Cement stabilization of soils ppt
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This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
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Cement stabilisation of soil.pptx22
Cement stabilization is a process that improves soil properties by adding cementing materials like Portland cement, lime, or bitumen. It binds soil particles without altering them. The key requirements for soil stabilization are providing strength, controlling shrinkage and swelling, and reducing permeability. The factors affecting soil cement stabilization include the soil type, amount of cement added, moisture content during compaction, and curing time. Design of soil-cement mixes involves testing compressive strength of specimens with varying cement contents to determine the optimal cement percentage. Proper construction techniques such as soil preparation, mixing, compaction, and curing are also important.
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This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Field compaction methods
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Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
Ground improvement techniques
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to modify the engineering properties of soils, including densification, consolidation, reinforcement, and chemical treatment. It provides details on specific techniques like vibroflotation, ground freezing, and soil nailing. Geosynthetics are also introduced as natural or artificial products used in geotechnical constructions to improve properties of soils.
Dynamic compaction
Dynamic compaction is a technique developed in the 1960s that involves repeatedly dropping a large weight from a crane onto the ground to compact soils for construction projects like roads, airports, and buildings. The weight can range from 6 to 172 tons and is dropped from heights of 10 to 40 meters to densify soils to depths of 3 to 12 meters depending on the weight and soil properties. It is conducted in multiple phases with progressively closer spacing of impacts and is effective on both saturated and dry granular soils for reclamation projects with variable soil conditions.
Soil stabilisation
The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
Reinforced soil
This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
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Cement stabilisation of soil.pptx22
Cement stabilization is a process that improves soil properties by adding cementing materials like Portland cement, lime, or bitumen. It binds soil particles without altering them. The key requirements for soil stabilization are providing strength, controlling shrinkage and swelling, and reducing permeability. The factors affecting soil cement stabilization include the soil type, amount of cement added, moisture content during compaction, and curing time. Design of soil-cement mixes involves testing compressive strength of specimens with varying cement contents to determine the optimal cement percentage. Proper construction techniques such as soil preparation, mixing, compaction, and curing are also important.
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This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Field compaction methods
In this presentation various field methods of compaction along with their practical applications are discussed
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime :PPT
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
Ground improvement techniques
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to modify the engineering properties of soils, including densification, consolidation, reinforcement, and chemical treatment. It provides details on specific techniques like vibroflotation, ground freezing, and soil nailing. Geosynthetics are also introduced as natural or artificial products used in geotechnical constructions to improve properties of soils.
Dynamic compaction
Dynamic compaction is a technique developed in the 1960s that involves repeatedly dropping a large weight from a crane onto the ground to compact soils for construction projects like roads, airports, and buildings. The weight can range from 6 to 172 tons and is dropped from heights of 10 to 40 meters to densify soils to depths of 3 to 12 meters depending on the weight and soil properties. It is conducted in multiple phases with progressively closer spacing of impacts and is effective on both saturated and dry granular soils for reclamation projects with variable soil conditions.
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The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
Reinforced soil
This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
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This presentation discusses various ground improvement techniques for transportation projects. It introduces vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains like sand drains and wick drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage. Soil nailing reinforces soil by drilling and grouting steel tendons. Stone columns form compacted aggregate columns to increase shear strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands. Dynamic compaction drops heavy weights to compact soils at depth. The presentation provides details on how each technique is implemented to improve weak soils for construction.
GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES
Know the necessity of ground improvement
Understand the various ground improvement techniques available
Select design suitable ground improvement technique for existing soil conditions in the field
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil walls
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
Ground Improvement Techniques
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Index properties
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Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
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This presentation is about various approaches adopted for stabilizing soil using natural and chemical admixtures.
Reinforced earth walls
The document discusses reinforced earth walls, which combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. It describes how Henri Vidal came up with the concept while trying to build a reinforced sandcastle. The key components of reinforced earth walls are the soil, which is strong in compression, reinforcement like steel or concrete that is strong in tension, and a skin or facing to retain the soil. The document outlines design considerations for reinforced earth retaining walls, including checking external stability as a whole structure and internal stability of reinforcement layers.
