Land spreading of solid waste can be a viable waste management option if done properly. Organic wastes that provide ecological benefits can be spread on lands as a fertilizer. However, landspreading requires studying the waste composition and soil's ability to receive the waste. It is important to ensure landspreading is not done to avoid waste laws. Monitoring of groundwater is also needed at land disposal sites to detect contamination and take corrective actions such as containment measures. Different types of landfills exist based on the waste accepted, with sanitary landfills used for municipal solid waste. Waste undergoes various decomposition phases as it breaks down anaerobically in a landfill over time.

1. Solid Waste
Disposal into Land
Submitted to Dr. Shama E. Haque
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
North South University

2. Solid Waste Disposal
Sayed MD. Sayem
1610196025

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Land disposal
• Land disposal can be either in or on the ground—in a
landfill, injection well, or other land-based unit.
• Currently, about 400 million tons of hazardous waste
are land disposed each year in the world (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) )
• A wide range of wastes and by-products of industrial
processes is being spread on the land in agriculture,
forestry and land reclamation operations.

6. Disposal Methods
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Selecting a disposal method depends almost entirely
on costs, which in turn are likely to reflect local
circumstances.
• Land fill.
• Waste buried in soil.

7. More about land, landfill,
disposal & recycling
Sadia Tabassum
ID: 1620629025

8. Landfill is the primary method of solid waste disposal in most
countries. Solid waste is separated into recyclable and non-recyclable
components
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9. It is a necessary part of an integrated solid
waste system.
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waste treatment processes have residues that cannot be
further reused or recovered and are eventually landfilled.

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• Thermal, mechanical and biological pretreatment
techniques are used prior to landfilling.
• The aim is to recover certain components for
energy production.
• Pretreatment techniques can also be used with the
ultimate objective of controlling landfill behavior,
• the biological and physicochemical processes that
take place within a landfill is supported by such
techniques

12. Landfill can be managed
using
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• Final storage quality depository, in which environmental
emissions are kept to a minimum
• A controlled bioreactor, in which enhanced methane production
rates and methane utilizations are done

13.  Thermal, mechanical and biological
pretreatment methods are combined to
achieve either of the concerned outcomes.13
Other Waste
management options

14. • Both financial and environmental issues are considered when
determining the ways
• landfills must be managed in the future, as part of an optimized
integrated waste management system
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15. Classification of Land Disposal
Al Mamun
ID: 1610833025

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The most widely accepted classification
systems used for landfills
are:
 Hazardous Waste (Also known as Secure landfills/Class 1 landfills)
• For solid hazardous waste only.
• May be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids.
 Designated Waste (Also known as Monofills/Class 2 landfills)
• Consists of non-hazardous waste associated with manufacturing and other
industrial activities.
• Ability to use the waste stored there in the future when a recycling process
for that material is developed.
 Municipal Solid Waste (Also known as Sanitary landfills/Class 3 landfills)
• Uses a synthetic(plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment.
• Landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment.

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Hazardous Waste

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Designated Waste

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Municipal Solid Waste

21. Types of Landfill
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• Conventional landfill for commingled MSW
• Landfills for mild solid waste
• Monofills for designated or specialized waste
• Landfills designed to maximize gas production
• Landfill as integrated treatment units
• Landfill in wetland areas

22. Planning , Design and Operation of
Sanitary Land Disposal
Name: Sheikh Moinul Hassan Mahmud
ID# 1611060025
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Selecting Criteria for Land Disposal Area
• Low population density.
• Low alternate land use value.
• Low GW contamination potential.
• Having clay content in the sub soil.

24. Site Investigation Criteria
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• Sub soil investigation.
• Groundwater/Hydrological investigation.
• Topographical investigation.
• Hydrological investigation.
• Geological investigation.
• Seismic investigation.

25. Leachate Collection
System(Design Step)
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• Finalization of layout pipe network.
• Estimation of pipe diameter & spacing.
• Estimating the size of sums & pumps.
• Design of wells/side slops.
• Design of holding tank.

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Alternatives for leachate
management
• Discharge to lined drains.
• Discharge to waste water
treatment system.
• Recirculation.
• Evaporation of leachate.
• Treatment of leachate.

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Site preparation & construction
step
• Clear site
• Remove & stockpile top soil.
• Construct beams.
• Install drainage improvement.
• Excavate fill areas.
• Install utilities.

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Land Disposal Equipment
Selection
• Amount & type of waste to be handled.
• Amount & type of soil cover to be handled.
• Distance cover material to be transported.
• Weather condition.
• Compaction requirements.
• Land Disposal method utilized.

29. Land Disposal
Completion
Name: S.M. Eftikhar Chowdhury
ID:1610077025

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What is Land Disposal Completion?
A technical note providing guidance measuring the
completion of licensed land disposal sites.

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Criteria of Land Disposal
Completion
• Characterization of the land disposal environment
system
• Issues parameters and scenario analysis
• Transport pathway and pollutant migration
• Environmental compatibility and completion criteria
• Monitoring and taking care

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Characterization of the land Disposal
Environment System
• Waste amount
• Quality
• Issues
• Containment
• System
• Site characteristics

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Issues Parameters and Scenario
Analysis
• Identification of relevant issues parameters
• Scenario based issues estimates.

