Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Challenges of solid waste management in zimbabwe a case study of sakubva hig...charlschoto
This document summarizes a study on the challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva, a high-density suburb of Mutare, Zimbabwe. The study found several challenges: poor refuse collection due to shortages of equipment and proper receptacles; low rates of recycling; and residents resorting to unsustainable waste disposal like burning and dumping due to infrequent council collection. Rapid urbanization is exacerbating the problems. The researchers recommend the council improve collection coverage and frequency, provide more receptacles, increase recycling awareness, and involve the private sector and NGOs more in management.
The topic caters to information needs of waste disposal and landfill. The universal generation of waste has negative consequences on human activities. The study enables understanding of different types of waste and their consequences on human health and environment. . The main purpose of this study is to detail the risk of waste disposal for groundwater quality and entails the information required for assessment of risks. The initial section details about classification of waste and then after, explains storage, treatment and disposal of waste. It has also covered the factors governing contamination of groundwater by disposal of waste for understanding the major concerns of waste composition, leachate production and migration. The final section of study includes assessment of groundwater contamination related to waste sites. The increasing proportion of waste has to control in future and therefore, it is important to study significant aspects of waste disposal and landfill.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
This document provides background information on a study investigating the effect of the Olusosun Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria on surrounding property values. It discusses how proximity to waste sites can impact property values and residents' health. The study aims to examine the composition of waste at the site, problems with waste management in the area, and the relationship between the dumpsite and demand for accommodation on a nearby street. It also establishes the scope of the study and provides context on the history and location of the Olusosun Dumpsite site.
This document summarizes waste management practices in developed and developing countries. It begins by defining different types of wastes, including solid, liquid, sludge, and hazardous wastes. For developed countries, common solid waste management practices are landfilling, recycling, and incineration. Liquid waste management involves detailed plans, water treatment facilities, and injection wells. Hazardous waste is strictly regulated and disposed of through landfilling or incineration. Developing countries also utilize these methods but to a lesser extent due to resource constraints. The Philippine waste management system is then briefly outlined.
Fighting through community participation based on vegetative conservation app...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on reducing sedimentation in Wonogiri Reservoir in Indonesia through community participation and vegetative conservation approaches. The study focuses on how five types of capital (social, human, financial, natural, vegetative) and government incentives affect local farmers' conservation decisions. It finds that the five capitals and government incentives significantly influence farmers to participate in watershed conservation activities to prevent sedimentation, especially establishing grass vegetation which also provides economic benefits. The Keduang Sub-Watershed contributes greatly to sediment deposition in the reservoir due to environmental damage from unsustainable agricultural practices.
Economic of wastewater treatment and recyclingTst Thong
This document discusses research on the economics of wastewater treatment and recycling in Australia. It finds that treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution to water scarcity issues, but that further research is needed. In particular, a benefit-cost analysis comparing different treatment levels and uses would help determine efficient allocation. Additional issues like community acceptance, cost distribution, and regional impacts also require consideration to develop effective wastewater recycling policies.
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
Challenges of solid waste management in zimbabwe a case study of sakubva hig...charlschoto
This document summarizes a study on the challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva, a high-density suburb of Mutare, Zimbabwe. The study found several challenges: poor refuse collection due to shortages of equipment and proper receptacles; low rates of recycling; and residents resorting to unsustainable waste disposal like burning and dumping due to infrequent council collection. Rapid urbanization is exacerbating the problems. The researchers recommend the council improve collection coverage and frequency, provide more receptacles, increase recycling awareness, and involve the private sector and NGOs more in management.
The topic caters to information needs of waste disposal and landfill. The universal generation of waste has negative consequences on human activities. The study enables understanding of different types of waste and their consequences on human health and environment. . The main purpose of this study is to detail the risk of waste disposal for groundwater quality and entails the information required for assessment of risks. The initial section details about classification of waste and then after, explains storage, treatment and disposal of waste. It has also covered the factors governing contamination of groundwater by disposal of waste for understanding the major concerns of waste composition, leachate production and migration. The final section of study includes assessment of groundwater contamination related to waste sites. The increasing proportion of waste has to control in future and therefore, it is important to study significant aspects of waste disposal and landfill.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
This document provides background information on a study investigating the effect of the Olusosun Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria on surrounding property values. It discusses how proximity to waste sites can impact property values and residents' health. The study aims to examine the composition of waste at the site, problems with waste management in the area, and the relationship between the dumpsite and demand for accommodation on a nearby street. It also establishes the scope of the study and provides context on the history and location of the Olusosun Dumpsite site.
This document summarizes waste management practices in developed and developing countries. It begins by defining different types of wastes, including solid, liquid, sludge, and hazardous wastes. For developed countries, common solid waste management practices are landfilling, recycling, and incineration. Liquid waste management involves detailed plans, water treatment facilities, and injection wells. Hazardous waste is strictly regulated and disposed of through landfilling or incineration. Developing countries also utilize these methods but to a lesser extent due to resource constraints. The Philippine waste management system is then briefly outlined.
Fighting through community participation based on vegetative conservation app...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on reducing sedimentation in Wonogiri Reservoir in Indonesia through community participation and vegetative conservation approaches. The study focuses on how five types of capital (social, human, financial, natural, vegetative) and government incentives affect local farmers' conservation decisions. It finds that the five capitals and government incentives significantly influence farmers to participate in watershed conservation activities to prevent sedimentation, especially establishing grass vegetation which also provides economic benefits. The Keduang Sub-Watershed contributes greatly to sediment deposition in the reservoir due to environmental damage from unsustainable agricultural practices.
Economic of wastewater treatment and recyclingTst Thong
This document discusses research on the economics of wastewater treatment and recycling in Australia. It finds that treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution to water scarcity issues, but that further research is needed. In particular, a benefit-cost analysis comparing different treatment levels and uses would help determine efficient allocation. Additional issues like community acceptance, cost distribution, and regional impacts also require consideration to develop effective wastewater recycling policies.
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
This document provides an introduction to solid waste management, including definitions, common issues, and factors to consider. It discusses the complexity of solid waste management and risks of improper management, such as health impacts. Local conditions like waste composition and infrastructure access affect management approaches. Private sector involvement and special waste streams like healthcare and hazardous materials require careful planning, monitoring, and regulation.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of solid waste dumping on the geo-environment in Bilaspur, India. It finds that:
1) Solid waste dumping at an abandoned stone quarry site for 20 months generated large volumes of waste and contaminated nearby groundwater and rivers through leachate formation.
2) Hazardous landfill gases like methane were observed to form and biodiversity was reduced at the dumping site, making the soil unusable for agriculture.
