Chapter Ten provides an overview of memory and thought processes. It discusses how information is processed through selective attention, feature extraction, and storage in sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. It also examines how information is retrieved through recognition and recall. Key concepts covered include memory storage locations in the brain, factors that influence memory like encoding, interference and forgetting, as well as theories of memory and problem solving.

1. Chapter Ten Memory and Thought

2. Information Processing Input - The information you receive from your senses Central Processing - The storing (in memory) and sorting (by thought) of input in the brain Output - The ideas and actions that result from processing

3. Taking In Information Selective Attention Picking and choosing from the sensory input available to you

4. Broadbent (1960) Theory of Selection Dichotic Listening Task

5. Treisman (1964) Attenuation Theory Filter doesn’t eliminate, merely suppresses… Like Picture in Picture

6. Criteria for Selective Attention Importance Novelty Interest

7. Taking In Information Cont. Feature Extraction Analyzing the information that selective attention sends to us

8. Feature Extraction Identify Sort Categorize

9. Separated at Birth?

10. Semantic Feature Theory Word meaning is a cluster of features that comprises our complete definition of a word

11. Rosch (1973) Theory of Prototypes Which one is the dog???

12. Storing Information Sensory Storage The memory system into which inputs from the senses are received

13. Sperling (1960) Demonstrated the phenomenon of sensory storage Duration: one second max Storage Limit: 7-9 items

14. Tachistoscope A device resembling a microscope, which allows control of visual input down to fractions of a second

15. Storing Information cont. Short-Term Memory Receives inputs from sensory storage Input is analyzed and identified for later storage in long-term memory Duration: rarely longer than 20 seconds Rehearsal - input must be repeated if you want it to stay in short-term memory

16. Miller (1956) Chunking - grouping similar inputs together to compact space “ The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two”

17. Storing Information cont. Transition to Long-Term Memory Rehearsal Intent to learn

18. Storing Information cont. Long-Term memory Input stored according to features Reconstructed or reassembled when needed

19. Other Models of Memory Tulving 1972 Semantic Memory Knowledge of language and how it works Includes grammar, syntax, diction, denotation and connotation Episodic Memory Events and experiences which are completely unique to you Includes flashbulb memories

20. LR Squire (1972) Declarative memory AKA explicit memory Combination of semantic and episodic memory Descriptive Procedural memory AKA implicit memory Knowledge of how to perform the steps of a task Demonstration Priming Conditioning - Takes place without conscious awareness of the subject

21. Memory and the Brain Learning - a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

22. Theories of Change Theory #1 - physiological changes in the structure of neurons Theory #2 - physiological changes in either the molecular structure or the chemical structure of the brain

23. Where Memory Takes Place Declarative memories are stored in the amygdala and the hippocampus Procedural memories are stored in the striatum, in the frontal lobes

24. Thompson (1987) Simple memories are stored in one specific location in the brain Limits of plasticity

25. Selective Memory Problems Prospagnosia - inability to recognize familiar faces (Larry from the video) Visual agnosia - inability to recognize faces, words, or other visual cues (John from the video)

26. Neuronal Activity Research Neuropsychologists Memory and aging Neurological basis of ADHD

27. Retrieving Information Retrieval The process of finding a stored memory Recognition The ability to say whether something is familiar Function of declarative, or explicit, memory

28. Retrieving Information Cont. Indexing The process of identifying a stimulus in a variety of ways

29. Retrieving Information Cont. Eyewitness Testimony Uses recognition Unreliable

30. Retrieving Information Cont. Loftus (1974) Mistaken identity in courtroom and lineup identification Distortion of eyewitness testimony (auto accident video) Stress impacts the ability to create a strong, clear memory of an event (1979)

32. Retrieving Information Cont. Recall The active reconstruction of information stored in memory Influenced by: Knowledge Attitudes Experiences Passage of Time

33. Retrieving Information Cont. Inhelder (1969) Bottle drawing experiment

34. Retrieving Information Variations Simplified Enriched Distorted Confabulation

35. Eidetic Memory Memory storage as accurate as a picture Requires no reconstruction Possessed by less than 5% of the population

36. Relearning Learning something again Function of procedural (implicit) memory Quicker than original learning

37. Forgetting Information which is stored in long-term memory, but cannot be retrieved

38. Inhibiting Memory Retrieval Decay Fading away of sensory or short-term memory Interference Proactive Interference Old learning inhibits the acquisition of new learning Retroactive Interference New learning inhibits the recall of old learning Repression Freudian concept of the pushing down by consciousness of a traumatic memory into the subconscious

39. Improving Memory Mood Braid - hypnosis Sirhan Sirhan - state-dependent memory Bower - validates state-dependent memory

40. Improving Memory Cont. Meaningfulness More meaning means easier recall

41. Improving Memory Cont. Association Known items Strong emotion Fragrance experiment

42. Improving Memory Cont. Dissociation Opposite of association Roth (1990)

43. Improving Memory Lack of Interference Overlearning Divided studying Mnemonic Devices Aid to memorizing lists Word play HOMES

44. Central Processing of Information Thinking Units of Thought Image - A mental picture of a specific object or event Symbol - A sound, design or word that represents an object or a quality Concept - A symbol for a whole class or category of objects that we have decided to group together (Rosch/Prototypes) Rule - A statement about how concepts are related to each other

45. Central Processing of Information

46. Kinds of Thinking Cont. Metacognition Thinking about thinking Thinking about thought processes

47. Problem-Solving Strategies Segments Backward Brainstorming Experience Set A response that has become habitual because it works

48. Rigidity Functional fixedness Fallacious assumption Inability to segment

49. Creativity The ability to take what you already know, and use it in a way that is new or original Characteristics Flexibility The degree to which you are able to overcome rigidity in thinking Recombination The ability to take information you already have, and rearrange it to make something new Insight The sudden emergence of a solution to a problem through recombining The “A-HA” experience

50. Wolfgang Kohler German psychologist Contemporary of Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka These three founded what became Gestalt psychology

51. Kohler (1925) Demonstrates the existence of insight in animals (chimps)

52. Alpert (1928) Demonstrates the existence of insight in young children (playpen)

53. The End