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Chp1 Methods and Stats
1) Critical thinking examines arguments and evidence objectively by discerning assumptions and evaluating conclusions rather than blindly accepting them. 2) Common intuitions and senses have limits and can lead to biases like hindsight bias and overconfidence. 3) The scientific method involves generating and refining theories and hypotheses through research and observations which can then lead to further hypotheses, theories, and experiments.
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Chp1 Methods and Stats
- 1. Thinking Critically withPsychological Science Research & Statistics Chapter 1
- 2. Critical Thinking thinking thatdoes not blindly accept arguments and conclusions Examines discerns evaluates Assumptions Hidden Values evidence
- 3. Limits of Intuition andCommon Sense Hindsight Bias Overconfidence
- 4. But first… A briefexample of how NOT to conduct an experiment care of Dr. Venkman
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- 7. The Scientific Method generateor refine research and observations lead to hypothesis theories
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- 12. Research Strategies If marblesof two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them
- 13. Naturalistic Observation observing andrecording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
- 14. Correlation Coefficient a statisticalmeasure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other Correlation coefficient Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) r = +.37
- 15. Scatterplot –a graphed clusterof dots, each of which represents the values of two variables –the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship –the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation –little scatter indicates high correlation –also called a scattergram or scatter diagram
- 16. scatterplots Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) Norelationship (0.00) Perfect negative correlation (-1.00)
- 17. Scatterplot of Heightand Temperament 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 Temperament scores Height in inches
- 18. Research Strategies Height andTemperament of 20 Men 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 80 63 61 79 74 69 62 75 77 60 64 76 71 66 73 70 63 71 68 70 75 66 60 90 60 42 42 60 81 39 48 69 72 57 63 75 30 57 84 39 Subject Height in Inches Temperament Subject Height in Inches Temperament
- 19. Research Strategies (1) Low self-esteem Depression (2) Depression Lowself-esteem Low self-esteem Depression (3) Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause could cause could cause or or and
- 20. Illusory Correlation Illusory Correlation the perceptio n ofa relationsh ip where none exists Conceive Do not conceive Adopt Do not adopt disconfirming evidence confirming evidence disconfirming evidence confirming evidence
- 21. Random Sequences Your chances of beingdealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in
- 22. the investigator manipulatesone or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects Experiment
- 23. Experiment cont. by randomassignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factors
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- 26. Random Assignment **minimizes pre-existing differencesbetween those assigned to the different groups
- 27. Independent Variable **the variablewhose effect is being studied Dependent Variable …in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process
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- 29. Statistical Reasoning A SkewedDistribution 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 90 475 710 70 Mode Median Mean One Family Income per family in thousands of dollars
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Editor's Notes
- #3 Examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence
- #4 Hindsight Bias tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we do
- #5 Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis a testable prediction often implied by a theory
- #7 Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis a testable prediction often implied by a theory
- #9 Operational Definition a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables Example- intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
- #10 Replication repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other subjects and circumstances usually with different subjects in different situations Case Study an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
- #11 Survey technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them False Consensus Effect tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
- #12 Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study Random Sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion