The document summarizes various principles and theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning is learning through consequences, using reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Social learning theory proposes that people can learn through observing and imitating others' behaviors.

1. LEARNING: Principles & Applications Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning

2. LEARNING A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING Learning… is a change in mental state. cannot be seen directly involves a change in behavior results from experience

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING Cont. is relatively permanent can be applied from one situation to another (transfer) need not involve direct experience

5. Learning: Principles and Applications Classical Conditioning ** Operant Conditioning Social Learning

6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Ivan Pavlov Russian biologist/physiologist Nobel Prize Serendipity

7. Pavlov: Experiment UCS (meat) ===> UCR (salivation) NS (tone) ===> No response **************************** UCS (meat) + CS (tone) ===> UCR **************************** CS ===> CR

8. 1.) Time - Simultaneous Conditioning Simultaneous conditioning Interstimulus interval Contiguity Simultaneous Forward Trace Backward Temporal

9. 2) Generalization Occurs when a subject responds to a second stimulus similar to the CS, without being trained with the second CS

10. 3) Discrimination Occurs when a subject is taught to tell the difference between 2 stimuli. *Opposite of generalization **Has great value because…???

11. 4) Extinction Occurs over time when the experimenter stops pairing a CS together with a UCS. the response gradually fades away, although not entirely forgotten or unlearned used as a measurement… resistance to extinction * Partial reinforcement effect

12. 5) Spontaneous Recovery Occurs when , after extinction, a CS is once again presented with a USC, the CR appears again. *Not as strong *Harmful experiences/ example

13. How the Body Remembers… When the Mind Forgets… Dog Chase example Schizokinesis Schizo means divided/split Kinesis means action WWII Vets example

14. 6) Spatial Learning Occurs in much the same way classical conditioning does, but involves the learning the location of objects in the subject’s environment. *Cognitive Mapping

15. The Case of Little Albert - Watson (1920_ Subject - 9 month old Albert Desired Response - Fear USC = loud noise UCR = fear Criticism Ethics / Deconditioning

16. Watson’s Higher Order Conditioning Using a previously established CS-CR relationship to create a new CS-CR relationship. Taking Albert’s fear of rats and conditioning a new fear of dogs Dog (NS) No response White Rat (CS) Fear (CR) Dog + White Rat Fear Dog Fear

17. Other Classical Conditioning Paradigms Jones (1924) Counter conditioning Used ice cream Mower (1938) Used applied science Bed wetting Bell and pad conditioning apparatus Garcia & Koelling(1966) Taste aversion Electric shock Gustavson (1974) Taste aversion Coyotes/sheep CTA (conditioning taste aversion)

18. Learning: Principles and Applications Classical Conditioning  Operant Conditioning ** Social Learning

19. II. Operant Conditioning LEARNING FROM THE CONSEQUENCES OF BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS

20. Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning Way psychologists view learners Concept of reinforcement

21. Three Laws of Conditioning The law of association Repetition is a part of conditioning The law of effect

22. Reinforcement B.F. Skinner S-R psychology Positive reinforces Approval Money Privileges

23. Schedules of Reinforcement Dictate the frequency with which the behavior is rewarded Continuous schedule of reinforcement Partial schedule of reinforcement Ratio schedules Fixed ratio schedules Variable ratio schedules Interval schedules Fixed interval schedules Variable interval schedules

24. B. Stimulus Control Signals are stimuli that are associated with reward or punishment Skinner & the Pigeons Response(the pecking) -----> reinforcement (food)

25. Stimulus Control cont. Secondary reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers) Wolfe (1936) chimp study Primary reinforcers Satisfy a basic need (hunger…) Examples: food, sex, avoidance of pain, feeling of belonging… Jeans example

26. C. Aversive Control Negative reinforcement - painful or unpleasant stimulus is either removed as a result of appropriate behavior or not applied at all Escape conditioning (ex. Electric shock to Skinner rat) Avoidance conditioning (ex. Flashing lights & electric shock, lever)

27. C. Aversive Control 2. Punishment - unpleasant stimulus applied as a result of undesirable behavior (after the fact) Often effective for stopping a specific behavior Less effective for stopping a general behavior

