor or neglected nutrient management practices in India has a good production potential even under low nutrient input conditions. However, not much study has been made on nutrient management practices for optimising plant growth and thereby seed yield. The study was undertaken to determine the growth and seed yield response of Niger to different nitrogen sources in rainfed acid lateritic uplands. Nitrogen was applied through chemical (Urea) and organic sources (Vermicompost, Mustardoilcake and Bonemeal) separately and in combination of these at two levels (30 and 60 kg ha-1) in consecutive two years (2013-’14 and 2014-’15). Maximum seed yield (580 kg ha-1) and dry matter yield (4530 kg ha-1) of Niger were obtained where oilcake was applied in combination with chemical nutrients. However, varying sources or level of nitrogenous nutrients had no impact on oil content in seeds of Niger. Among the various sources of Nitrogen, combination of oilcake and chemical provided sufficient amount of Nitrogen to the soil which was observed through highest uptake as well as leftover available Nitrogen in soil. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/2eoky3A
Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Yield of Wheat as affected by Manganese ApplicationNualgi.org
This paper discusses tests undertaken on Wheat in South Asia, reviewing current problems with low yields and how Micronutrients play an essential role for good yields.
A Comprehensive research study on effect on combine application of nitrogen and boron on yield and Growth of sunflower.
By Ravi Banjade
IAAS TU, Nepal
Email : rabibanjade3@gmail.com
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Similar to Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill) (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
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2. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Musa and Yusuf 1070
precipitated phosphates (Chen et al., 2006; Kang et al.,
2002; Pradhan and Sukla, 2005). Phosphorus is an
important plant nutrient involved in several energy
transformations and biochemical reactions, including
biological nitrogen fixation. A large amount of P applied as
fertilizer enters into the immobile pools through a
precipitation reaction with highly reactive aluminum (Al+)
and iron (Fe3+) in acidic, and calcium (Ca2+) in calcareous
or normal soils (Gyaneshwar et al., 2002; Hao et al., 2002).
Isherword (1998) found 10-25% efficiency of P around the
world with the concentration of bioavailable P in soil
reaching a low level of 1.0 mg kg-1 soil (Goldstein, 1994),
hence the need to augment soil nutrient with phosphate
fertilizers.
Soybean is sensitive to zinc deficiency, which is needed
for protein metabolism and involved in the chlorophyll
formation, growth hormone stimulation, enzymatic activity
and reproductive processes (Thenua et al. 2014). Zn is
considered the most limiting factor in producing crops in
different parts of the world. Babaeian et al. (2011)
indicated that Zn deficiencies are common in 30% of the
global soils. The low solubility of Zn in soils rather than the
low total amount of Zn is the major reason for the
widespread occurrence of Zn deficiency problems in crop
plants (Raof, 2016). It has also been reported that P
decreases the concentration of Zn mostly in leaves and
least in roots, suggesting that the effect of P on Zn
originates in roots, which retards translocation of Zn to the
upper plant parts, probably due to the formation of a
compound that is either less mobile or has a lower
solubility product (Chiezey, 1999). Zn foliar application and
seed inoculation with bio fertilizers such as Plant Growth
Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Bradyrhizobium has
been reported to be an important effective factor in
increasing soybean yield and nodulation. (Oscar et al.,
2014; Heidarian et al., 2011). Therefore, this research was
carried out to investigate;
1. The effect of different doses of phosphorus and
zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of
soybeans.
2. Their effects on other agronomic characters of the
crop and;
3. To obtain the best doses suitable for this location.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Materials and Procedures
Experiments were conducted at Kogi State University
Student Research and Demonstration Farm Anyigba, (Lat
7o 291 and Long 70 111E) in the Guinea savanna agro-
ecological zone rainy season of 2019 to determine the
response of soybean to different levels of phosphorus and
zinc.
Table 1: Laboratory result of soil analysis of the experimental site at 2019 cropping season.
