Emotion is defined as having cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components. The limbic system, specifically the amygdala, plays an important role in emotions like fear and rage. The right hemisphere of the brain is also active during emotional displays and damage can leave one emotionally indifferent. Emotions produce sympathetic nervous system responses like increased heart rate and respiration. Plutchik's theory proposes eight primary emotions that combine to form secondary emotions. James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories differ on the temporal order of physiological and emotional awareness during emotional experiences. Culture influences the expression and meaning of emotions through display rules.

1. The Biology of Emotion Chapter 13

2. Emotion Defined as states of feelings that have the following components Cognitive (what we believe) Physiological ( ANS arousal) Behavioral (avoidance & attack tendencies, etc.)

3. Brain Mechanisms Limbic System Hemispheres

4. Limbic System The amygdala appears to have an important role in emotions Amygdala removal in animals produces lack of fear and rage responses

5. Hemispheres The right hemisphere is active during many displays of emotion Damage to the right hemisphere often leaves individuals emotionally indifferent and unable to read emotions

6. Autonomic Nervous System

7. Autonomic Nervous System The sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine that prepares the body for vigorous activity Examples include dilated pupils, increased respiration, and accelerated heartbeat

8. Theories of Emotion

9. Plutchik’s Theory of Emotion 8 primary emotions; secondary emotions(like love) are derived from combinations of primary emotions Joy Anticipation Anger Disgust Sadness Surprise Fear Acceptance

10. James-Lange Emotional stimulus causes physiological reaction Physiological reaction produces emotion "We are afraid because we run." "We feel sorry because we cry."

11. Cannon-Bard Thalamus relays emotional stimuli to cortex and internal organs simultaneously Emotional awareness and physiological changes occur at the same time

12. Cognition & Emotion Theory

13. Schacter & Singer How we think about events affects the experience of the emotion Physiological arousal is an undifferentiated state that we can be given any of a number of labels The labels we use to describe our emotions depend on our immediate environment and what is on our mind at that particular moment

14. Expressing Emotion

15. Facial Expressions Theory

16. Ekman Universal occurrence of facial expressions of emotions Facial expressions amplify and regulate the emotion

17. Facial Feedback Hypothesis Stereotypical facial expressions can contribute to stereotypical emotions (put on a happy face can really work… if you want to be happy!)

18. Culture & Emotional Expression

19. Expression The meaning of gestures varies with the emotion Display rules Cultural norms that tell us which emotions we display Learned during childhood and act to exaggerate, minimize, or mask emotional expressions Expression of emotions depend on the situation and who is present

20. Experiencing Emotion

21. 7 Recognized Emotions Anger Disgust Fear Happiness Sadness Surprise Contempt ( Matsumoto, 1994)

22. Anger

23. Causes of Anger Annoyances Foul odors Extreme temperatures Aches and pains

24. Catharsis Hypothesis reduction of anger by release through aggressive actions Advantage: can be temporarily calming if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious Disadvantage: expressing anger leads to more anger

25. Appropriate Ways to Channel Anger Exercising Playing music Talking to a friend

26. Catharsis Evidence supports the opposite of catharsis - an increase in aggression

27. Disgust

28. Fear

29. Fear Adaptive response preparing our bodies to flee danger Acquired through classical conditioning (i.e., those reflecting our past traumas) Acquired through observational learning (i.e., those reflecting fears of parents and friends) Biological predispositions (i.e., snakes, cliffs, spiders, not cars and electricity)

30. Happiness

31. Happiness The adaptation-level principle: we adapt to levels of a stimulus and need something even better to make us feel happy The relative-deprivation principle: the sense that we are worse off than others with whom we compare ourselves

32. Predictors of Happiness High self-esteem Outgoing Close relationships Work that engages Religious faith Sleeping well Exercise

33. Sadness

34. Surprise

35. Contempt