In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
Evaluation of Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum species) for yield related trait...Premier Publishers
Hot pepper is one of the major vegetables and spice crop produced in west Gojjam in Burie District that serve as the source of income particularly for small holders in many parts of the study area. The study was conducted at two locations Alefa and Zalima kebeles. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of growing environment on the performance of hot pepper varieties and the interaction effect of location with varieties on yield and yield related characters. The treatment Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The result of the study revealed that almost all of the parameters considered were significantly affected by the varieties but not significantly affected by the treatments. Therefore, farmers in the study area recommended to use some varieties accordingly Mareko Fana, Bako Local and Melka Eshet (with 6.34, 5.43 and 4.69 t/ha, respectively) could be used for better yield than the rest of hot pepper varieties evaluated during the study period.
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
Snap bean is a warm-season crop harvested for its immature seed pods. In Ethiopia its production increased from time to time for both export and local markets. A field experiment was conducted at the research field of JUCAVM, during 2017 cropping season using irrigation aiming to improve the quality of snap bean. Five levels of N (0, 41, 82, 123, and 164 kg ha−1) and four levels of P (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha−1) were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. N was applied in two equal splits (50% at planting and 50% during flowering) as Urea and the entire dose of P was applied basal as triple super phosphate at sowing. In this experiment pod length, pod diameter, pod protein concentration, pod straightness and marketable pod yield were measured as quality parameters. The results revealed that the main effects of N and P fertilizer rates showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all quality parameters except for percentage of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Accordingly, the interaction effects of N and P were significant for percent of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Considering the major quality parameters and marketable pod yield applying 82 kg N ha −1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave better result to increase the quality of snap bean in Jimma area. However, repeating the experiment for more seasons and similar location would help us draw sound conclusion and recommendations.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Evaluation of Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum species) for yield related trait...Premier Publishers
Hot pepper is one of the major vegetables and spice crop produced in west Gojjam in Burie District that serve as the source of income particularly for small holders in many parts of the study area. The study was conducted at two locations Alefa and Zalima kebeles. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of growing environment on the performance of hot pepper varieties and the interaction effect of location with varieties on yield and yield related characters. The treatment Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The result of the study revealed that almost all of the parameters considered were significantly affected by the varieties but not significantly affected by the treatments. Therefore, farmers in the study area recommended to use some varieties accordingly Mareko Fana, Bako Local and Melka Eshet (with 6.34, 5.43 and 4.69 t/ha, respectively) could be used for better yield than the rest of hot pepper varieties evaluated during the study period.
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
Snap bean is a warm-season crop harvested for its immature seed pods. In Ethiopia its production increased from time to time for both export and local markets. A field experiment was conducted at the research field of JUCAVM, during 2017 cropping season using irrigation aiming to improve the quality of snap bean. Five levels of N (0, 41, 82, 123, and 164 kg ha−1) and four levels of P (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha−1) were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. N was applied in two equal splits (50% at planting and 50% during flowering) as Urea and the entire dose of P was applied basal as triple super phosphate at sowing. In this experiment pod length, pod diameter, pod protein concentration, pod straightness and marketable pod yield were measured as quality parameters. The results revealed that the main effects of N and P fertilizer rates showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all quality parameters except for percentage of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Accordingly, the interaction effects of N and P were significant for percent of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Considering the major quality parameters and marketable pod yield applying 82 kg N ha −1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave better result to increase the quality of snap bean in Jimma area. However, repeating the experiment for more seasons and similar location would help us draw sound conclusion and recommendations.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Growth and yield of 12 accessions of Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) as influenced ...Innspub Net
Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) has gained important commercial status in Nigeria due to its nutritional, medicinal and health benefits. In recent times, there is a growing preference for pure organic food due to the envisaged health and environmental benefits. Thus, a study was carried out on 12 selected accessions of pawpaw evaluated under three poultry manure (PM) application rates at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The field experiment was a split plot in randomized complete block design of three replications. The main plot treatment was three PM application rates (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) and the sub-plot treatment was 12 accessions of pawpaw. Accession Ijm-Cl-Ro significantly (p<0.05) produced the tallest plants (71.7, 87.3, 108.3, 127.4 and 150.0cm) at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after transplanting (MAT), respectively. It had the greatest number of fruits (9.3) at 11 months after the onset of fruit formation, maximum fruit weight (7.15kg) and the highest fruit yield (23.83 t ha-1). Increasing PM rate increased growth traits of the pawpaw plants. Interaction of manure rate × accession on most of the growth attributes varied greatly, but showed no significant difference on yield traits. The accession Ijm-Cl-Ro with the application of 10 t ha-1 of PM which produced the best growth and highest fruit yield is recommended for improved productivity of pawpaw. The control plot produced no fruit throughout the study period, suggesting that manure application is crucial for sustained yield of pawpaw in the study area.