Physical properties (%) Depth (0-30cm)
Clay 11.15
Silt 2.61
Sand 86.24
Textural Class Sandy clay-loam
Chemical properties (%)
pH (H2O) 6.13
Organic carbon 0.15
Organic matter 0.88
Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03
Available phosphorus (ppm) 9.00
Exchangeable cations
Calcium Ca2+ (Cmol/kg) 4.16
Magnesium Mg2+ (Cmol/kg) 1.97
Potassium k+ (Cmol/kg) 2.75
Sodium Na+ (Cmol/kg) 0.95
Extractable Zn2+ (ppm) 1.85
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 9.83
The two varieties evaluated were TGX 536 – 2D and
Samsoy 2, both of which mature in about 110 days from
sowing. Treatment comprises of a factorial combination of
two soybean varieties aforementioned with three
phosphorus levels (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) and three
zinc levels (0, 5 and 10 kg Zn/ha), which were arranged in
a Randomized Complete Block Design with four
replications. Each plot was 4.5m wide, containing 6 rows
of 4m in length. All sowing was done manually on 75cm
ridges. The gross and net plot sizes were 18m2 and 12m2,
respectively.
3. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Int J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1071
Cultural Practices
The experimental site was disc-ploughed and harrowed
with a notched disc harrow. Ridges of 75cm apart were
made.
Planting
Seeds were sown at a spacing of 5cm on ridges 75cm
apart to achieve a plant population of 266,666 plants/ha.
Fertilizer Application
There was a uniform application of 25kgN/ha in Calcium
Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) to all plots as a starter dose. The
nitrogen was applied at the same time with phosphorus
and zinc. Phosphorus was applied as P2O5 using a Single
Superphosphate fertilizer (SSP), while Zinc was applied in
the form of Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate (ZNSO4.7H2O).
These fertilizers were soil-applied and placed about 5cm
to the side and below the seed, just before sowing.
Weed and Pest Control
The use of hoe only controlled weeds; this was done twice,
first at 3 weeks after sowing and second at 6WAS. After
that, the crop canopy closed and weed growth was
minimized. No disease and pest attack/infestation was
observed. Plants maintained a healthy appearance
throughout their growth.
Harvesting
This was done when the leaves of the soybean plants
turned yellow and eventually dried in the field. The four
inner rows of 12m2 were used as the not plot. The
harvested soybean was allowed to dry for about two weeks
before threshing thoroughly.
Threshing
This was manually done; chaff was separated from the
seeds by means of winnowing with trays. Clean seeds
from each plot were immediately weighed to determine
yield, while haulms were also weighed to determine
haulms yield.
Determination of Soil Nutrient Status
Soil samples were taken to a depth of 30cm before
fertilizer application and analyzed for physical and
chemical properties. The texture was analyzed by the
Hydrometer method (Boyoucos, 1951) and the texture
class was determined by the soil texture triangle.
Soil Nitrogen
Total nitrogen was determined by the macro-kjeldhal
procedure (Bremmer, 1965).
Available Phosphorus
Available phosphorus was determined by the method
described by Troug (1930). The extracted
phosphorus was determined by the Molybdate blue colour
(Bray and Kurtz, 1945).
Extractable Zinc
Extractable zinc was determined by using extracting
solution DPTA, known as DPTA method.
Exchangeable Cations
Exchangeable cations were determined by the acetic acid
method (Reith, 1967). Magnesium, calcium and potassium
were determined by the atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, using Perkin Elmer Model 403.
Observation
Beginning from 4 weeks after sowing, and at 4weeks
intervals until 12weeks after sowing and at harvesting, five
plants per plot were sampled to determine the effect of the
treatments on various characters. The following plant
characters were measured; plant height, total dry matter
per plant, number of days to 50% flowering, nodule count
of five plants, nodule weight of five plants, percentage of
effective nodules, number of days to physiological maturity
from 50% flowering, number of days to physiological
maturity from the time of sowing, number of pods per plant,
number of branches per plant at harvesting, 100-seed
weight, grain yield per hectare, haulm yield per hectare, oil
and crude protein contents of the seed. Other
measurement made was the Leaf Area Index (LAI)
(Watson, 1947 and 1952).
