The document discusses various altered states of consciousness including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of different drugs. It describes the stages of sleep, including REM sleep, and theories about the purpose and interpretation of dreams. It also outlines different meditation techniques and how drugs like marijuana, LSD, and alcohol alter consciousness and can impact the body and mind.

1. Chapter Seven: Altered States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams

2. Sleep An altered state of consciousness, characterized by specific patterns of brain activity and inactivity

3. Consciousness A state of awareness

4. EEG Electroencephalograph A device that records the electrical activity of the brain

5. Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Consciousness Why Do We Sleep? Stages of Sleep How Much Sleep Sleep Disorders Dreams

6. Characteristics of Sleep Unresponsiveness to the environment Limited physical mobility

7. Purpose of Sleep Restorative; recovery from exhaustion/stress Primitive hibernation; conservation of energy

8. Purpose of Sleep Adaptive behavior; evolution of night time safety strategy Defragmentation of disks Dream

9. Physical Characteristics of Sleep Lowered body temperature Lowered pulse rate Lowered rate of respiration Brief alpha wave period Body twitching, eye rolling, brief visual imagery

10. Stages of Sleep Early Stages Stage I Stage II Stage III Later Stages Stage IV REM Sleep

11. Early Stages of Sleep: Stage I Lightest level of sleep Slow pulse/ muscles relaxed Irregular brain waves Up to 10 minutes along Theta waves Shifting waves move to Stage II

12. Early Stages of Sleep: Stage II Shifting waves Eye rolling Up to 30 minutes Deeper drift into Stage III

13. Early Stages of Sleep: Stage III Large amplitude delta waves One wave per second Move to Stage IV

14. Later Stages of Sleep: Stage IV Deepest level of sleep Large delta waves 50% of the time Sleepwalking; sleep talking; bedwetting Descent into REM sleep

15. Later Stages of Sleep: REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Muscle relaxation Irregular pulse rate and breathing patterns Increased levels of adrenaline and sexual hormones

16. Later Stages of Sleep: REM Sleep Slow waves (similar to waking waves) 15 minutes (early) to 45 minutes (late) 90 minute cycles Stage IV Decreases REM increases

17. How Much Sleep? 1/3 of your life is spent in sleep Newborns: 16 hours (1/2 REM) HS Students: 10-11 hours College students: (8 hours) Elderly: 5 hours

18. How Much Sleep? 25 % REM 75% NREM

19. Circadian Rhythm Internal biological clock Regulates your sleep/wake cycle 24-25 hours long Operates even without daytime/nighttime cues

20. Circadian Rhythm Need for sleep is dictated by the environment and the 24 hour day Lack of sleep interrupts your circadian rhythm Jet lag: one day recovery for each hour of time change

21. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Nightmares/Night Terrors Sleepwalking/talking

22. Insomnia A prolonged and abnormal inability to sleep Can be caused by stress, depression, anxiety, overuse of alcohol or drugs

23. Sleep Apnea Frequent interruption of breathing during sleep Symptoms include 10-15 minute snoring episodes; breathing actually stops

24. Sleep Apnea 1 out of every 100 Americans have the disorder More common among older people Causes include enlarged tonsils; infection; obesity

25. Narcolepsy Permanent sleepiness and fatigue Unusual sleep/dream patterns Sleep attacks with brief REM periods

26. Nightmares/Night Terrors Nightmares occur during the dream phases of REM sleep Night terrors occur during Stage IV sleep (usually during the first or second episode of Stage IV) Terrors last from 5-20 minutes; subjects usually have no memory of them

27. Sleepwalking/Sleep Talking Sleepwalkers are partially but not completely awake. Disorder usually associated with children May be inherited

28. Sleepwalking/Sleep Talking Not a psychological disorder Linked to stress, fatigue, and sedative use Usually outgrown

29. Sleepwalking/Sleep Talking Occurs in both REM and NREM Many people do it, but don’t remember it

30. Dreams The mental activity that takes place during sleep Dreams become longer and more complex as the sleep cycle advances

31. Dreams People generally remember the last dream (of many) they have during a sleep cycle Sleep deprivation increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep, and therefore the time dreaming

32. Dreams We remember interesting dreams more than dull ones Most dreams involve everyday subjects Negative dreams are nightmares

33. Dreams Negative dreams are nightmares The emotional quality associated with nightmares probably results from increased brain activity in the limbic system

34. Dream Interpretation Ancient peoples interpreted dreams as long ago as 5000 years Freud believed that dreams contain thoughts the consciousness refuses to acknowledge