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β- sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 μg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
This survey was conducted on an experimental parcel of the Agronomic High School of the National Polytechnic Institute Félix HOUPHOUET- BOIGNY (ESA-INPHB) of Yamoussoukro (Côte d’Ivoire). It aims to evaluate the insecticidal effect of 2 local plants aqueous extracts on termites (Azadirachta indica and Cassia siamea) dosed at 131.25 g powder/ L compared to a chemical pesticide (Chlorpyrifos ethyl) dosed at 480 g / L. A total of 11 termite species were collected from the plots. The fungus-growers with 6 species are the most dominant group. Four soil-feeder species and one wood-boring species were also collected. Only fungus-growers are present in the areas treated with plant extracts and chlorpyrifos ethyl. It was observed a high abundance of termites in heading stage of the rice growth. In maturity stage, ie 4 months after sowing the efficiency of chlorpyrifos ethyl decreased as plant aqueous extracts remain effective. Among the two tested plants, Azadirachta indica seems to be the most effective compared to Cassia siamea against termites. Chlorpyrifos ethyl could be used as a cure for its swift action on termites while Azadirachta indica could be used preventively and for crops whose destructive action is long term.
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
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Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Growth and yield of 12 accessions of Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) as influenced ...Innspub Net
Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) has gained important commercial status in Nigeria due to its nutritional, medicinal and health benefits. In recent times, there is a growing preference for pure organic food due to the envisaged health and environmental benefits. Thus, a study was carried out on 12 selected accessions of pawpaw evaluated under three poultry manure (PM) application rates at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The field experiment was a split plot in randomized complete block design of three replications. The main plot treatment was three PM application rates (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) and the sub-plot treatment was 12 accessions of pawpaw. Accession Ijm-Cl-Ro significantly (p<0.05) produced the tallest plants (71.7, 87.3, 108.3, 127.4 and 150.0cm) at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after transplanting (MAT), respectively. It had the greatest number of fruits (9.3) at 11 months after the onset of fruit formation, maximum fruit weight (7.15kg) and the highest fruit yield (23.83 t ha-1). Increasing PM rate increased growth traits of the pawpaw plants. Interaction of manure rate × accession on most of the growth attributes varied greatly, but showed no significant difference on yield traits. The accession Ijm-Cl-Ro with the application of 10 t ha-1 of PM which produced the best growth and highest fruit yield is recommended for improved productivity of pawpaw. The control plot produced no fruit throughout the study period, suggesting that manure application is crucial for sustained yield of pawpaw in the study area.
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β- sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 μg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
This survey was conducted on an experimental parcel of the Agronomic High School of the National Polytechnic Institute Félix HOUPHOUET- BOIGNY (ESA-INPHB) of Yamoussoukro (Côte d’Ivoire). It aims to evaluate the insecticidal effect of 2 local plants aqueous extracts on termites (Azadirachta indica and Cassia siamea) dosed at 131.25 g powder/ L compared to a chemical pesticide (Chlorpyrifos ethyl) dosed at 480 g / L. A total of 11 termite species were collected from the plots. The fungus-growers with 6 species are the most dominant group. Four soil-feeder species and one wood-boring species were also collected. Only fungus-growers are present in the areas treated with plant extracts and chlorpyrifos ethyl. It was observed a high abundance of termites in heading stage of the rice growth. In maturity stage, ie 4 months after sowing the efficiency of chlorpyrifos ethyl decreased as plant aqueous extracts remain effective. Among the two tested plants, Azadirachta indica seems to be the most effective compared to Cassia siamea against termites. Chlorpyrifos ethyl could be used as a cure for its swift action on termites while Azadirachta indica could be used preventively and for crops whose destructive action is long term.