Statistical Analysis
The data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance
(Snedercor and Cochran, 1967), and a significant
difference amongst treatment means were evaluated
using the Duncan’ Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil test reveals a textural class of Sandy clay-loam and
Available phosphorus (9.00ppm), which is low compared
to 15mg kg-1 considered the critical level for soybean
production (Staton and Darry, 2007). The soil is deficient
in extractable Zn, with about 25% of the critical level
established for some soils in South-Western Nigeria.
(Osiname et al., 1973; Adeoye and Agboola, 1985). The
pH of 6.13 indicates that the soil is slightly alkaline (Table
1).
Effect of Phosphorus, Zinc and Variety on growth
characters of Soybeans at Anyigba, Kogi state.
Results from this study is presented in table 2. The variety
was found to have no significant effect on the LAI at 4 and
8WAS. However, leaves of Samsoy 2 had a higher area at
12WAS, while Zn fertilizer application had no significant
differences at all sampling periods; this supports Heidarian
et al. (2011), who found LAI decreased at different growth
stages. However, SeifiNadergholi et al. (2011) also found
4. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Musa and Yusuf 1072
that Zinc foliar application increases tryptophan amino acid
and indol-acetic acid hormone, which were the two main
factors in leaf area expansion in P. vulgaris. P application
greatly influenced LAI, at 4WAS with 60kg P2O5 producing
consistently higher leaf area but not at the later sampling
period (8 and 12 WAS); this may have resulted from P and
Zn to the leaves. The antagonism between Zn and P has
already been reported in other crops like maize and wheat
(Zhimini et al., 1999).
There were no significant differences in the nodules
produced by the two varieties examined and none of the
sampling periods had variety any significant effect on
nodule weight as well, due probably to the fact that they
are both promiscuous. P application was significant on the
number of nodules produced only at 4 and 8WAS while
nodule weight responded to P application just in the same
manner as the number of nodules produces by the
varieties. 30kg P2O5/ha application increased nodules
while continuous increase up to 60kg P2O5/ha decreases
nodules below 30kg P2O5/ha application rate; this
corresponds with Devi et al. (2012) who attributed the
increase in nodule number with P to a diluting effect, as P
is known to stimulate nodulation. Zn had no significant
influence on the weight of nodules; this result is in
opposition to Thenuna et al. (2014) findings, who
discovered that zinc levels significantly increased the
number of nodules per plant and nodule dry weight per
plant. This opposition might be attributed to the high
concentration of available phosphorus in the soil
(9.00ppm), which might have held up the absorption of Zn.
A high concentration of phosphorus in the soil, according
to Sharma et al. (1968), tend to reduce the availability of
extractable Zn to plants.
At 8WAS, effective percentage nodules varied significantly
with TGX 536 – 02D producing higher effective nodules
than Samsoy 2 while Zn had no such influence at all
sampling stages, P application had a significant influence
on PEN, only at 4WAS, the higher PEN was obtained when
30kg P/ha was used this was however not statistically
significant from other application. This corroborates with
Odoh et al. (2016) finding, who discovered that P Omission
in the applied fertilizer significantly reduced the shoot dry
weight, % effective nodules number and dry weight while
combined application of NPK, Mo and Zn significantly
decreased the root colonization. V x P x Zn interaction was
significant at 4WAS (table 5); the highest effective nodules
was produced by TG x 536-02D at 60kg/ha of P2O5 and 0
kg/ha of Zn. This was significantly higher than all other
treatments, which were not significantly different from each
other. The improved performance of the treatment
combination of Pha-1 and Znha-1 showed Zn-P synergy,
which had been reported by Shittu et al. (2012). Some
authors claimed that applied P affects the absorption of Zn
by roots in some way other than precipitation of an
insoluble Zinc phosphate (Ogoke et al., 2004). This
assertion has been validated by the interaction effect
exhibited by V x P x Zn, which the two varieties in the study
responded to. Plant height was significantly influenced by
variety, zinc and phosphorus application, TGX 536-02D
produced consistently taller plants (20.0, 46.58 and
65.35cm) than its counterpart Samsoy 2 at 5, 10WAS and
at harvest, respectively. Zn application had significant
differences only at harvest.