28. Negative Reinforcement vs Punishment Negative reinforcement is opposite of punishment Negative reinforcement increases a behavior Punishment decreases a behavior

29. 6 effects of punishment: May slow down learning instead of speeding it up May suppress good behavior as well as bad Behavior may resurface when punisher is not around May create an expectation of failure; punishment becomes self-defeating May be negatively associated with power May have negative effects on the punisher

30. Summary of Aversion Control If punishment is used, it should be clear that certain behavior will be rewarded Punishment really suppresses, rather than eliminates undesirable behavior Example that fits all 3 categories (Running)

31. Learning: Principles and Applications Classical Conditioning  Operant Conditioning  Social Learning **

32. 3 Factors That Affect Learning Feedback Transfer Practice

33. 1. Feedback Finding out the results of an action or performance Increases the speed of learning

34. 2. Transfer Using a skill that you have already learned to help you learn another skill a. Positive Transfer b. Negative Transfer

35. a. Positive Transfer A previously learned response helps in learning a new response Ex. Moving from tricycle to bicycle

36. b. Negative Transfer A previously learned response hinders in learning a new response Ex. Moving from 4 wheel Skating to inline skating

37. 3. Practice The repetition of a task How & when you practice is most important Psychologists have found that practice is most effective if it takes place regularly over time, rather than all at once Ex. Mental Practice

38. Learning Strategies Learning to learn Learned helplessness Learned laziness

39. 1. Learning To Learn Harry Harlow monkey study (1949) Find the raisin Started with only under one color/ locations changed

40. Harry Harlow monkey study Phase Two Shapes changed, as did location Monkeys finally learned that location did not matter, only the difference between the 2 lids HOW CAN YOU APPLY THIS TO YOUR OWN LEARNING?

41. 2. Learned Helplessness A general learning strategy in which subjects believe that they are powerless to affect the outcome of a situation, so it is useless to try to change it

42. Learned Helplessness cont. Hiroto (1974) 2 groups of college students / loud noises Illustrates concept of learned helplessness Seligman (1982) Proposed that learned helplessness is one of the major causes of depression Initial study with dogs/applied to humans

43. Learned Helplessness and Depression less motivation poor self-concept may cause depression

44. Learned Helplessness & Depression cont. Stability (temporary vs stable) Globality (specific vs global) Internality (internal vs external cause)

45. 3. Learned Laziness Failure to overcome a problem because the subject knows that he won’t be punished as a result, or because he knows that someone will do it for him

46. … Learning Complicated Skills Shaping Chaining

47. 1. Shaping Sculpting new responses out of old ones Rats raising a flag Skinner’s bowling pigeons Lovaas (1967)

48. 2. Combining Responses: Chaining a. Response chains b. Response patterns

49. a. Response Chains A group of responses that follow each other in a sequence Ex. Babies drinking bottles…

50. b. Response Patterns A cluster of chained responses that operate together to produce a complex behavior Ex. Swimming (arm stroke chain, breathing chain, and leg kicking chain… all performed @ the same time)

51. Modeling Cuing Observational Learning Social Learning Theory

52. a. Cuing The behavior of others acts as a cue for the appropriate way to behave

53. b. Observational Learning Coined by Albert Bandura Imitation The ability to reproduce a behavior that you have watched someone else perform

54. 4 Processes of Observational Learning Attention Retention Reproduction of Action Motivation

55. C. Social Learning Theory Learning of social skills is done by observational learning Albert Bandura

56. Bandura: The Bobo Doll Experiment Bobo doll video Frustrating experience Playing experience Variations…

57. The Bobo Doll Experiment - Conclusion BOTH classical and operant conditioning can take place through observational learning by observing another’s conditioning

58. Behavior Modification Applying principles of learning to change people’s actions and feelings

59. Computer assisted Instruction (CAI) Concept invented by SL Presser Teaching machine invented by BF Skinner (my boyfriend)

60. Token Economies Systematically paying people to behave appropriately Cohen and Filipczak - National training School experiment Miller and Schneider preschool experiment Head Start