The document discusses various aspects of human memory, including: 1) Different types of memory like sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. 2) Encoding and storing memories through various techniques like rehearsal, chunking, and creating associations. 3) Retrieving memories through cues and contexts. 4) Forgetting can occur due to failure of encoding, interference, or retrieval issues.

1. Chapter 9 Memory

7. A Simplified Memory Model External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding Encoding Retrieving

8. Encoding- Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic

12. Encoding 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64 Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1

13. Encoding-Serial Position Effect 12 Percentage of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

15. Encoding

22. Storage- Short Term Memory 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants

25. Storage- Long Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

30. Retrieval Cues 0 10 20 30 40 Water/ land Land/ water Land/ water Different contexts for hearing and recall Same contexts for hearing and recall Land/ land Percentage of words recalled

34. Forgetting as Encoding Failure External events Sensory memory Short- term memory Long- term memory Attention Encoding Encoding Encoding failure leads to forgetting

40. Forgetting as Interference

43. Forgetting Sensory memory - the senses momentarily register amazing detail Short term memory - a few items are both noticed and encoded Long-term storage - Some items are altered or lost Retrieval from long-term memory - depending on interference, retrieval cues moods and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Information bits