Types of samplers used in soil sampling
There are two types of soil samples:
1. Disturbed samples - The natural structure of the soil is modified or destroyed during sampling.
2. Undisturbed samples - The natural structure and properties of the soil remain preserved.
Soil sampling devices include open drive samplers, piston samplers, and rotary samplers. Open drive samplers use thin-walled tubes that are pushed into the soil to collect undisturbed samples. Piston samplers also use thin-walled tubes but have a piston inside to prevent excess soil from entering and maintain sample integrity. Rotary samplers have an outer rotating barrel and inner stationary tube to collect annular ring samples.
Grouting
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
Grouting Methods
This document discusses different grouting methods. It describes permeation grouting where grout is injected to fill voids without disturbing soil grains. Displacement grouting displaces soil grains, including compaction grouting using thick grout to form bulb shapes, and soil fracture grouting using lean grout to form root-like lenses. Jet grouting forms grouted columns by partly replacing and mixing with soil. Permeation grouting is used to form seepage barriers and stabilize tunnels. Displacement-compaction grouting involves high pressure injection of a soil-cement grout mixture to form 0.5-1m bulbous intrusions.
Grouting
Grouting involves injecting a slurry or liquid into soil or rock to fill voids and fractures. There are three main modes of grouting: permeation where grout flows freely into voids, compaction where grout remains intact and exerts pressure, and hydraulic fracturing where grout rapidly penetrates fractured zones. Grouting is used for applications like seepage control, soil stabilization, and vibration control. Common grout materials include suspensions of cement and water, emulsions of asphalt and water, and chemical solutions. Injection methods include permeation, compaction, jet, and soil fracture grouting. Proper planning of the grouting process including ground investigation, hole pattern, and sequencing is
What is Ground Improvement Techniques?
Ground improvement techniques are used to improve the engineering properties of soil, such as shear strength, stiffness, and permeability. They are required when soil properties are inadequate to support structures, or when soils are prone to swelling, shrinkage, collapse, or liquefaction. Common techniques include compaction, dewatering, reinforcement, grouting, and combinations thereof. The choice of technique depends on the soil type and purpose is to enable cost-effective foundation design and reduce the risks posed by problem soils.
Vertical Drain
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
Ground improvement techniques compaction vibration
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to treat poor ground conditions. It begins by classifying ground conditions as hazardous, poor, or favorable. Poor ground conditions that cannot be used in their insitu state but can be treated include expansive soils, organic soils, loose sands and silts, and fissured rocks. The document then discusses various ground improvement techniques including compaction methods, preloading, grouting, geosynthetics, soil reinforcement, stone columns, and thermal methods. It provides details on techniques like dynamic compaction, vibrocompaction, vibrodisplacement, prefabricated vertical drains, and compaction piles. The objectives, principles, factors affecting selection, and design of various techniques are
IS Classification of Soils
The document describes the Indian Standard (IS) Classification System for soils. It divides soils into 3 main categories - coarse grained, fine grained, and highly organic soils - based on grain size. Coarse grained soils are further divided into gravel and sand, each with subcategories based on fines content and plasticity. Fine grained soils are subdivided into low, intermediate, and high compressibility categories based on liquid limit and plasticity index. The document provides detailed explanations of each soil group and examples of classifying soils according to their properties.
Reinforced earth structures
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
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Soil penetration tests
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
Bituminous road construction
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
Vibration method for ground improvement technique
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques, including vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water through columns of pervious material placed in soil. Soil nailing uses steel tendons drilled and grouted into soil to create a reinforced composite mass. Stone columns form vertical columns of compacted aggregate through problem soils to increase strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands using vibratory probes to achieve a denser soil structure. Dynamic compaction improves soil by repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground from heights of 40 to 80 feet.
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Stabilization in a broad sense incorporates the various methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally available materials.