3) The case study highlights the negative impacts of improper waste disposal on soil quality, groundwater, and surrounding ecosystems. Effective waste management and disposal methods are needed to protect the geo-environment.
Putting premium on the value of ecosystems services: Our environmental advocacy experience in Davao city by Chinkie Pelino-Golle, Acting Executive Director Interface Development Interventions, Incorporated www.idisphil.org
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Environmental Issues Concerning the Tide Embankment Project: Some highlights from the results of the Environmental Investigative Mission conducted by Center for Environmental Concerns (CEC, Philippines), and AGHAM.
Waste management project proposal for sri lankaLahiru Dilshan
This is a project that was carried out to find methods and possible ways to implement a waste management system in Sri Lanka especially for urban areas.
The presentation of this report can find in the following link
https://www.slideshare.net/Lahiru_Dilshan/waste-management-project-proposal-for-sri-lanka-169972848
STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE HAZARDS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ON WETLANDS: A CASE...MOSES AMO
This document summarizes a study examining strategies to minimize hazards from construction activities on wetlands in Kumasi, Ghana. The study used questionnaires with 20 organizations involved in wetland management. Key findings included:
- Replacing old drains, planting trees along streams, education campaigns, demarcating wetlands, wetland mapping, and enforcing regulations were identified as effective strategies.
- Efforts like acquiring wetlands, planting new species, retaining buffer zones, classifying wetlands, and educating land holders can help manage, protect, and conserve wetlands.
- Most respondent organizations were state entities operating at the planning and management level regarding wetlands.
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
IRJET- Characterisation and Treatment of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the characterization and treatment of leachate from municipal solid waste open dumping sites. Leachate samples were collected from open dumping sites and analyzed to determine pollution potential. The leachate was found to contain high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond permissible limits, though heavy metal concentrations were low since the waste was domestic in nature. Older landfill leachate had lower organic pollutant levels due to anaerobic decomposition. Coagulation using lime and alum was evaluated as a potential leachate treatment process by varying pH and coagulant dose.
This document discusses several applications of ecological engineering, including invasive species management, coastal zone management, and shoreline erosion management. For invasive species, it describes types like alien and hybrid species and control methods like restoration, habitat protection, biological control using natural predators, and physical removal. Coastal zone management involves restoring sea grasses and coral reefs, wastewater treatment, and collaboration among stakeholders. Shoreline erosion management discusses causes of erosion and techniques like placing riprap, sand, trees and vegetation to dissipate wave energy and stabilize shorelines.
Greening of the solid waste management in batangas cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on improving solid waste management practices in Batangas City, Philippines. The study surveyed 204 residents across 69 barangays to assess current solid waste management implementation, effects on health and environment, and challenges. The results showed that practices like feeding leftovers to pets were fully implemented, while reducing waste, composting and recycling were only slightly implemented. Burning garbage was moderately common. Based on the findings, the study proposed a plan of action to enhance implementation and mitigate issues to better manage solid waste.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
The document discusses sustainable water management and outlines several key points:
1) Water pollution has devastating consequences and a global effort is needed to keep water clean and prevent misuse.
2) Simple individual actions like turning off taps when not in use, being careful what is poured down drains, and limiting pesticide and fertilizer use can help.
3) Cooperation across borders is essential for sustainable water management since water flows irrespective of political boundaries.
4) Several international organizations are working on initiatives to organize and promote sustainable water management.
The document discusses waste management issues in Indonesia. It provides statistics on waste generation rates across Indonesian provinces, the types of waste generated, and the percentage of waste that is properly disposed of in landfills. It notes that waste is a serious problem, as infrastructure and management are insufficient. Improper waste disposal leads to environmental, health, and social issues. The document calls for improved policies, greater public education, decentralized community-level solutions, reduced production of non-biodegradable goods, and more sustainable consumption.
The document discusses solid waste management issues in India, particularly in urban areas. It notes that rapid urbanization and economic growth in India have led to increased waste generation that existing waste management systems cannot handle. Most municipal waste in India goes to landfills, but this causes environmental problems like water and air pollution. The document calls for improved waste management systems in India to deal with waste in a more sustainable way, such as waste separation, composting, and energy generation from waste.
Paper 3 using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012Helalley Helalley
Co-composting of primary sewage sludge with matured compost, together with grit and sand
was carried out to solve the problem of grit and sand disposal, this technique improved the
sludge composting efficiency and the final compost quality
This document discusses recycling and environmental education. It aims to educate students and adults about reducing waste impact through recycling. The document covers:
- The importance of recycling to reduce pollution and protect the environment for future generations.
- Details on what materials can be recycled, such as paper, plastic, glass and metals, and how recycling these materials saves resources and energy.
- The benefits of reducing, reusing and recycling to lessen waste impact and conserve natural resources for the future.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Influence of Sodium Chloride on germination, and Zinc, Copper, Zinc-Copper mi...Premier Publishers
Seed germination and seedling performance of Dorke and Omankwa corn varieties were investigated under varying salinity, copper and zinc concentrations. Sample analyses were done using AAS. Germination of both seeds decreased with increasing Sodium chloride. When NaCl was increased from 3 to 6ppm, the range of germination of Dorke seeds reduced from 33 - 20% while that of Omankwa seeds reduced from 20% to 13.3%. 85.5% germination in 60mMNaCl was the highest in Dorke and 72.2% germination in 90mMNaCl was the lowest. 87.8% germination in 30mMNaCl was the highest for Omankwa hybrid, 30% in 90mM being its lowest. Cu2+ accumulated more in the roots than shoot of both hybrids, while Zn2+ accumulated more in their shoots than the roots. Highest mean fresh weight of Dorke was recorded in moderate Cu2+ and Zn2+. Also highest mean fresh weight of Omankwa hybrid occurred under low Cu2+ level and moderate Zn2+ levels, but was highest in higher levels of Zn2+ and Cu2+ mixture. From the study, farmers are advised against planting the two hybrids in alkaline soils and to apply Cu2+/Zn2+ based fertilizers to improve photosynthetic activity and biomass.
This document provides an introduction to solid waste management, including definitions, common issues, and factors to consider. It discusses the complexity of solid waste management and risks of improper management, such as health impacts. Local conditions like waste composition and infrastructure access affect management approaches. Private sector involvement and special waste streams like healthcare and hazardous materials require careful planning, monitoring, and regulation.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of solid waste dumping on the geo-environment in Bilaspur, India. It finds that:
1) Solid waste dumping at an abandoned stone quarry site for 20 months generated large volumes of waste and contaminated nearby groundwater and rivers through leachate formation.