Increasing the level of Zn reduced plant height. Increasing
the level from 0 to 5 kg/ha did not reduce plant height
significantly, but further increase to 10 kg/ha had a
significant reduction in plant height from zero levels. At 10
WAS and at harvest, application of 60kg/ha of P2O5
significantly produced taller plants than 0 and 30 kg/ha of
P2O5 applications. At both stages of growth, there were no
significant differences between 0 and 30 kg/ha
applications. This corroborates with Shittu et al. (2012)
findings. V x Zn interaction showed significant differences
in plant height (Table 6). On TG x 536-02D, it was
observed that increasing the amount of Zn from 0 to 5kg/ha
significantly reduced plant height and further increase to
10kg/ha still reduced it, even though the reduction was not
statistically significant, this results from the fact that a lot of
soil phosphorus, reduces the growth of plant roots and
mycorrhiza volume, which also reduce the absorption of
zinc by plants. In plants, the presence of high phosphorus
concentrations will reduce the solubility of zinc and
decreases its transmission from the roots to the rest of the
plant's organs (Malakouti et al., 2006). On Samsoy 2, there
was no significant change in plant height as the amount of
Zn was altered from 0 to 10kg/ha. There were also
significant differences at each level of Zn between the two
varieties.
Variety only responded to numbers of branches (table 3),
with Samsoy 2 producing the highest number of branches.
P and Zn application had no significant effect on branches.
These results agree with the findings of Lamera and Para
(1983).
Varieties and Zn application had no significant differences
in the number of days to 50% flowering. Application of P,
on the other hand, significantly affected the number of
days to 50% flowering. Increasing the P level from 0 to
30kg/ha significantly increased the number of days to 50%
flowering, a further increase to 60kg/ha also increased it;
however, the increase was not statistically significant, this
means that high rates of P can prolong flowering. A similar
result was obtained by Chiezey (1989). Physiological
maturity from 50% flowering was observed Samsoy 2
significantly exhibit longer days to physiological maturity
than TG x 536-02D. An increasing amount of P from 0 to
30kg/ha significantly reduced the number of days to
physiological maturity from 50% flowering. This conforms
with the findings of Jacob and Uexkiill (1963), who reported
that the liberal application of P accelerates ripening.
However, a further increase to 60kg/ha had no significant
effect again. However, there was still a reduction.
5. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Int J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1073
Physiological maturity from the sowing date took the same
pattern as “from 50% flowering” for variety (Table 3).
Increasing Zn application rate from 0-5kg/ha extends
physiological maturity from sowing time. Physiological
maturity does not respond to P application.
All growth characters that showed significant variation
among varieties may be attributed to varietal differences in
several energy transformation processes and biochemical
reactions such as the ability to utilize and maximize
absorbed cations from the soil for Root development stalk
and stem strength, nitrogen fixation, among other
potentials which are attributed to phosphorus fertilization
(Devi et al., 2012). Also, the non-response of growth
characters to Zn application in its entirety across sampling
periods result from the fact that it was soil-applied.
Therefore, Zn2+ is extremely slowly released for plant use.
However, foliar application of Zn could curb this situation
as Foliar application of microelements is more beneficial
than soil application (Heidarian et al., 2011). Since
application rates are lesser than soil application, the same
application could be obtained easily and the crop reacts to
the nutrient application immediately (Zayed et al., 2011).
Also, Foliar spraying of microelements has been very
helpful when the plant roots cannot provide the necessary
nutrients (Kinaci and Gulmezoglu, 2007; Babaeian et al.,
2011).
Effect of Phosphorus, Zinc and Variety on Yield and
Yield characters of Soybeans at Anyigba, Kogi state.
Table 4 presents the effect of Zn, P and Variety on yield
/yield characters. Although TG x 536-02D produced
slightly higher grain and haulm yields than Samsoy 2,
these differences were not statistically significant.
Grain yield was influenced by P application, 60kg P2O5/ha
gave higher grain yield, as haulm yield followed the same
pattern, there were no significant differences in grain and
haulm yields between 0 and 30kg/ha of P2O5 applications.
High yields from P application has been reported by Devi
et al., (2012). The low yield of soybean grain at lower
phosphorus levels was probably due to the lesser
magnitude of phosphorus response. Stefanescu and
Palanciuc (2000); Landge et al. (2002); Umale et al.