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Similar to Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin (20)
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
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2. Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin
Akpo et al. 1089
Figure 1: Rainfall and number of rainy days during the trials at Parakou and Malanville
Source: Data from Meteorology National Agency of Benin
(Assogba et al., 2008; Dinssa et al., 2016). As a result,
yields are low and the plants are particularly vulnerable to
biotic and abiotic stresses induced by recurrent climatic
disturbances. Global production is affected and cannot
satisfy national needs. The supply of chilli peppers in Benin
in general, and in main cities in particular, remains well
below demand (Assogba et al., 2008). Foreign trade
statistics for 2004 revealed that a large part of imports
come from neighboring countries and even from the Sahel
(Togo, Nigeria, Burkina Faso) (Tandem, 2009). However,
market garden species, in particular chili pepper, are
among the rare autogamous species with a high heterosis
potential for the yield of fresh fruits, number of fruits per
plant, length, thickness and size (Kalloo, 1988; Doshi and
Shukla, 2000). This is what justifies that many commercial
varieties in the world are rather hybrids. In order to raise
crop yields through an efficient seed policy, hybrid
varieties from regions with similar climate to Benin such as
India can be evaluated. The present study falls within this
framework and proposes to assess agro-morphological
performances of six exotic hybrid varieties of chili pepper
(Capsicum frutescens) under Benin growing conditions.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experiment locations
The trial was conducted in 2015 on experimental site of the
Faculty of Agronomy of University of Parakou (09 ° 20.291
'North latitude, 002 ° 38.917' East longitude and 361 m
altitude above sea level) and replicated on the rice-
growing area of Bodjécali in Malanville (11° 49.896 North
latitude, 003 23° 517 East longitude and 163 m altitude
above sea level). Cumulative rainfall was higher in
Malanville (930 mm) than in Parakou (750 mm), and well
distributed during the trial periods at both locations. August
and September were the wettest months (Figure 1). The
soils are of the tropical ferruginous type in Parakou, and of
the sandy-clay type on the rice-growing area in Malanville
(Azontondé et al., 2009).
Plant material
The plant material consisted of five exotic hybrid varieties
and one locally marketed cultivar (De cayenne) usually
grown by farmers in the study area (Table 1).
Table 1: Characteristics of different assessed varieties
Varieties Origins Provenances Varietal
structure
Laali India Bayer
Crop/science
F1 hybrid
Laser India Bayer
Crop/science
F1 hybrid
Nandi India Bayer
Crop/science
F1 hybrid
Kranti, India Bayer
Crop/science
F1 hybrid
Nandita India Bayer
Crop/science
F1 hybrid
De
cayenne
Ivory
Coast
Bénin
Semence
F1 hybrid
Experimental design and trial husbandry
The varieties seeds were sown in the nursery in alveoli
plates containing sterilized potting soil where the
germinated plants remained for five weeks. For
transplanting, the experimental design used on both
locations was a randomized complete block of six
treatments at four replications. Transplanting was carried
out at one plant per plot at spacings of 50 x 50 cm and 60
x 40 cm in Malanville and Parakou respectively. Each
elementary plot measured 1.5 m x 2 m (or 3 m²) and 1.8 m
x 2 m (or 3.6 m2
) respectively in Malanville and Parakou.
Thus, on both locations, each elementary plot housed 3
lines of 15 plants/plot. Fourteen days after transplanting
(dat) of plants, a first fertilization based on NPK (14-23-14)
was performed at a rate of 20 g/plant followed by
application of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) at 2% to
prevent pest attacks (whiteflies, thrips, aphids, caterpillars
etc.). Then, after the first flowers set, a maintenance
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
May June July August September October November
Number
of
rain
days
Rain
height
(mm)
Months
Rain days (Parakou) Pluviometry (Parakou)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
May June July August September October November
Number
of
rain
Rain
height
(mm)
Months
Rain days (Malanville) Pluviometry(Malanville)
a) Rainfall at Parakou location
b) Rainfall at Malanville location
3. Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1090
fertilizer with urea (46% N) was applied at the rate of
10g/plant at 35th
and 110th
days after transplanting. To
control weediness, regular weeding and hoeing were
practiced each two weeks.