2) Hazardous landfill gases like methane were observed to form and biodiversity was reduced at the dumping site, making the soil unusable for agriculture.
3) The case study highlights the negative impacts of improper waste disposal on soil quality, groundwater, and surrounding ecosystems. Effective waste management and disposal methods are needed to protect the geo-environment.
Putting premium on the value of ecosystems services: Our environmental advocacy experience in Davao city by Chinkie Pelino-Golle, Acting Executive Director Interface Development Interventions, Incorporated www.idisphil.org
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Environmental Issues Concerning the Tide Embankment Project: Some highlights from the results of the Environmental Investigative Mission conducted by Center for Environmental Concerns (CEC, Philippines), and AGHAM.
Waste management project proposal for sri lankaLahiru Dilshan
This is a project that was carried out to find methods and possible ways to implement a waste management system in Sri Lanka especially for urban areas.
The presentation of this report can find in the following link
https://www.slideshare.net/Lahiru_Dilshan/waste-management-project-proposal-for-sri-lanka-169972848
STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE HAZARDS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ON WETLANDS: A CASE...MOSES AMO
This document summarizes a study examining strategies to minimize hazards from construction activities on wetlands in Kumasi, Ghana. The study used questionnaires with 20 organizations involved in wetland management. Key findings included:
- Replacing old drains, planting trees along streams, education campaigns, demarcating wetlands, wetland mapping, and enforcing regulations were identified as effective strategies.
- Efforts like acquiring wetlands, planting new species, retaining buffer zones, classifying wetlands, and educating land holders can help manage, protect, and conserve wetlands.
- Most respondent organizations were state entities operating at the planning and management level regarding wetlands.
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
IRJET- Characterisation and Treatment of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the characterization and treatment of leachate from municipal solid waste open dumping sites. Leachate samples were collected from open dumping sites and analyzed to determine pollution potential. The leachate was found to contain high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond permissible limits, though heavy metal concentrations were low since the waste was domestic in nature. Older landfill leachate had lower organic pollutant levels due to anaerobic decomposition. Coagulation using lime and alum was evaluated as a potential leachate treatment process by varying pH and coagulant dose.
This document discusses several applications of ecological engineering, including invasive species management, coastal zone management, and shoreline erosion management. For invasive species, it describes types like alien and hybrid species and control methods like restoration, habitat protection, biological control using natural predators, and physical removal. Coastal zone management involves restoring sea grasses and coral reefs, wastewater treatment, and collaboration among stakeholders. Shoreline erosion management discusses causes of erosion and techniques like placing riprap, sand, trees and vegetation to dissipate wave energy and stabilize shorelines.
Greening of the solid waste management in batangas cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on improving solid waste management practices in Batangas City, Philippines. The study surveyed 204 residents across 69 barangays to assess current solid waste management implementation, effects on health and environment, and challenges. The results showed that practices like feeding leftovers to pets were fully implemented, while reducing waste, composting and recycling were only slightly implemented. Burning garbage was moderately common. Based on the findings, the study proposed a plan of action to enhance implementation and mitigate issues to better manage solid waste.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
The document discusses sustainable water management and outlines several key points:
1) Water pollution has devastating consequences and a global effort is needed to keep water clean and prevent misuse.
2) Simple individual actions like turning off taps when not in use, being careful what is poured down drains, and limiting pesticide and fertilizer use can help.
3) Cooperation across borders is essential for sustainable water management since water flows irrespective of political boundaries.
4) Several international organizations are working on initiatives to organize and promote sustainable water management.
The document discusses waste management issues in Indonesia. It provides statistics on waste generation rates across Indonesian provinces, the types of waste generated, and the percentage of waste that is properly disposed of in landfills. It notes that waste is a serious problem, as infrastructure and management are insufficient. Improper waste disposal leads to environmental, health, and social issues. The document calls for improved policies, greater public education, decentralized community-level solutions, reduced production of non-biodegradable goods, and more sustainable consumption.
The document discusses solid waste management issues in India, particularly in urban areas. It notes that rapid urbanization and economic growth in India have led to increased waste generation that existing waste management systems cannot handle. Most municipal waste in India goes to landfills, but this causes environmental problems like water and air pollution. The document calls for improved waste management systems in India to deal with waste in a more sustainable way, such as waste separation, composting, and energy generation from waste.
Paper 3 using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012Helalley Helalley
Co-composting of primary sewage sludge with matured compost, together with grit and sand
was carried out to solve the problem of grit and sand disposal, this technique improved the
sludge composting efficiency and the final compost quality
This document discusses recycling and environmental education. It aims to educate students and adults about reducing waste impact through recycling. The document covers:
- The importance of recycling to reduce pollution and protect the environment for future generations.
- Details on what materials can be recycled, such as paper, plastic, glass and metals, and how recycling these materials saves resources and energy.
- The benefits of reducing, reusing and recycling to lessen waste impact and conserve natural resources for the future.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Influence of Sodium Chloride on germination, and Zinc, Copper, Zinc-Copper mi...Premier Publishers
Seed germination and seedling performance of Dorke and Omankwa corn varieties were investigated under varying salinity, copper and zinc concentrations. Sample analyses were done using AAS. Germination of both seeds decreased with increasing Sodium chloride. When NaCl was increased from 3 to 6ppm, the range of germination of Dorke seeds reduced from 33 - 20% while that of Omankwa seeds reduced from 20% to 13.3%. 85.5% germination in 60mMNaCl was the highest in Dorke and 72.2% germination in 90mMNaCl was the lowest. 87.8% germination in 30mMNaCl was the highest for Omankwa hybrid, 30% in 90mM being its lowest. Cu2+ accumulated more in the roots than shoot of both hybrids, while Zn2+ accumulated more in their shoots than the roots. Highest mean fresh weight of Dorke was recorded in moderate Cu2+ and Zn2+. Also highest mean fresh weight of Omankwa hybrid occurred under low Cu2+ level and moderate Zn2+ levels, but was highest in higher levels of Zn2+ and Cu2+ mixture. From the study, farmers are advised against planting the two hybrids in alkaline soils and to apply Cu2+/Zn2+ based fertilizers to improve photosynthetic activity and biomass.