(2002); Ilbas and Sahn (2005); Tapas and Gupta (2005)
and Jain and Trivedi (2005) also reported that seed yield
of soybean increase with inoculation and applying higher
levels of phosphorus. Other treatments showed no
significant effect on grain and haulm yield. Variety varied
significantly with 100seed weight as Samsoy 2 produced
the highest value (14.51kg) than TGx 536-02D (13.13kg),
while the reverse became the case with reference to
matured pods, TGx 536-02D was discovered to have more
matured pods (172) than Samsoy 2 (129.06).
Table 2: Effect of Phosphorus, Zinc and Variety on growth characters of Soybeans at Anyigba, Kogi state.
Growth characters
Treatment Leaf Area Index Nodule Count/plant Nodule weight/plant % Effective nodule Plant height (cm)
Weeks after sowing
Variety 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 5 10 16
(Harvest)
TGX 536-
02D
0.79 4.12 8.33b 0.73 6.29 20.39 0.004 0.21 20.39 41.25 82.50a 67.53 20.00a 46.58a 65.35a
Samsoy 2 0.79 4.50 9.69a 0.36 5.82 26.92 0.003 0.19 26.92 16.19 75.00b 69.33 17.76b 36.98b 49.71b
SE ( + ) 0.04 0.17 0.33 0.14 0.82 2.92 0.001 0.02 2.92 5.7 1.71 1.84 0.34 0.86 0.85
Zinc (kg ha -
1 )
0 0.88 4.48 9.28 0.34 6.53 27.92 0.002 0.23 27.92 30.33 77.92 68.33 19.64 34.03 59.85a
5 0.74 4.03 8.42 0.84 5.88 25.46 0.005 0.16 25.46 25.67 81.46 68.54 18.85 41.72 56.90ab
10 0.74 4.43 9.34 0.45 5.76 17.58 0.005 0.20 17.58 30.17 76.88 68.41 18.14 40.58 55.85b
SE ( + ) 0.05 0.21 0.43 0.18 1.00 3.58 0.002 0.03 6.98 2.10 2.26 0.42 1.05 1.04
P2O5 (kg ha
-1 )
0 0.78b 4.36 8.70 0.22b 3.73b 18.33 0.002b 0.12c 18.33 16.88b 77.17 68.21 18.90 40.90b 57.24b
30 1.67c 4.10 8.59 1.07a 9.26a 24.29 0.008a 0.27a 24.29 44.54a 80.67 66.50 18.32 40.19b 54.62b
60 0.92a 4.46 9.75 0.33b 5.1b 28.33 0.002b 0.20b 28.33 24.75ab 78.42 70.58 16.82 44.24a 60.73a
SE ( + ) 0.05 0.21 0.43 0.18 1.00 3.58 0.002 0.03 3.58 6.98 2.10 2.26 0.42 1.05 1.04
Interactions
V x P NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
V x Zn NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS *
Zn x P NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
6. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
V x Zn x P NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS NS
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
NS Not Significant * Significant
Table 3: Effect of Phosphorus, Zinc and Variety on Number of Branches, days to 50% flowering and physiological
maturity of Soybeans at Anyigba, Kogi State.
Growth characters
Treatment Physiological maturity from;
Number of Branches/plant Days to 50% flowering 50% flowering Sowing date
Variety
TGx 536-02D 7.71b 76.44 32.42b 109.00b
Samsoy 2 17.87a 76.03 37.53a 113.44a
SE ( + ) 0.68 1.13 1.12 0.22
Zinc (kg ha -1 )
0 12.54 74.38 34.03 59.85b
5 11.88 76.58 35.00 111.50a
10 13.95 77.75 33.75 111.42a
SE ( + ) 0.84 1.38 1.37 0.26
P2O5 (kg ha -1 )
0 13.08 73.17b 38.13a 111.42
30 11.50 77.67a 33.67b 111.13
60 13.78 77.88a 33.21b 111.13
SE ( + ) 0.84 1.38 1.37 0.26
Interactions
V x P NS NS NS NS
V x Zn NS NS NS NS
Zn x P NS NS NS NS
Y x Zn x P NS NS NS NS
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
NS Not Significant * Significant
Table 4: Effect of Phosphorus, Zinc and Variety on Yield and Yield characters of Soybeans at Anyigba, Kogi state.
