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MEMORY.pptx for psychology students in deep learning
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- 2. Memory Memory is theprocess by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.
- 4. Three-System MemoryTheory Sensory memory Sensory memory the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant types are dependent on the source of sensory information (eidetic memory, echoic memory) can store information for only a very short time, but its precision is high can be destroyed or replaced with a new one
- 5. Short - termmemory memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds Chunk • a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory can be individual letters or numbers, or may consist of larger categories such as words or meaningful units. • P B S F O X C N N A B C C B S MTV N B C
- 6. Short-term Memory Rehearsal therepetition of information that has entered short-term memory information is maintained in the short- term memory or may transfer into long- term memory
- 7. Short-term Memory Elaborative Rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion expanding, linking to another memory, turning to image, transforming to some other way Mnemonics • formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered
- 9. Working Memory Sometheorists view short - term memory as a working memory, in which information is retrieved and manipulated. In this view, it is a central executive processor involved in reasoning and decision- making. It is a set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information
- 10. Working Memory 3 systems visual store (visual and spatial information) verbal store (speech, words, numbers) episodic buffer (episodes or events) It uses significant amount of cognitive resources during its operation. In turn, it makes us less aware of our surrounding Gets effected by stress.
- 11. Long - termmemory memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve
- 12. Serial position effect the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears primacy effect: items presented early in the list are remembered better recency effect: items presented late in a list are remembered.
- 13. Long-Term Memory Modules DeclarativeMemory Procedural Memory • Semantic Memory • Episodic memory
- 14. Declarative Memory Memoryfor factual information: names, faces, dates and the like. Information about things
- 15. 1.Semantic Memory Memoryfor general knowledge and facts about the world as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used infer other facts
- 16. 2. Episodic Memory Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context More detailed
- 17. Procedural Memory Memoryfor skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball; also referred to as non-declarative memory. About how to do things.
- 18. Semantic Networks • mentalrepresentations of clusters of interconnected information • activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories
- 19. Neuroscience of memory Hippocampus: aids in the initial encoding of information Cerebral Cortex: where information is stored Amygdala: involved with memories involving emotion
- 20. Explicit memory Memoryfor information we can readily express and are aware of having This information can be intentionally recalled
- 21. Implicit memory Memoryfor information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having. Cannot be intentionally retrieved
- 22. Flashbulb memories Vividmemories of dramatic event May occur because of strong emotional content Examples: such as 8th October, September 11 etc.
- 23. Recalling Long-Term Memory Tip-of-the-tonguephenomenon The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows - a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory. Retrieval Cue: is a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory
- 24. Recall; Recognition memorytask in which specific information must be retrieved. memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternative.
- 25. Levels-of-processingTheory emphasizes thedegree to which new material is mentally analyzed the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered
- 26. Levels-of-processingTheory Shallow Level:information is processed in physical and sensory aspects. Intermediate Level: information is translated to meaningful units. Deepest Level: information is analyzed in terms of meaning (wider context, associations. the deeper the initial level of processing of information is, the longer the information will be retained
- 27. Why We Forget Decay: loss of information in memory because of nonuse Interference: the phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information Cue-dependent forgetting: forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to revive information that is in memory
- 28. The Before andAfter of Forgetting Proactive interference: interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material. Retroactive interference: interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material.
- 29. Memory Dysfunctions Alzheimer’sdisease: A progressive brain disorder that heads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities. Amnesia: memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties. Retrograde amnesia: memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event. Anterograde amnesia: memory is lost for events that follow an injury.
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