How the news media have failed to interrogate the concept of failed state, th...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes the debate among scholars around the concept of a "failed state" and analyzes how Pakistan has been labeled a failed state in Western news media. There are three views on the concept: 1) those who see it as a useful term, 2) those who view it as weak and unreliable due to lack of a clear definition, and 3) those who see it as an ethnocentric political agenda. The document will use critical discourse analysis to examine how the BBC first labeled Pakistan a failed state based on think tank reports, without interrogating the concept or Pakistan's actual situation.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Lassa fever in and around Lafia, Centra...Premier Publishers
This descriptive cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Lassa fever in and around Lafia, Central Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to 200 consenting respondents from urban and sub-urban areas in Lafia. Of the 200 respondents, 87% heard of Lassa fever with 89% and 80% from urban and sub-urban areas. There was no significant difference on the awareness of Lassa fever among respondents from urban and sub-urban areas (P>0.05). There was misperception about species affected and modes of transmission of the disease, nevertheless bleeding was mentioned by 39% of the respondents as the major clinical manifestation. Also, 83% of the respondents had rats/rodents in and around their residence, of which 28% come into contact with urine/feaces of the rodents and 24% consume foods contaminated by the rodents. However, 85% of the respondents do not believe in the existence of Lassa fever. Most respondents (41%) reported that they will show some discriminatory attitudes towards individuals suspected or having Lassa fever. Furthermore, 67% of the respondents were optimistic to accept possible vaccine candidate against the disease. Public health awareness especially among the sub-urban dwellers should be intensified so as to reduce the spread of both the vector and the virus.
Use of radio as a tool for promoting integrated pest management among farmers...Premier Publishers
This study took a look at the place of radio in the improvement of farming practices among the farmers in Shika community in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The focus of the study was the use of radio for sensitizing farmers on integrated pest management. The objectives of the study were; examining the importance of radio as a source of agricultural information to farmers in Shika, ascertaining the level of farmers’ awareness of chemical pest control and determining how Radio can be used as a communication channel for promoting chemical pest control among farmers in Shika. Survey research method was used for the study, while copies of structured questionnaire were administered to 60 respondents purposively selected and descriptive data analysis technique was used to present and analyze the data. The findings included the fact that people of Shika do not have requisite agricultural information needed for pest control hence, there is high rate of pest attacks on their farms, the radio stations in the area rarely broadcast issues related to pest control, while there is low extension attention to the community. Improved access to agricultural information on Radio, through the Hausa language could lead to pest control needed for improved agricultural productivity in Shika community.
Thyroid hormones parameters of patients with thyroid disorders attending spe...Premier Publishers
Thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4), affect almost all metabolic activities of tissues and are produced under influence of the interior pituitary hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates secretion of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH). The present study was conducted to observe the effect of non-detectable levels of TSH on thyroid hormones, on the basis of gender and age. A total of 88 patients (50 patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and 33 healthy people as control) attending special out-patient clinic were involved in the study. Serums T3, T4 and TSH were measured using the commercially available kits (Abbot Laboratories) through Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA) technique (Roche Diagnostics GmbH). Analysis of data using SPSS software version 15.0 revealed that prevalence of thyroid disorders in the studied group was more among female population. However, the disorders were not age dependent. Most common conditions associated with sub-clinical hyperthyroidism. As males are equally exposed to these environmental factors, hence further investigations are required to know why these factors affect females more than the males. In our opinion, TSH and FT4 are the most valuable indicators in assessing thyroid function in a healthy population and TSH and TT4 are the most meaningful in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Higher secondary school teachers' attitude towards second degree in physics: ...Premier Publishers
The goal of this paper is to understand the attitude of teachers for second degree in physics in Eastern part of Ethiopia. This study adopts a qualitative approach. Questionnaires written for open-ended responses were administered to a sample of 100 high school teachers. Content analysis was used to interpret diverse responses pertaining to teachers who want to continue further education on their first background. Both descriptive and quantitative methods were used to discuss the result. The study revealed that there is significant number of teachers who doesn’t want to pursue higher education in physics. Although the obtained result shows that most of the respondents are interested to upgrade their academic qualification, the number of teachers’ who lost interest for further education in their first background is very significant, more than 20% of the total number of respondents, which is an alarming quantity and shows the threat that research and postgraduate program in this field are facing.
Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries D...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this paper is to explore the views of developers about the impact of construction industries development on the environment to ascertain feasibility practice of sustainable construction principles. A survey of developers registered with REHDA community was conducted to assess their views on the impact of construction industries development on the environment when implementation of their projects. Results reveal that environment problems are the effect of construction industries development. Furthermore, results identified a need for adopting environmental sound management approach in construction projects. Developers are very important people, who can play a significant role in planning and implementing sustainability strategies for the construction sector so environment and natural energies can be preserved for good. Cross-section views of these developers form the basis of this study, thus, it was a cross-sectional study based on the relationship of construction industries with environment within Penang. The study magnified the effect of localized construction industries into the environment, which was concurrent with the worldwide issues happening in the contemporary environment. The study of these relationships explores the current environmental practices in depth and incurs the attention of implementation of sustainability performance in built environment.
Studies on the impact of crude oil exploration on soil quality and crops grow...Premier Publishers
The present study evaluated the impact of crude oil exploration on soil quality and crops grown in Kpean Community in Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-50cm3 using plastic auger while tuber crops and vegetables were harvested from the same spot as the soils. Findings from this study showed an increase in soil temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity and organic matter content of crude oil impacted soil compared to control (P<0.05).soil><0.05).><0.05)><0.05). The results of this study indicates that crude oil pollution of agricultural farmlands in Kpean Community is yet to be remedied even after 20 years following oil spillage and the soil still remain unsuitable for crop production. Hence, proper remediation of the studied area is paramount in order to reduce metal accumulation and subsequent exposure of the populace to metal poisoning via food chain.
Estimation of association among growth and yield related traits in Bread Whea...Premier Publishers
A total of twenty five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for trait association and path coefficient analysis among yield and yield contributing traits at Gurage zone of two different environments. The genotypes were grown in triplicate randomized complete block design. Data were collected on 13 agronomic characters. It was found results that grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with above ground biomass, tillers per plant, kernel per spike, spikelet per spike and plant height at Fereziye and negatively correlated with tiller per plant (rg= -0.535) and plant height (rg= -0.284) at Kotergedra. Selection on the basis of positive association of grain yield with its contributing traits may be helpful to improve grain yield of wheat. Path coefficient analysis revealed that above ground biomass and tillers per plant exerted high and favorable direct effects on grain yield at Fereziye. Both genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that grain filling period exerted high and favorable direct effect on grain yield at Kotergedra which indicated that selection on such traits may be useful to improve the grain yield. It was moreover suggested that the evaluation of wheat genotypes for grain yield under multi-zonal locations should be carried out to exploit more yield potential.