Treatment
Yield Yield characters
Variety Grain yield
(kg)
100seed
weight
Matured
pods/plant
Haulm Yield Crude Protein
content (%)
Oil content
(%)
TGx 536-02D 1787 13.13b 172.0a 1171 39.20 20.45a
Samsoy 2 1757 14.51a 129.06b 1111 38.96 18.93b
SE ( + ) 61.2 0.12 5.60 49.4 0.45 0.21
Zinc (kg ha -1 )
0 1809 13.95 149.6 1170 40.85a 19.58b
5 1833 13.96 143.6 1229 38.49b 20.55a
10 1673 13.54 159.5 1024 37.90b 18.93b
SE ( + ) 73.6 0.15 6.86 60.6 0.56 0.26
P2O5 (kg ha -1 )
0 1715b 13.78 150.7 1118b 39.23 19.87
30 1667b 13.71 140.3 997b 39.11 19.74
60 1934a 13.96 161.7 1309a 38.90 19.45
SE ( + ) 73.6 0.15 6.86 60.6 0.56 0.26
Interactions
V x P NS NS NS NS NS NS
V x Zn NS NS NS NS NS NS
7. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Zn x P NS NS NS NS * *
V x Zn x P NS NS NS NS NS *
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
NS Not Significant * Significance
Table 5: Interaction between Variety, Zinc and Phosphorus fertilizers on the PEN of soybean at 4 WAS at Anyigba,
Kogi state.
Variety P2O5 (kg /ha)
Zinc (kg /ha)
0 5 10
TGx 536-02D
0 0c 18.75bc 57.50abc
30 25.00abc 0c 0c
60 79.50a 46.00abc 61.00ab
Samsoy 2
0 16.75bc 39.00abc 25.00abc
30 35.75abc 50.25abc 12.50bc
60 15.00bc 0c 25.00abc
SE ( + ) 17.09
Table 6: Interaction between Variety and Zinc fertilizers on the plant heights of soybean at 4 WAS at Anyigba,
Kogi state.
Zinc (kg /ha)
Variety
TGX 536-02D Samsoy 2
0 69.84a 49.85c
5 63.45b 50.34c
10 62.77b 48.93c
SE ( + ) 1.47
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
Table 7: Interaction between Zinc and Phosphorus fertilizers on the crude protein content of soybean at Anyigba,
Kogi state.
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
Table 8: Interaction between Zinc and Phosphorus fertilizers on the % Oil content of soybean at Anyigba, Kogi
state.
P2O5 (kg /ha)
Zinc (kg/ha)
0 5 10
0 20.77ac 19.50bcd 19.33cd
30 18.74d 21.74a 18.74d
60 19.24cd 20.42abc 18.71d
SE ( + ) 0.45
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
Table 9: Interaction between Variety, Zinc and Phosphorus fertilizers on the % oil content of soybean at Anyigba,
Kogi state
Variety P2O5 (kg /ha)
Zinc (kg /ha)
0 5 10
TGX 536-02D
0 22.32bc 19.49def 28.48a
30 19.22def 19.52def 18.18ef
60 19.77de 24.21b 18.03ef
Samsoy 2
0 17.51f 19.26def 19.44def
30 19.70def 20.38cd 19.46def
60 18.77def 20.46cd 17.96ef
SE ( + ) 0.64
Means followed by the same letter(s) within a treatment group are not significantly different at 5% level of probability.
P2O5 (kg /ha)
Zinc (kg/ha)
0 5 10
0 39.32bcd 39.11bcd 40.71ab
30 40.03bc 40.53ab 36.77d
60 43.18a 37.28cd 36.23d
SE ( + ) 0.96
8. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Musa and Yusuf 1076
This result from the variation among the different genetic
lines examined, while other treatments showed no
significant effect on 100seed weight and number of
matured pods.