Data collection
The measured morphological traits were collected on the
five plants of the central line of each elementary plot
(Sekloka et al., 2016). On each of these plants, the fruit
characterization data were taken on three ripe fruits
located respectively in the low, middle and high positions.
The qualitative morphological variables were observed at
plot scale by determining the dominant modality of each
trait. The earliness and fruit yield were evaluated on the
entire central lines of each elementary plot (Table 2).
Table 2: Description of analyzed variables
Centimentre (cm), percentage (%), day after transplanting
(dat), ton per hectare (t/ha)
Data analysis
Data were entered using Excel spreadsheet, and analyzed
thanks to R software 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). For each
quantitative trait, the variability was assessed by
computing descriptive statistics followed by analyzes of
variance to assess the difference between varieties,
locations as well as variety by location interaction. A global
description of the varieties was finally carried out by Factor
Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD). To this end, the
FactoMineR package developed by Le et al. (2008) was
used.
RESULT
Assessment of visual variability characteristics
between varieties
Like the local variety 'De cayenne', all imported hybrids
showed elongated fruit. Their color at full maturity ranges
from light red to dark red, with predominance of bright red
color, observed on 3 of the 5 imported varieties (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Shape and intensity of red color of fruits of
assessed varieties
When fully ripe, the varieties LaaliF1, LaserF1, NandiF1,
NanditaF1 standing for nearly 67% of the whole, showed
fruits of semi-hard consistency. Only KrantiF1 variety
presented hard fruit and ‘De Cayenne' soft fruit.
Analysis of quantitative traits variability
Whether in Parakou or Malanville, high differences and
magnitude between the extreme values, and high
coefficients of variation were observed for several
evaluated traits, especially for the yield parameters (CV>
30%) (Table 3).
From one location to another, most of the agronomic and
morphological variables showed significant differences
between varieties (p<0.05) (Table 3).
Variables (unity) Description
Morphological traits
Stem height (haut-
tige in cm)
Measured from the root collar of
plant to insertion of the youngest
branch
Stem diameter
(Dia-tige in cm)
Ratio of stem circumference to π
Etiolation index (IE
in %)
Ratio of diameter to stem height
expressed as percentage
Number of nodes
on the stem (nb-
nœuds)
Counted on the main stem, from
the collar to insertion of the
youngest leaf
Internode height
on the stem (HEN
in cm)
Ratio of stem height to number of
node of the stem
Fruit Height (haut-
fruit in cm)
Measured using a tape measure
Fruit diameter
(Dia-fruit in cm)
Calculated by the ratio of the fruit
circumference to π
Intensity of red
color of fruit
(couleur_fruit)
Visually appreciated through
three modalities: Light red, bright
red and dark red
Fruit consistency
(consistance_fruit)
Appreciated by touch in three
categories: Soft, semi-hard, hard
Agronomic characteristics of varieties
Date of flowering
(Dat.flo in dat)
Date when 50% of the plants
flower on a plot after transplanting
Date of maturity
(Dat.mat in dat)
Date when 50% of the plants
ripen on a plot after transplanting
Average Fruit
Weight (PMF)
Ratio of total fruit weight to
number of fruits
Number of pips per
fruit(nb.pepin)
Counting the number of pips in
each fruit
Fruits yield (Rdt in
t/ha)
Ratio of total weight of fruits to the
plot area
4. Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin
Akpo et al. 1091
For stem growth, ‘De cayenne’ variety showed overall the
lowest growth performances in height (haut_tige ≈ 25 - 32
cm) and thickness (Dia_tige ≈ 0.6 - 0.9 cm) in both
locations. The varieties LaaliF1 (haut_tige ≈ 50 m; Dia_tige
>1 cm) and NanditaF1 (haut_tige ≈ 62 cm, Dia_tige ≈ 1.6
cm) developed the strongest and slenderest stems
(Dia_tige >1 cm; haut_tige= 0.5 m) in Parakou and
Malanville respectively. Based on stem internode height
(HEN), NandiF1 (0.37) and KrantiF1 (2.46) exhibited the
shortest internodes at Parakou and Malanville
respectively, while Nandita F1 recorded the longest at both
locations (Table 3).