Usage spots of biological insecticides in consort with target insect pests or...Premier Publishers
Biological insecticides derived from bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bacillus sphaericus are effective at controlling insect pests with low toxicity to humans and the environment. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic only to the larvae of target insects when eaten. Varieties like Bt kurstaki control lepidopteran pests, Bt israelensis controls mosquitoes and blackflies, and genetically engineered crops produce Bt toxins. Bacillus sphaericus controls mosquito larvae through a binary toxin. These biological insecticides are useful alternatives to chemical pesticides in integrated pest management programs.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...Premier Publishers
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
Antioxidant potentials of tannic acid on lipid peroxidation induced by severa...Premier Publishers
Various prospective studies have indicated the antioxidant potency of tannic acid in several models. However, there is no clear-cut evidence revealing that the reported antioxidant properties of tannic acid remains potent regardless of the lipid sources and pro-oxidants employed for the oxidative assault. Hence, this study sought to investigate the antioxidant properties of tannic acid against cerebral and hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by several pro-oxidants (Iron (II) sulfate, Sodium nitroprusside, cyclophosphamide and acetaminophen) in vitro. Rats were decapitated under mild ether anesthesia and the tissues were rapidly dissected, placed on ice, weighed and immediately homogenized in cold 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 (1/10, w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 g to yield a pellet that was discarded and a low-speed supernatant (S1). Our results indicated that Fe (II) showed the highest pro-oxidative effects in both tissues lipids. Furthermore, tannic acid demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation in both tissues lipids regardless of the pro-oxidant employed. To this end, there is a dire need to exploit the protective benefits of tannic acid as a potential exogenous antioxidant against lipid peroxidation with a view to providing solution to the global oxidative stress menace.
Impact of agro-ecosystem on risk management in agriculture in some selected a...Premier Publishers
This definite study was conducted based on the relationship of agro-ecosystem and the income level to judge the risk in farming among the respondents in the study areas. The reason for the study was to clarify the farmers about the risks and uncertainties in farming. Three Upazilas namely Gouripur, Ishwarganj and Haluaghat from Mymensingh district were selected with a view to analyzing the changes of biodiversity and its impact on income diversification. Several indexes like Shannon, richness, evenness, dominance and income diversity index were calculated for the plants, animals etc. to measure the changes among these species and its contribution on income level. The study was conducted in 2014 and the mean income index was found highest (2.15) in Ishwarganj which means the respondents were earning from more than two sources that helped them to reduce risk in farming. Most of the respondents in Ishwarganj were involved in tree plantation, animal rearing, vegetables cultivation or business that lead the highest richness indexes (2.68) and (0.61) in plant and animal rearing than other two areas. The dominance indexes were also found lowest (0.40) and (0.30) respectively that lead to the diversification of enterprises.
Remediation technologies for saline soils: a case study of MexicoPremier Publishers
Through a literature review, the problems that arise with soil salinization in arid and semiarid areas mainly and especially the case of Mexico were analyzed. The origin is assessed, the principles for the recovery of salinized soil, biremediación and current technologies. Also some future projections for these processes are shown. Finally it is concluded that the issue of soil bioremediation, is relatively recent and several of the technologies applied are still in test mode since its effectiveness in many cases has to do with the soil and climatic conditions of the region where used. Technologies can be varied, as used it refers to the application of washes the floor and the supply of gypsum as amended. Something a little more recent but equally longer used is the application of compost as a means to reclaim saline soil. Most remediation technologies and companies dedicated to providing these services are dedicated almost exclusively to treat soils that have been contaminated by hydrocarbons. In Mexico there are 234 companies dedicated to offering services land reclamation.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The document discusses solid waste management. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding solid waste management and its importance. It then provides background on how waste disposal has evolved from early methods like digging pits to modern municipal collection. Key points made include that waste generation increases with population and industrialization. The types of solid waste are defined, including municipal solid waste and construction debris as the two major components. Regulations and policies governing solid waste management are also discussed. The document outlines how waste is classified in the Philippines into compostable, recyclable, residual, and special categories.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that modeled the environmental impacts of landfilling and incineration waste management scenarios in Odo-Oba, Nigeria using GaBi6 software. Wastes were characterized and sorted, and gas emissions from open burning at a dumpsite were measured. Two scenarios were modeled in GaBi6: landfilling and incineration. The landfill model showed that paper contributed most to global warming and eutrophication potential, while biodegradables and plastics dominated acidification and ozone depletion potential, respectively. The incineration model found that plastics contributed most to acidification, global warming and eutrophication potential. The study concluded that the landfill scenario posed a lesser environmental threat
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management and its effects on economic growth in Enugu State, Nigeria. It finds that the current waste management system lacks recycling, reuse, and waste reduction programs. A proposed new system would incorporate these elements and educate the public to successfully implement source separation, recycling, and bans on certain plastics. The benefits of recycling to the economy through reduced costs, energy and resource conservation, and job creation are also reviewed.
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
RECYCLING SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the significance of waste management and recycling in addressing issues caused by improper waste disposal. It discusses how rapid urbanization and population growth have increased solid waste generation, posing risks to the environment and public health. The document then reviews waste management policies and initiatives in India, highlighting the importance of proper collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. It also provides examples of sustainable waste management practices in Indore, India, including segregated waste collection, transportation to transfer stations, and recommendations to promote reduce, reuse and recycling.
Similar to Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
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Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
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This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
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Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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2. Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria
Egun et al. 116
LANDFILL SITE OPERATION
A landfill site or dumpsite is a site for the disposal of
waste materials by burial. It is the oldest form and most
common method of waste treatment and disposal in so
many places around the world. Three types of landfills
are normally used for solid waste disposal and they are:
secured or sanitary landfills, controlled landfills and
open dumps.
Open Dumps
These are dumps were there are no standards for
refuse dumping (Gouveia and Ruscittodo Prado, 2010).
They are locations where illegally dumped, abandoned
piles of garbage and debris are left in large quantities.
They have the lowest initial capital investment and
operating cost; and are generally sited in vacant plots
of land and are typically developed in low-lying marshy
lands, often as a means of reclaiming land for
subsequent development. Open dumping of municipal
solid waste which is practiced by about three-fourth of
the countries and territories in the world are a primitive
stage of landfill development (Kumar, et al; 2004); and
represent an increased risk to groundwater quality and
health risks to surrounding residents.
Controlled Landfills
These are non-engineered disposal sites at which
wastes are deposited in accordance with minimum
prescribed standards of site operation. Typically
controlled landfills have minimal site infrastructure, with
improved operational and management procedures.
The site is generally identified on the basis of land
availability and convenience and is already being used
as an open dump; and not on the basis of technical,
environmental or financial criteria. Also, there is
typically little provision for the management of
pollutants released during decomposition of municipal
solid waste.