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Transport Pathway and Pollutant
Migration
• Layout of the environment system
• Evaluation of pollutant concentration
• Determination of the factors

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Environmental Compatibility and
Completion Criteria
• Estimated concentrations and quality
criteria
• Reverse calculation of tolerable issues

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Monitoring and Taking Care
• Monitoring and model confirmation
• Residual risks Appropriate after use

39. Stages Of Decomposition In A Typical Land Disposal
Subro Prokash Dey Rahul
ID: 1610418025

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Decomposition

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Phases of decomposition in a typical landfill
Phase 1 Aerobic Phase :
• Waste absorb the moisture, compact naturally and settle
slowly.
• Breaking down component organic waste.
• Anaerobic phase take place.
• Oxygen supply depended factor.

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• This stages land disposal becomes highly acidic.
• Microbe colonies reduce the particulates large to small
monomers.
• Byproducts are carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
• Increase colonization increase fatty acids.
• Contact of oxygen again.
Phase 2 Anaerobic, Non-Methanogenic:

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Phase 3 Anaerobic, Methanogenic Unsteady
• Continuation of microbe colonies to grow that eats away
at the polymer chain.
• Creates increasingly larger molecular spaces.
• Acetogenesis occurs.
• Fatty acid converts into acetic acid, carbon dioxide &
hydrogen.
• Rates of CO2 decay & hydrogen production eventually
stops.

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Phase 4 Anaerobic, Methanogenic steady
• Final stage of decomposition on a open dump.
• Polymer eating of colonies of microbes continue.
• Methane gas are produced.
• About half of the gas will be CO2 & the other half will be
methane.
• Acetates are converted into methane & carbon dioxide
& hydrogen consumes.

45. Groundwater Monitoring
Corrective action
Nazmul Hasan Babu
ID:1610229025

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Release of
ammonia, CH4
& H2S
Leachate contaminates GW
Surface runoff
carries leachate
to rivers & lakes
Heavy metals are
retained in soil

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Groundwater Monitoring
Nearly all Land disposal site of solid waste are required to monitor the underlying
groundwater for contamination during their active life and after their life also.
Drill wells to the aquifer to determine contamination level.
The required number of wells, spacing, and depth of wells is determined on a site-
specific basis based on the
• aquifer thickness,
• groundwater flow rate and direction,
• and the other geologic and hydrogeological characteristics of the site.

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Groundwater Monitoring
• Routine sampling and analysis of groundwater.
• Compare of sampling results to site background and see where groundwater protection
standards exceed or not.
• Daily reporting of groundwater monitoring activities.
Corrective action
• Corrective action is required whenever one or more groundwater protection standard is
exceeded at statistically significant levels.
• Containment of the land disposal mass, including an impermeable cap.
• Control the leachate from land disposal.
• Reduction of saturation of the land disposal mass
• Invent new technology to clear contaminated ground water.

49. Landspreading of Solid Waste
Hia Quraishy

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Introduction:
• A process where contaminated soils or waste are spread
over a treatment area and tilled with native soil.
• Nutrients and/or water may be added to enhance
biodegradation. .
• Organic wastes having ecological benefits and
harmlessness can be candidate for land spreading.
• Land spreading is prohibited near forests and meadows,
frequently cultivated land, terrains that are steeply
sloped, wherever there’s risk of heavy rain and flooding,
or where soil is snow-covered or frozen.

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Legal considerations :
• Land spreading requires the preliminary study of the
waste composition and the soil ability to receive the
waste.
• If local or regional authority determines land
spreading was done only to avoid waste
management laws or regulations, it is considered as
fake recycling.

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• Byproducts of many mining and industrial processes
contain from 45 to 80 percent organic matter that’s capable
of stimulating biological soil activity.
• Byproducts are also rich in calcium, which can prevent soils
from becoming acidic.
• Soil’s naturally occurring microbial population metabolizes,
transforms, and assimilates waste constituents, rendering
the waste benign and nonhazardous.

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• Land spreading can be a viable option to traditional
methods of disposing solid waste within amenable
scenarios and eco-environments.
• Farmers get benefitted as they’re availed of a rich source
of free or low-cost organic matter and fertilizing
elements to replenish their croplands.
• Expert consultation is a crucial element in determining
whether and how to land spread wastes.

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Reference :
https://tribune.com.pk/story/2026123/6-environmental-health-problems-open-waste-dumping/
Integrated solid waste management (Chapter 11)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Landfill-operation-stage-The-area-and-trench-method-Wroblewski-et-al-
2009_fig1_334067628
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47336265_Landfill_sustainability_and_aftercare_completion_criteria
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304148141_Landfill_planning_and_design_considerations
http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsair/e/repindex/repi49-50/lesson8/lesson8.htm
https://graduatedegrees.online.njit.edu/blog/sanitary-landfill-design-for-civil-engineers/
https://www.theworldcounts.com/counters/waste_pollution_facts/hazardous_waste_statistics