On the other hand, etiolation index (EI) ranged from 2.54
% (NanditaF1) to 3.20 % (LaaliF1, NandiF1) in Parakou
and from 2.00% and 2.71% in Malanville. As for fruit
growth, De cayenne, LaserF1 and NanditaF1 varieties
recorded overall the lowest growth values. In both
locations, the varieties KrantiF1 and LaaliF1 developed the
largest and longest fruits respectively (Table 3).
For earliness, De cayenne and LaaliF1 varieties were
found to be the earliest in Parakou (128.25 dat) and
Malanville (67.25 dat) respectively, while LaserF1 variety
was the latest (Table 3). Assessment of fruit yield showed
average yields of 3.49 t/ha in Parakou and 6.48 t/ha in
Malanville. De cayenne and LaserF1 varieties were the
least yielding (0.4 - 1.59 t/ha) while LaaliF1 and KrantiF1,
the most ones (6.3-10.09 t/ha) (Table 3). In overall, the
different genotypes performed better in terms of average
performances of stem growth and yield traits in Malanville
location versus Parakou (Table 3).
Table 3: Agro-morphological performances of varieties in Parakou and Malanville
Variables Min Variety Max Variety Mean CV (%) Pr(>F)
Parakou
Dia_tige 0.58 De cayenne 1.07 LaaliF1 0.93 28.66 <0.001***
haut_tige 24.81 De cayenne 48.09 LaserF1 40.15 29.02 <0.001***
HEN 0.37 NandiF1 0.64 Nandita F1 0.52 41.14 <0.001***
IE 2.54 NanditaF1 3.20 LaaliF1, NandiF1 2.80 19.22 <0.001***
nb_noeuds 44.44 De cayenne 119.05 LaserF1 90.72 52.88 <0.001***
date_fl 101 De cayenne 115 LaserF1 108.5 4.75 <0.001***
date_mat 128.25 De cayenne 193.5 LaserF1 170.75 13.15 <0.001***
PMF 1.34 LaserF1 7.33 KrantiF1 3.53 66.29 <0.001***
Rdt 0.4 De cayenne 6.3 LaaliF1 3.49 60.32 <0.001***
Dia_fruit 0.89 LaserF1 1.49 KrantiF1 1.17 22.87 <0.001***
haut_fruit 4.52 De cayenne 11.85 LaaliF1 8.15 35.47 <0.001***
nb_pepin 57.39 De cayenne 107.94 KrantiF1 85.25 33.55 <0.001***
Malanville
Dia_tige 0.87 De cayenne 1.57 NanditaF1 1.41 23.68 <0.001***
haut_tige 31.5 De cayenne 61.98 NanditaF1 51.28 22.35 <0.001***
HEN 2.46 KrantiF1 2.93 NanditaF1 2.78 18.05 0.032*
IE 2.00 2.71 2.37 20.74 0.011*
nb_noeuds 12.75 De cayenne 21.18 NanditaF1 18.67 19.6 0.000***
date_fl 39.25 LaaliF1 46 LaserF1 42.92 8.04 0.083ns
date_mat 67.25 LaaliF1 94 LaserF1 79.5 11.99 <0.001***
PMF 1.04 LaserF1 3.7 KrantiF1 2.26 41.69 <0.001***
Rdt 1.59 De cayenne 10.09 LaaliF1 6.48 47.71 <0.001***
Dia_fruit 0.95 NanditaF1 1.52 KrantiF1 1.15 25.38 <0.001***
haut_fruit 7.09 De cayenne 12.14 LaaliF1 9.36 27.61 <0.001***
nb_pepin 58.02 NanditaF1 98.25 KrantiF1 75.98 35.48 <0.001***
Height (haut_tige) and Diameter (Dia_tige) of stem, internode height (HEN) and Number of nodes on the stem
(nb_nodes); Etiolation index (IE); Diameter (Dia_fruit) and height (haut_fruit) of the fruit; date of flowering (Date_fl) and
of maturity (Date_.mat), Average fruit weight (PMF), Number of seeds per fruit (nb_pepin), Fruit yield (Yield)( Rdt ), days
after transplanting (dat), ns not significant (> 0.05); * significant (<0.05), ** highly significant (<0.01); *** very highly
significant (<0.001)
Furthermore, the combined evaluation of average
performances on the two locations showed that apart from
earliness parameters, most of the measured variables
showed very highly significant differences between
varieties (p<0.001). The differences between locations
and interactions variety * location were also highly
significant for most of tested variables (p<0.001) (Table 4).