Secured or Sanitary Landfills
A secure landfill is a carefully engineered depression in
the ground (or built on top of the ground, resembling a
football stadium) consisting of a bottom liner, a leachate
collection system, a cover, and the natural
hydrogeologic setting. The aim is to avoid any hydraulic
[water-related] connection between the wastes and the
surrounding environment, particularly groundwater
(Environmental Research Foundation, 2011). The use
of sanitary landfills is not feasible for many waste
management authorities of most countries due to cost
constraints.
During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles
are weighed at a scale or weighbridge on arrival and
their load is inspected for wastes that do not meet up
with the landfill‟s waste acceptance criteria. Afterward,
the waste collection vehicles use the existing road
network on their way to the tipping face or working front
where they unload their contents. After loads are
deposited, compactors or bulldozers are used to spread
and compact the waste on the working face. Before
leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection
vehicles pass through a wheel cleaning facility. If
necessary, they return to the weighbridge in order to be
weighed without their load. Through the weighing
process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be
calculated and listed in databases for record keeping.
Typically, in non-hazardous waste landfills, in order to
meet predefined specifications; techniques are applied
by which the wastes are confined to as small an area
as possible; compacted to reduce their volume and
covered (usually daily) with layers of soil. The space
that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the
cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction
is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors
such as waste compressibility, waste layer thickness
and the number of passes of the compactor over the
waste affect the waste densities.
The existence of uncontrolled municipal solid waste
(MSW) landfills have resulted in adverse environmental
impacts, public health problems, socio-economic
challenges and increased public opposition. Literature
exist of several studies on the correlation between
environmental pollution arising from waste dumps and
public health, and the social consequences of the
present urban waste management issues in developed
and developing countries (Aatamila et. al. 2010;
Gouveia and Ruscittodo Prado, 2010; Nwanta et. al.
2010; Ogunrinola and Adepegba, 2012). This study is
aimed at assessing the present status of dumpsites/
landfills utilized for waste management activities in
Delta State; its statutory compliance to environmental
sustainability principles; indigenous/ public perception
of its location and operational activities; and plausible
recommendations for improved waste and
environmental management in the State.
STUDY AREA
Delta State is located between longitude 5
o
.00C and
6
o
.45C East and latitude 5
o
.00 and 6
o
.00 North in the
Niger-Delta region of Nigeria, with a total land area of
18,050 sq. km and an estimated population of
4,098,291 people (Federal Republic of Nigeria Official
Gazette, 2007). The State is made up of twenty five
(25) Local Government Areas (LGAs); twelve (12)
major urban centres with Asaba as the capital city and
Warri as her largest commercial city and the most
populated in the state (Egun, 2009). It has a tropical
climate marked by dry and rainy season distinctly;
average annual rainfall of about 229 cm; average
temperature of 30°C (81°F) and vegetation varying from
the mangrove swamps along the coast to rainforests in
the north. Delta State is a part of the Niger Delta
3. Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 117
Structural Basin, with the surface rock in parts of the
State consisting of the Ogwashi-Uku Formation, while
the subsurface stratigraphy units of Benin, Agbada and
Akata Formations occur throughout (Kogbe, 1976).
The geographical setting of the State has very serious
ecological problems such as erosion and flooding which
are widespread phenomena in the State. The critical
environmental issues that need to be addressed cover
not only waste management but also water supply,
wastewater treatment, and environmental protection.
Waste collection and disposal in particular is
inadequate and does not meet the United Nations (UN)
technical standards. Level of awareness about
environmental issues is also poor, not only at the
community level, but also at administrative level as well
(Egun, 2010).
METHODOLOGY
As an assessment study, the scope of the work
included visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain
needed data and information through the
instrumentation of a checklist, interviews,
questionnaire, and focus group discussions. Stratified
random sampling was also used to provide appropriate
representation of the societal classes in the population.
A total of 2,500 persons were interviewed, consisting of
about 100 respondents in each of the 25 Local
Government Areas in the State.
Focus group discussion – a form of qualitative research
(Greenbaum, 2000); was used to collate public
perceptions, opinions and attitudes towards waste
disposal practices and landfill site location, with the
researcher as the facilitator.
Interviews and administration of questionnaire to
Private Sector Participants (PSPs) in waste
management in the State; Environmental Health
Officers and Environmental management experts to get
an insight into the operability of landfills and their
opinions. Also, some questions were asked exclusively
to experts/ professionals in the field of soil science,
chemistry and environmental management.
Checklist prepared by the researcher was applied
through direct visitation. The main issues assessed
included: distance of the housing units to the dump site,
water source and methods of refuse disposal /
sanitation, presence/ absence of „buffer‟ zones,
presence/ absence of safe limits for location of wells
and boreholes, and compliance to regulatory criteria
obtainable in the laws of the Federal and State
Environmental Protection Agency of Nigeria, and other
non-regulatory criteria.
OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION
In Delta State, all the municipal solid waste and
garbage collected are deposited in the various open
dumpsites/ landfills located on the outskirts of urban
areas where there are water bodies, arable farmlands,
and rural settlements; which form breeding sites for
disease-carrying vectors such as rodents and
mosquitoes in the communities. A survey across the
State shows that there are no properly sited landfill site,
and most existing dumpsites/ landfills are developed as
a result of the negligence of the Environment/ Public
Health officers to check the indiscriminate dumping of
waste (Figure 1); which has led to the utilization of
unsuitable land areas such as canals, swamps,
underneath bridges, laterite excavation sites, river
banks etc. for landfill operations. This is a common
feature in the urban centres, as the “Not in my
backyard” (NIMBY) phenomenon of waste disposal
exhibited by residents in the neighbourhood has
resulted in the utilization of undeveloped lands within
the residential areas as dumpsites; which are
sometimes subsequently reloacated in the course of
urban renewal development projects.
Pollution
The inappropriate location of solid waste disposal sites
has resulted in the contamination of surface and ground
water, soil contamination, air pollution, spreading of
diseases by various vectors, aesthetic problems and
societal nuisance (Egun, 2011; Weli and Adekunle,
2014). Environmental pollution generated by the
various dumpsites specifically in the forms of obnoxious
odour oozing from the dumpsite; regular discharge of
pollutants and effluents into the atmosphere and water
bodies as a result of incineration activities on the
dumpsite, very dirty and unkempt environments is
clearly obvious to every observer and passer-by. The
levels of Suspended Particulates Matter (SPM) in one
of the studied dumpsites ranged between 773 and 801
µg/m3 which is three (3) times more than the regulatory
limit of 250 µg/m3, which may be attributed to huge oily
smoke billowing from the sites; presence of heavy
metals, ammonia and phosphates in water sources
(FEPA, 1995; Ohwoghere–Asuma and Aweto, 2013;
Rim-Rukeh, 2014). The extent of air and water pollution
is worse in the raining season as a result of offensive
and disease-carrying odour, as well as surface water
pollution.
Dumpsite fires
A common observation was the presence of dumpsite
fires which are used by the dump site operators to
reduce the volume of waste, operating costs, and
increase a dump site‟s operating life. Dump sites fires
have been categorise into two, surface and
underground fires (FEMA, 2002). Surface fires involve
recently buried or uncompacted refuse, situated on or
close to the dump site surface in the aerobic
decomposition layer. Underground fires in dumpsite
occur deep below the dump site surface and involve
materials that are months or years old; and are
generally more difficult to extinguish than surface fires.
4. Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria
Egun et al. 118
Table 1. Which criterion do you think is the most important when locating a landfill/ dumpsite?
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Distance from residential area 353 47 47 47
Distance from water resource 105 14 14 61
Depth of Water table 75 10 10 71
Soil and Geology characteristics 60 08 08 79
All of the above 157 21 21 100
Total 750 100 100
Table 2. Do you consider distance to landfills/ dumpsites when purchasing land
for residential use or renting a home?
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Yes 1,375 55 55 55
No 625 25 25 80
Undecided 500 20 20 100
Total 2,500 100 100
Table 3. What are your reasons for considering distance to landfills/ dumpsites?
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Odour 247 18 9.9 9.9
Aesthetic Nature of Neighbourhood 220 16 8.8 18.7
Environmental Health 275 20 11.0 29.7
All of the Above 633 46 25.3 55.0
Total 1,375 100 55.0
Observed dumpsites show the presence of both
surface and underground fires, evident by the emission
of dense black smoke. Also observed was
spontaneous combustion of materials in the dumpsites
(Rim-Rukeh, 2014), and deliberate fires by scavengers/
waste pickers to aid their search.
Infrastructure and Management
There is poor sanitation practice within and around the
dumpsite, inadequate manpower to supervise daily
activities, lack of necessary equipment for clean-up
activities within the refuse dumpsite. Visited dumpsites
showed the absence of weighbridges for the weighing
of waste collection vehicles entering and existing the
dumpsites; thereby making it difficult to collate the
tonnage of waste deposited daily at the various
dumpsites for database/ record keeping. Also there are
no vehicle wheel cleaning facility available; which has
led to the pollution of local roads from wheels of
vehicles when they leave the dumpsite, and
infrastructure disruption such as damage to access
roads by heavy vehicles have been observed.
Economic Activity
As in many developing countries; dumpsites in addition
to being a place for depositing waste, are places of
work for waste pickers, waste collectors using push-cart
to dump refuse on waste sites, waste buyers who sell
them to recyclers and re-users, among others
(Aderibigbe, 2010; Egun, 2012). Waste pickers/
scavengers are seen actively on major dumpsites
across the State, with some setting up temporary
accommodation for themselves within the perimeter of
the dumpsite. The activities of the waste pickers have
led to a high increase of waste diversion for recycling
and reuse especially for metal scraps/ materials.
Considering the criterions for landfill site selection; the
common criterion seen to be considered as a priority in
landfill site selection across the State is the distance
from urban/ residential settlement, which showed the
highest response of fourty-seven percent (47%) and
twenty-one (21%) regarded every aforementioned
criteria as important in the sitting process (Table 1).
A good majority of the respondents (55%) across the
social strata sampled gave a positive response in the
consideration of distance to landfills/ dumpsites when
desiring a land for residential purposes; giving reasons
of odour, aesthetic nature of neighbourhood and
environmental health (Table 2 and Table 3). Several
studies have also reported significant correlations
between air quality and certain diseases such as,
shortness of breath, cardiovascular problems,
increased morbidity and mortality rates; as medical
tests carried out on humans living around dumpsites
shows evidence of infections from water, land and air
pollution (Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004; Laden et al.,
2000; Nwanta et. al. 2010; Aatamila et. al. 2010). Also,
research studies have shown that proximity to landfill
5. Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 119
Table 4: Do you think improper waste disposal has effect on the
properties of soil/ land?
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Yes 750 100 100 100
No - - -
Total 750 100 100
Table 5. Are dumpsites in the State properly managed?
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Yes - - - -
No 1,750 70 70 70
Undecided 750 30 30 100
Total 2,500 100 100
Table 6. Are you satisfied with waste management activities in the State?
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Yes 250 10 10 10
No 1,750 70 70 80
Undecided 500 20 20 100
Total 2,500 100 100
Table 7: Integrated Waste Management Scheme is capable of creating
employment
Freq. Percent (%) Valid % Cumulative %
Yes 2.175 87 87 87
Undecided 325 13 13 100
Total 2,500 100 100
sites depresses the value of residential properties. It is
also seen that the perceived quality of life of the
respondents, security and total outlook of the area is
affected negatively; hence the value of residential
properties around this site is more reliant on demand
rather than suitability or choice (Nelson et al.,1992;
Ijasan, et al., 2012). This is reflective on the personal
monthly income; as earnings is positively related to
owning a house as well as the distance of residential
accommodation to the pollution source – the dumpsite,
and lowering the rate of being affected by effluents and
disease vectors (Ogunrinola and Adepegba, 2012).
There was an observed high response (100%) to the
direct correlation of improper waste disposal and the
properties land and ecology (Table 4).Uncontrolled
dumpsite and waste dumpsites threaten the ground-
water supply as movement of leachates from dumpsites
through the soil and the aquifers pose a risk to the
environment. Studies on the effects of unlined waste
dumps on the host soil and underlying shallow aquifers
have shown that soil and groundwater system can be
polluted due to poorly designed waste disposal facilities
(Amadi et al., 2012). As the release of pollutants
through leachates from both functional and abandoned
dumpsites pose a high risk to nearby soil and
groundwater if not adequately managed (Ikem et al.,
2002).
There was a high disaffection among respondents
(70%) to the management of landfills/ dumpsites (Table
5); and the waste management activities/ operations
(Table 6) in the State.
Respondents showed a positive response (87%) to the
capacity of an integrated waste management scheme
in generating employment to both skilled and unskilled
persons (Table 7).
Though open dumpsite is the easiest form of disposal
of municipal solid waste that is available and affordable
to Private Sector Participants (PSPs) and also utilized
by the Waste Management Board; this basis on
financial terms neglects the direct and indirect costs
associated with the continuing and increasing
environmental degradation along with its concomitant
effect on public health and environmental sustainability.