35. Dream Interpretation Inuit peoples believe dreams have hidden meaning Dreamers enter a spiritual realm and interact with the dead

36. Dream Interpretation Kleitman: dreams may serve no purpose at all Dreams may be the result of random brain cell stimulation

37. Dream Interpretation Dreams facilitate problem solving Dreams clean out the memory closet

38. Chapter Seven: Altered States of Consciousness II. Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation

39. Hypnosis Yet another form of altered consciousness in which attention is very narrowly focused and people become extremely suggestible

40. Hypnosis Allows shifts in the perception of your consciousness Hypnosis induces a trance state, which is much different from sleep

41. Hypnosis Unlike sleep, people under hypnosis are much more open and receptive to internal and external stimuli

42. Theories of Hypnosis Barber: Hypnosis is just the result of suggestibility Hilgard: neodissociation theory; the ‘hidden observer’

43. Theories of Hypnosis Green: degree of suggestibility is critical to the success of hypnosis Smith & Coe: subjects play the role of hypnotized subjects

44. Uses of Hypnosis Entertainment Medicine Therapy

45. Post-hypnotic Suggestion A suggestion made to a hypnotized subject to perform a particular behavior; or to repress a specific piece of knowledge; once he is no longer in a hypnotic trance

46. Medical/Theraputic Uses Pain reduction Reveal problems Gain insight

47. Biofeedback A technique used to control ones internal physiological processes Requires a biofeedback machine

48. Biofeedback Brain waves (EEG) Heart rate Blood pressure Skin temperature (GSR) Sweat gland activity

49. Meditation A heightened state of relaxation Practiced for thousands of years

50. Three Major Approaches to Meditation Transcendental meditation Mindfulness meditation Breath meditation

51. Transcendental Meditation Mantra Sanskrit 15-20 minutes twice a day

52. Mindfulness Meditation Buddhist origin Focusing and visualizing each body part, one at a time

53. Breath Meditation Focus on the process of breathing -- inhaling and exhaling

54. Benefits of Meditation Lowers blood pressure Lowers heart rate Lowers respiration rate

55. Chapter Seven: Altered States of Consciousness III.Drugs and Consciousness

56. How Drugs Work Absorbed through the capillaries Carried to tissue throughout the body

57. Marijuana THC -- tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis sativa/ Indian hemp Hashish

58. Marijuana Enhanced sensory experience Heightened emotion Psychological addiction

59. Marijuana Enhanced sensory experience Heightened emotion Psychological addiction

60. Hallucinations Perception that have no direct external cause Hallucinations are sensory, involving misapprehensions of sight, hearing, touch taste and feeling

61. Causes of Hallucinations Hypnosis Meditation Drugs Drug withdrawal Psychological breakdown

62. Causes of Hallucinations Dream states Sleep deprivation Heightened emotional states Fatigue

63. Similarity of experience Seigel (1977) Native American peyote rituals Simultaneous disorganization and arousal of the CNS Similar hallucinations across cultures

64. Hallucinogens Also called psychedelics Produce a loss of contact with reality

65. LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide Synthetic substance Usage is referred to as a ‘trip’

66. LSD Effects last anywhere from 6-14 hours Delivery method is usuage dissolution onto a paper strip (called a tab) or on a sugar cube Perceptual hallucinations are common

67. Effects of LSD Impaired thinking Panic attacks Flashbacks Possibility of chromosomal damage

68. Opiates Narcotics Opium Morphine Heroin

69. Effects of Opiates Analgesia (pain reduction) Euphoria (pleasurable state somewhere between waking and sleeping) Constipation

70. Dangers of Opiates Physically addictive Overdosing causes breathing to stop resulting in death from respiratory failure

71. Alcohol Most widely used (and abused) mind-altering substance in America Legal in every state by age 21

72. Alcohol Loosens inhibitions Inhibits normal brain functioning Lessens self-control Impairs judgment and physical reaction

73. Effects of Alcohol Determined by the amount consumed and the body weight of the drinker Slurred speech Blurred vision Faulty memory

74. Effects of Alcohol Abuse Brain damage Liver damage Change in personality

75. Perceptions of Alcohol Physical effects Social effects Aggression Sexual arousal Less anxiety

76. Reasons for Drug Use Boredom Peer influence Self-confidence Escape problems

77. Risks of Drug Use Death Injury Overdose Accident Health risks Legal issues Destructive behavior

78. Treatment of Drug Use The drug abuser must admit that he has a problem The drug abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

79. Treatment of Drug Use The drug abuser must remain drug free Support groups help prevent relapse