The document provides an overview of the history and goals of psychology. It discusses how psychology evolved from ancient times through the modern era, with key contributors and theories along the way. The goals of psychology are described as description, explanation, prediction, and control. Major areas of focus have included the unconscious mind, individual differences, observable behavior, and cognitive processes. The document also briefly outlines specialty fields in psychology and the differences between psychiatry and psychology as professions.

1. Chapter One: Intro/History Why Study Psychology? Overview of Goals of Psychology A Brief History of Psychology Psychology as a Profession

2. I. Why Study Psychology? Insight Practical Information

3. Psychology The scientific study of behavior and mental processes . Such study can involve both animal and human behavior. When applied to humans, psychology covers everything that people think , feel , and do .

4. The Goals of Psychology Description Explanation Prediction Control Basic Science Applied Science

5. II. Goals Of Psychology Description Explanation Prediction Control

6. Description Gather information State the facts (What it is)

7. Explanation Formulate hypotheses Develop theories (Why it is)

8. Hypothesis An educated guess about the relationship between two variables

9. Theory An integrated set of principles that organizes, explains, and predicts observations. Exploring Psychology , Myers, 1990

10. Prediction Study theories and descriptive accounts of past behaviors Predict subsequent behaviors (What it will be)

11. Control Influence or manipulate behavior Basic science Applied science

12. Basic Science The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake (to gain knowledge simply for the sake of knowledge) (acquire knowledge)

13. Applied Science Discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals (use knowledge)

14. Hypothesis-building Studies done on Orphanage Children Dennis, W. “Causes of Retardation Among Institutional Children: Iran.” Journal of Genetic Psychology , 96 (1960):47-58 - Applied or Basic? White, B.L. “Child Development Research: An Edifice Without a Foundation.” Merrill- Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development , 15 (1969): 49-79 Applied or Basic? Shaffer (1993) Applied or Basic?

15. The Scientific Method State the problem Develop a hypothesis Conduct research Organize and interpret data Draw conclusions Communicate the results Psychology: A Concise Introduction , Pettijohn, 1992

16. III. A Brief History of Psychology Psychology as a Discipline

17. A. Psychology as a Discipline - Early History Stone Age BC: The Ancient Greeks The Middle Ages 16th century: Copernicus and Galileo 17th century: Descartes and the pseudo-sciences

18. 1. The Stone Age Trephining Evil spirits Archeology

19. Trephining

20. Trephining Instruments

21. 2. The Ancient Greeks The will of the gods Aristotle Hippocrates Galen

22. Aristotle Greek philosopher People are rational, thinking organisms

23. Hippocrates The Father of Modern Medicine Mental and emotional problems have natural causes Some disorders are caused by head injury Some mental and physical characteristics are inherited

24. Ancient Greeks Observation as a means of knowing the world

25. The Natural World: Four Basic Elements Fire Air Earth Water

26. The Natural World: Four Basic Elements Fire Warm Air Cool Earth Dry Water Moist

27. The Four Humors Blood (warm and moist) Black bile (cold and dry) Yellow bile (warm and dry) Phlegm (cold and moist)

28. Galen Greek physician Personality types

29. Galen: Personality Types An excess of… blood = sanguine personality (cheerful, warm-hearted) black bile = melancholic personality (sad) yellow bile = choleric personality (hot-tempered) phlegm = phlegmatic personality (apathetic)

30. 3. The Middle Ages Witchcraft Demon possession

31. 4. The 16th Century Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei

32. Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer The sun is the center of the universe Observations on the movements of planets in the solar system

33. Galileo Galilei Italian astronomer and physicist Telescope confirms star positions and movements

34. The 16th Century Introduced the concept of observation as an element of scientific study (Copernicus) Introduced the concept of experimentation as an element of scientific study (Galileo)