Effect of Phosphorus, Zinc and Variety on Crude
Protein and Oil Content of Soybeans at Anyigba, Kogi
state.
Zn application significantly affected protein content.
Increasing the amount of Zn from 0 to 5kg/ha significantly
reduced the crude protein content of the seeds. A further
increase to 10kg/ha of Zn reduced it further, but the
reduction was not significant statistically (Table 4). This
corroborates with Namvar et al. (2011), who reported that
seed inoculation with Rhizobium increases nodulation,
nitrogen uptake and could be a possible reason for
increasing protein content and yield parameters of legume
crops. Zn x P interaction was also found to be significantly
different (table 7). 60kg P and 0kg Zn application
respectively gave the highest crude protein content;
however, increasing Zn application to 5kg and 10kg/ha,
while holding P application at 60kg/ha, shows no
significant differences in the crude protein content. The
least crude protein content was obtained when 0kg/ha of
both P and Zn was applied; this shows that P is more
essential than Zn in increasing crude protein content in
soybean. Variety responded to oil content with TGX 536-
02D giving a higher percentage of oil than Samsoy 2.
While P application had no significant differences among
sampling periods, 5kg Zn application gave the highest oil
content; however, increasing Zn application from 10kg/ha
reduces oil content. There was no significant difference
between oil content at 0kg and 10kg Zn application. Zn x
P and V x Zn x P interactions was significant in the cause
of the examination (tables 8 & 9). In the Zn x P interaction
for oil content, 5kg Zn + 30kg P2O5/ha gave the highest oil
content, increasing P application to 60kg/ha while keeping
Zn at 5kg/ha reduces oil content. Increasing Zn from
5kg/ha further also decreases oil content. 10kg Zn + 60kg
P application gave the lowest oil content (Table 8). In the
V x Zn x P, 0kg P2O5 + 10kg Zn application on TGX 536-
02D gave the highest oil content, which was significantly
higher than all other treatments. The above result opposes
Tomar et al. (2004) finding, who observed that inoculation
and phosphorus application increased the oil contents of
soybean. Mehasen et al. (2002) and Bardan (2003) also
reported that more oil yield was produced when inoculation
and higher phosphorus doses were applied. This
opposition may result from the Zn x P x V interactions. The
lowest oil content was, however, obtained from 0kg Zn +
0kg P application on Samsoy 2.
Correlation Coefficient between Grain yield and Yield
characteristics in soybean at Anyigba, Kogi state.
Table 10 shows the result of the correlation analysis
conducted to determine the relationship between the grain
yields and yield characters assessed. There was a positive
and significant correlation between grain yield and LAI,
number of nodules per plant, plant height, number of
branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-
seed weight. However, these characters significantly
contribute immensely to the yield. They can as well be
considered in further breeding programs in soybean
improvement.
Table 10: Correlation Coefficient between Grain yield and yield characteristics in soybean at Anyigba, Kogi state.
Variables
Variables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. Grain yield 1.00
2. Leaf Area Index 0.399* 1.00
3. Number of
Nodule/ plant
0.440** 0.226 1.00
4. Nodule
Weight/plant
0.267 0.036 0.598** 1.00
5. Effecitve Nodules
(%)
0.090 -0.058 0.396** 0.277* 1.00
6. Dry Matter
accumulation
0.169 0.363** -0.053 -0.046 -0.164 1.00
7. Plant height 0.518** 0.060 0.020 0.031 -0.039 0.444** 1.00
8. Number of Days
to 50% flowering
-0.046 0.137 0.150 -0.024 -0.021 0.092 -0.018 1.00
9. Number of
Branches/plant
0.283** 0.501** 0.195 -0.008 0.104 -0.133 -0.355* -0.112 1.00
10. Number of
Pods/plant
0.357* 0.186 -0.048 -0.080 -0.003 0.494* 0.652** -0.117 0.074 1.00
11. 100-Seed Weight 0.457* 0.362** 0.390** 0.144 0.001 -0.073 -0.188 -0.041 0.595** -0.064 1.00
*significant at 5% level of significance ** significant at 1% level of signicance
9. Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)
Int J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1078
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