Taking into cognisance the potential and actual impacts
of associated direct and indrect costs; there is a
fundamental need for upgrading the overall standards
of final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in the State.
6. Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria
Egun et al. 120
A 1
A 2
A 2
R 1
R 2
PROPAGATION
WASTE DUMP SITE FORMED
INITIATION
ACTIONS:
A 1: Disposal of waste on undeveloped/
virgin lands by residents within the
neighborhood (NIMBY)
A 2: More waste deposited on the site,
as residents of the locality now
utilize site for permanent waste
disposal.
A 3: Further deposit of waste on the
site; waste transferred to the site
from collection points by waste
pickers. Also Scavenging activities
carried out on the site.
REACTIONS:
R 1: Stoppage of waste disposal on the site by the
property owner (private). Thereby terminating
growth
NO ACTION: Negligence of duty of Environment/
Community Health Officers, lead to the dumpsite
growth
R 2: Environmental/ Health officers are notified and
instead of a total clear out of waste; they
incinerate the waste on the site with the
objective of reducing waste volume before
clearance.
NO ACTION: Further negligence by appropriate
authorities especially when the site is situated in
areas habited by low income earners, lead to the
improper siting of dumpsites/ landfills.
FIGURE 1: Schematic diagram of the Progressive Development of Improper Waste
Dumpsites/ Landfills in Delta State.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Landfill is a necessary component of the waste
management system that will be developed. The open
dumping system that is been practiced in the urban
centres and across the State over the years is not
environmentally sound and socially acceptable; and
needs to be highly discouraged. As this has also seen
the rural areas and poor communities having to bear
the waste burden as their reserved farmlands and
environment are been selected and sacrificed for
dumpsite operation. (Duru and Njoku, 2012). Therefore,
the following recommendations are made:
Controlled Dumps: The open dumpsites across the
State should as a matter of necessity be closed and
rehabilitated to protect the public and the environment.
For open dumps found to be located in hydro-
geologically suitable locations; if carried out sensitively
and with due attention to the protection of the
environment including groundwater and surface waters;
conversion of the open dumps to controlled dumps may
be feasible with little capital outlay and few increased
costs. Controlled dumps are relatively simple and relies
upon operational and management practices. New sites
should be properly selected for controlled dumps.
Landfill Site Selection: The suitable siting of landfills,
taking into cognisance significant amount of spatial
information, including environmental, social, economic
and engineering data is a necessity and major
challenge to effective solid waste management in
Nigeria. Other criteria such as geology (lithology),
groundwater depth, water supply well points, hydraulic
conductivity/ soil structure, land-use/ land-cover, slope,
drainage pattern (water bodies), etc. should henceforth
be given high priority consideration when selecting sites
for landfill operations. Geographic Information System
(GIS) along with appropriate models and spatial
analysis methods have been shown as useful tool in
the study and determination of suitable sites for landfill
operations; location of treatment facilities; and the
optimization of waste collection and transport (Ersoy
and Bulut, 2009; Govindaraju, et al, 2011; Surendra,
2013; Egun, et al, 2015), and should be utilized for
landfill sitting in the State.
Environmental Monitoring: The overwhelming
environmental significance and impact of leachates on
soil and nearby groundwater and surface water has
become a great concern because of its serious threat to
the quality of life of human beings and the ecosystem.
There is a present need for environmental compliance
audit of all dumpsites in the State to develop an audit
database and guidelines for proper monitoring,
implementation and management of dumpsites.
Regular monitoring of the baseline quality of the
groundwater to determine the operational status of
7. Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, Nigeria
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 121
dumpsites. Periodic assessment of air quality in the
surrounding land use areas in relation to distance to
landfill sites; and the presence of potential vectors for
the spread of diseases in dumpsites. For improved
health status of the populace and for better labour
market productivity, a resettlement programme for
persons living within 250 metres radius programme is a
must for the government (Ogunrinola and Adepegba,
2012).
Infrastructures: Upgrading of standards is a
continuous process. Infrastructural upgrades needed
include: Primary access road constructed to high
standard to minimize wear and tear on delivery vehicles
and maintain traffic ability of haulage routes to waste
discharge areas in wet weather conditions.
Constructing surface water interception ditches to
isolate surface water and storm water flows from
deposited waste/ dumpsites in order to avoid potential
wash-out. Site support facilities and services such as
small site offices, electricity, water etc.
Management: Poorly run landfills may become
nuisances because of vectors such as rats and flies
which can cause infectious diseases; wildlife disruption,
dust, odour, noise pollution, and reduced local property
values. Therefore there is need for the regulation of
access and activities on dumpsites. Such as regulation
of waste pickers activities and prevention of dumpsite
fires; control of pests and vermin; reduction in
persistent odours; and reducing impacts of site
activities upon developments adjacent to the site to
minimum levels. Recording of waste quantity and types
brought to the various dumps by a site clerk for efficient
planning and operation. Recruitment of experienced
Operations Manager and appropriate training of staff,
and enforcement of site operational practices.
Waste Legislation/ Policy Formulation: Waste
diversion or landfill diversion is the process of diverting
waste from landfills through recycling, composting and
waste-to-energy. The success of landfill diversion
policies can be measured by comparison of the size of
the landfill from one year to the next. The cost issue
has prompted some municipal government authorities
in some developing nations to adopt cost-reduction
programme as well as conservation tenets of "reduce,
reuse, and recycle". This is being achieved through
aggressive community education of consumers and
producers on waste reduction methods, while
institutions and businesses that could buy up discarded
materials are facilitated to enhance recycling and
reuse. These activities not only have positive
environmental impact on the communities involved, but
also have an important economic dimension (Goldman
and Ogishi, 2001).
Industrialization/ Integrated Solid Waste
Management: An integrated approach to waste
management should be exploited by the State
Government as it has the capacity of creating
employment to both skilled and unskilled persons; and
maintaining a healthy environment. Government should
make financing mechanisms/ instruments available for
the setting up of cottage industries involved in recycling
and utilization of waste thereby increasing the volume
of waste diverted from landfill sites. Also, waste as a
resource potentials of the State should be showcased
to attract Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in the
establishment of integrated waste management
projects.
CONCLUSION
For any alternative waste management technologies/
methods to succeed; they must be sustainable, having
taken into cognisance environmental, commercial and
economic considerations. This requirement is invariably
is associated with increased costs. Financially, the use
of landfills remains the least cost solution for final
disposal of municipal solid waste in developing
economies. Therefore, in the short to medium term
(next 5 to 25 years), controlled dumps and secured
landfills remain the options for replacing open dump
sites system in Delta State and across Nigeria.
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