Joint analysis of qualitative and quantitative
characteristics of hybrids
All the quantitative and qualitative agro-morphological
traits were submitted to Factor Analysis of Mixed Data
(FAMD) for joint assessment of varieties performances.
The analysis revealed that the five main factor axes
explained 100% of the information carried by all of the
starting variables. The first two axes alone have captured
more than 74% of this total variability (Table 5).
5. Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1092
Table 4: Effects of the different factors and their interactions on assessed traits
Variables Mean CV (%) Variety effect Location effect Variety*location
Dia_tige (cm) 1.09 21.9 <0.001***
<0.001***
0.437ns
haut_tige (cm) 43.03 22.7 <0.001***
<0.001***
0.132ns
HEN (cm) 1.51 14.4 0.016*
<0.001***
0.007**
IE (%) 2.57 8.7 <0.001***
<0.001***
0.323ns
nb_noeuds 54.99 27.5 <0.001***
<0.001***
<0.001***
Dia_fruit (cm) 1.16 24.2 <0.001***
0.19ns
<0.001***
Haut_fruit(cm) 8.78 31.9 <0.001***
0.000***
<0.001***
Date_fl (dat) 75.71 4.18 0.997ns
0.000*** 0.01*
Date_mat (dat) 125.13 12.8 0.578ns
0.000*** <0.001***
PMF 2.90 53.12 <0.001***
0.019* 0.002*
Nb_pepin 80.47 0.35 <0.001***
<0.001***
<0.001***
Rdt (t/ha) 4.98 47.65 <0.001***
<0.001***
0.045*
Height (top_stem) and Diameter (Dia_stem) of stem, Height of internode (HEN), Number of nodes on the stem
(nb_nodes); Etiolation index (IE); Diameter (Dia_fruit) and height (haut_fruit) of the fruit; date of flowering (Date_fl) and
of maturity (Date_.mat), Average fruit weight (PMF), Number of seeds per fruit (nb_pepin), Fruit yield (Yield)( Rdt), days
after transplanting (dat), ns not significant (> 0.05); * significant (<0.05), ** highly significant (<0.01); *** very highly
significant (<0.001)
Table 5: Characteristics of the factor axes
Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Axis 4 Axis 5
Eigen value 6.25 5.63 2.47 1.51 0.15
Explained
Variance (%) 39.05 35.16 15.44 9.43 0.92
Cumulative
variance (%) 39.05 74.21 89.65 99.08 100.00
The correlation circle of variables in the first factor plane
showed strong correlations between traits and factor axes
(Figure 2). The variables of earliness (dates of flowering
and of maturation) and stem growth (height, diameter)
have been positively correlated with each other on the one
hand, and with the first axis on the other. This axis
basically describes the earliness and growth of vegetative
organs of varieties. The diameter and height of fruits, the
number of pips, average fruit weight have been positively
correlated with each other, and also with the second axis.