35. 5. The 17th Century Dualism Rene Descartes Pseudo-sciences

36. Dualism Philosophy which teaches that the mind and body are separate and distinct from each other.

37. Rene Descartes French philosopher Extended dualism The mind and body work together to create a person’s experiences

38. The Pseudo-sciences Phrenology Physiognomy Typology

39. Phrenology The study of personality based on the ‘bumps’ of the skull

41. Modern Science A combination of… Philosophy Logic Math Observation

42. Psychology as a Discipline - Basic Theories Structuralism Functionalism

43. Structuralism Thoughts have structure, just as a molecule does

44. Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt German physiologist Laboratory of Psychology,1879 University of Leipzig, Germany

45. Structuralism The mind must be studied as scientifically as other ‘natural laws’ Wundt, Wilhelm, Principles of Physiological Psychology , 1878

46. Introspection A detailed examination of one’s own thinking A controlled situation with trained subjects reporting their thoughts so that the basic structure of thought processes can be mapped

47. Functionalism The functions of the human mind -- thinking, feeling, learning, remembering -- exist to help man survive as a species

48. William James founded the Functionalist branch of psychology Established the first American psychology laboratory, at Harvard College Principles of Psychology (1890)

49. A Brief History of Psychology B. Psychology as the Study of... Unconscious Processes Individual Differences Observable Behavior Cognitive Processes

50. 1.) Unconscious Processes Psychoanalysis Study of the unconscious mind Sigmund Freud

51. Sigmund Freud Viennese doctor Unconscious, or subconscious, mind Biological/sociological conflict Free association (talking cure) Dream analysis Case studies

52. 2.) Individual Differences Sir Francis Galton

53. Sir Francis Galton English mathematician Heredity/genius Nature vs. Nurture Secondary research Personality/IQ tests Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883)

54. 3.) Observable Behavior Behaviorism Humanistic Psychology

55. Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B. F. Skinner

56. Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist Nobel Prize (1904) The mechanics of digestion Classical conditioning

57. Classical Conditioning UCS = unconditioned stimulus UCR = unconditioned response NS = neutral stimulus CS = conditioned stimulus CR = conditioned response

58. Pavlov’s Experiment

59. Classical Conditioning Paradigm Before Conditioning : UCS ----> UCR NS ----> No response During Conditioning : UCS + CS ----> UCR After Conditioning : CS ----> CR

60. Classical Conditioning Paradigm Before Conditioning : UCS (meat) ----> UCR (salivation) NS (tone) ----> No response During Conditioning : UCS (meat) + CS (Tone) ----> UCR (salivation) After Conditioning : CS (tone) ----> CR (salivation)

61. Behaviorism Behavior occurs as a result of learning

62. John B. Watson Father of Behaviorism Prior learning Observable behavior Little Albert Experiment

63. B. F. Skinner Stimulus-Response (S-R) psychology Walden II (1949) Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971) Reinforcement Teaching machine

64. Humanistic Psychology The third force Backlash to behaviorism Study of the individual as a whole person Self-actualization

65. Carl Rogers Believed behaviorism was de-humanizing Human nature is naturally active, not reactive.

66. Abraham Maslow Self-Actualization Hierarchy of Needs

67. Humanism Behaviorism is de-humanizing Deprives man of free will Human nature is active, not reactive

68. 4.) Cognitive Psychology Study of cognitive processes Internal knowledge

69. Jean Piaget Theory of Psycho-Social Development

70. Cognitive Psychology Behavior is affected by… Perception Interpretation Thinking Problem-solving Assessment of knowledge Use of language

71. IV. Psychology as a Profession What is a Psychologist? Specialty Fields in Psychology

72. A. Psychiatry vs.. Psychology A psychiatrist’s training ... medical doctor specialty in psychiatric medicine hospital or private practice freely prescribe medicines

73. Psychiatry vs.. Psychology A psychologist’s training … observe and analyze patterns of behavior develop theories of behavior apply knowledge to influence behavior

74. B. Specialty Fields Clinical psychology Counseling psychology Personality psychology Social psychology Developmental psychology Educational psychology Community psychology Industrial/Organizational psychology Experimental psychology