This axis characterizes the growth and productivity of
fruits. The yield to a certain extent was moderately
described by each of the two axes (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Circle of correlation showing projected variables
in first factor plan
Axis or Dimension 1 (Dim 1) and 2 (Dim 2)
Height (haut_tige) and Diameter (Dia_tige) of stem,
internode height (HEN) and Number of nodes on the stem
(nb_nodes); Etiolation index (IE); Diameter (Dia_fruit) and
height (haut_fruit) of the fruit; date of flowering (Date_fl)
and of maturity (Date_.mat), Average fruit weight (PMF),
Number of seeds per fruit (nb_pepin), Fruit yield (Yield)
(Rdt)
The factor map of all the variables characterizes not only
the strength of quantitative traits relationship with the axes,
but also the association of qualitative parameters with
these axes (Figure 3). Fruit consistency is strongly
associated with the first axis while the intensity of red fruit
color is more described by the second axis.
6. Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin
Akpo et al. 1093
Figure 3: Factor map of quantitative and qualitative
variables
Height (haut_tige) and Diameter (Dia_tige) of stem,
internode height (HEN) and Number of nodes on the stem
(nb_nodes); Etiolation index (IE); Diameter (Dia_fruit) and
height (haut_fruit) of the fruit; date of flowering (Date_fl)
and of maturity (Date_.mat), Average fruit weight (PMF),
Number of seeds per fruit (nb_pepin), Fruit yield (Yield)(
Rdt ), Intensity of red color of fruit (couleur_fruit), Fruit
consistency (consistance_fruit)
The projection of the varieties in the first factor plane
(Figure 4) showed the first axis quite clearly discriminates
the local variety "De cayenne" from the exotic varieties
LaserF1 and Nandita F1 located respectively on the
negative and positive sides of this axis. "De cayenne"
variety was earlier, with soft fruits, short size and thin stem,
therefore with low vegetative vigor. However, LaserF1 and
Nandita F1 varieties were late, with semi-hard fruits, long
sizes and large stems, therefore with strong vegetative
vigor.
The second axis distinguishes the varieties KrantiF1 and
LaaliF1 which presented the largest, long and hard fruits
with better weight, and the greatest number of pips. These
varieties were the most yielding.
In addition, NandiF1 variety presented overall intermediate
performances between all the varieties studied (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Factor map of varieties and their qualitative
categories in the first plan
DISCUSSION
Assessment of agronomic and morphological
performances of new genotypes in contrasting
environments is essential step for promotion and adoption
of performant and adapted variety in given cropping area
(Yan and Tiker, 2006). Assessment of visual
characteristics of F1 hybrids of chili pepper showed that
bright red and semi-hard fruits were dominant for color
intensity and fruit consistency, respectively, for all
varieties. These characteristics are of great importance in
the preference and shelf life of varieties. Also, the
variability of such qualitative traits is undoubtedly linked to
the expression of one or a few genes whose identification
could be carried out by molecular characterization (Saidou
et al., 2014; Sekloka et al., 2016).
In addition, analysis of morphometric and agronomic
variability within these chili pepper varieties revealed
significant differences between the extreme values and
high coefficients of variation for several studied traits. This
reflects the existence of important phenotypic
heterogeneity between varieties. This could result from the
expression of strong genotypic heterogeneity which will
remain to be confirmed by molecular analyzes, but also
from the effect of environmental factors (Saidou et al.,
2014; Sekloka et al., 2016; Amsalu et al., 2017). Thus, the
location effects and variety * location interactions on plants
growth in size and thickness were highly significant for the
most parts. These results show plants growth varied
significantly from one location to another. As result,
important variation of environmental conditions (rainfall,
temperature, soils fertility, etc.) would influence
morphological growth of the plants. Thus, the difference of
rainfall amounts between Malanville and Parakou
locations (930 mm versus 750 mm) and soils nutrient state
from one location to another could explain this
morphological variability.
The assessment of etiolating indices determined from
plant thickness and height, revealed LaaliF1 and NandiF1
showed the highest indices among the varieties. This
finding reflects that these genotypes would be important
for developing plant resistance to lodging or breakage
under bad weather effect (wind, rain etc.) so as to support
high fruit load. These results are congruent with the
findings of Aljebjo and Orakwue (2002), which showed the
same significant differences in growth between chilli
pepper accessions in Nigeria. Similar trends were also
highlighted by Ayana and Bekele (2000) on sorghum
accessions from Ethiopia and Eritrea, and by Nebié et al.
(2012) on sweet grain sorghum cropped in north-central
Burkina Faso.
Furthermore, the analysis of earliness traits for the most
part, proved strong significant differences between
varieties on each location, and also location effect and
varieties *location interaction were mostly significant. All
this testifies to inter-varietal variability environmental
hard
Dark red
Bright red
Light red
Soft
Semi-hard
7. Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Northern Benin
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1094
influence and cross effect of genotypes and environment
on the varieties earliness, most of which are of Indian
origin. So, variations among locations conditions
(temperature, rainfall, sunshine, photoperiod, etc.) during
phenological stage could explain environment influence on
earliness of evaluated genotypes. In the same sense, the
work of Mechlia and Mougou (1990), carried out over the
period from planting to the first harvest of three vegetables
species (tomato, melon and cucumber), have shown that
cycle length in days for a given species which can present
important variations depending on the growth period.
About yield component, the variations in yield were
significant between varieties, between locations and even
for the varieties *location interaction. These results can
undoubtedly be reflected by the fact that the yield is
complex quantitative trait conditioned by genetic potential
of the variety, the growing environment and by Genotype
x Environment interaction. This presence of varieties
*location interaction highlights that most genotypes react
differently by changing rank from one location to another.
This current result is in accordance with previous findings
of Rego et al. (2011) on Brazilian chili varieties and of
Olaniyi et al. (2020) on Nigeria Tea (Camellia sinensis),
who also observed in their works that the yield was
influenced by the effects of Genotype (G), Environment (E)
and G x E interaction. The presence of G x E interaction
pointed out difficulties for recommendation of stable
genotype across all environments (Yan and Tiker, 2006;
Olaniyi et al., 2020).
The factor analysis carried out jointly on qualitative and
quantitative agro-morphological variables enable to
describe the relationships between the traits on one hand,
and the performance of each variety on the other. Thus,
the correlation circle analysis showed strong relationships
between agro-morphological characters. Correlations are
essential tools for breeders in the choice of traits to be
included in breeding programs (Saidou et al., 2014). These
results enable to distinguish quite clearly the local cultivar
'De cayenne', as the earliest and the least yielding with soft
fruits, whereas the imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1
were the most productive with hard fruits. As result, these
two exotic genotypes emerged as a potential candidate
genotype for improving yields and conservation of chili
pepper in Benin. However, due to genotype by
environment interaction (G x E) mentioned above, it
appears important to extend the trials to other more
contrasting environments (locations or more years) in
order to identify well adapted genotypes to cropping areas
in the country. Ultimately, as all breeding programs based
on genetic diversity (Stoilova and Pereira, 2013), these
results provide performance indicators for local variety of
chilli pepper grown in Benin and those imported from India.
This offers the possibility of chilli varieties improvement in
order to meet the farmers and market needs. If the
breeding objective is the yield and the shelf life of the fruits,
the choice of the best sire could be directed towards these
exotic varieties. However, earliness is an important
agronomic characteristic that could help to cope with the
phenomena of climate disturbances, in particular drought
which has become recurrent (Gbaguidi et al., 2015;
Sekloka et al., 2016). Therefore, these results reflect the
need to maintain and conserve the variety 'De Cayenne',
earlier cycle, alongside with any breeding program of new
variety of chilli pepper.
CONCLUSION
The study assessed the performances of six hybrid
genotypes of chili pepper within Benin cropping conditions.
It highlighted significant agro-morphological performances
variability among varieties of chilli pepper evaluated in
Parakou and Malanville locations. The new imported
hybrids revealed the best growth and yield performances
compared to 'De cayenne’, local variety cultivated in the
locations. Thus, variety 'De cayenne' turned out to be the
earliest, with low vegetative vigor, soft fruit and the least
yielding, while imported varieties 'LaaliF1' and 'KrantiF1'
were the most vigorous and yielding with larger long and
hard fruits. To meet the needs of the farmers and market
in terms of yield and fruit shelf life, the best imported
hybrids can be considered for popularization with farmers,
or for use in chili pepper varietal breeding. However, it
proves essential to extend the trials over a few additional
years for detailed G x E evaluation in order to highlight the
achieved yield stability.
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