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This presentation discusses various ground improvement techniques for transportation projects. It introduces vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains like sand drains and wick drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage. Soil nailing reinforces soil by drilling and grouting steel tendons. Stone columns form compacted aggregate columns to increase shear strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands. Dynamic compaction drops heavy weights to compact soils at depth. The presentation provides details on how each technique is implemented to improve weak soils for construction.
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Know the necessity of ground improvement
Understand the various ground improvement techniques available
Select design suitable ground improvement technique for existing soil conditions in the field
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil walls
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
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Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
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Geo textile etc.,
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index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
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This presentation is about various approaches adopted for stabilizing soil using natural and chemical admixtures.
Reinforced earth walls
The document discusses reinforced earth walls, which combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. It describes how Henri Vidal came up with the concept while trying to build a reinforced sandcastle. The key components of reinforced earth walls are the soil, which is strong in compression, reinforcement like steel or concrete that is strong in tension, and a skin or facing to retain the soil. The document outlines design considerations for reinforced earth retaining walls, including checking external stability as a whole structure and internal stability of reinforcement layers.
Types of samplers used in soil sampling
There are two types of soil samples:
1. Disturbed samples - The natural structure of the soil is modified or destroyed during sampling.
2. Undisturbed samples - The natural structure and properties of the soil remain preserved.
Soil sampling devices include open drive samplers, piston samplers, and rotary samplers. Open drive samplers use thin-walled tubes that are pushed into the soil to collect undisturbed samples. Piston samplers also use thin-walled tubes but have a piston inside to prevent excess soil from entering and maintain sample integrity. Rotary samplers have an outer rotating barrel and inner stationary tube to collect annular ring samples.
Grouting
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
Grouting Methods
This document discusses different grouting methods. It describes permeation grouting where grout is injected to fill voids without disturbing soil grains. Displacement grouting displaces soil grains, including compaction grouting using thick grout to form bulb shapes, and soil fracture grouting using lean grout to form root-like lenses. Jet grouting forms grouted columns by partly replacing and mixing with soil. Permeation grouting is used to form seepage barriers and stabilize tunnels. Displacement-compaction grouting involves high pressure injection of a soil-cement grout mixture to form 0.5-1m bulbous intrusions.
Grouting
Grouting involves injecting a slurry or liquid into soil or rock to fill voids and fractures. There are three main modes of grouting: permeation where grout flows freely into voids, compaction where grout remains intact and exerts pressure, and hydraulic fracturing where grout rapidly penetrates fractured zones. Grouting is used for applications like seepage control, soil stabilization, and vibration control. Common grout materials include suspensions of cement and water, emulsions of asphalt and water, and chemical solutions. Injection methods include permeation, compaction, jet, and soil fracture grouting. Proper planning of the grouting process including ground investigation, hole pattern, and sequencing is
What is Ground Improvement Techniques?
Ground improvement techniques are used to improve the engineering properties of soil, such as shear strength, stiffness, and permeability. They are required when soil properties are inadequate to support structures, or when soils are prone to swelling, shrinkage, collapse, or liquefaction. Common techniques include compaction, dewatering, reinforcement, grouting, and combinations thereof. The choice of technique depends on the soil type and purpose is to enable cost-effective foundation design and reduce the risks posed by problem soils.
Vertical Drain
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
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This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to treat poor ground conditions. It begins by classifying ground conditions as hazardous, poor, or favorable. Poor ground conditions that cannot be used in their insitu state but can be treated include expansive soils, organic soils, loose sands and silts, and fissured rocks. The document then discusses various ground improvement techniques including compaction methods, preloading, grouting, geosynthetics, soil reinforcement, stone columns, and thermal methods. It provides details on techniques like dynamic compaction, vibrocompaction, vibrodisplacement, prefabricated vertical drains, and compaction piles. The objectives, principles, factors affecting selection, and design of various techniques are
IS Classification of Soils
The document describes the Indian Standard (IS) Classification System for soils. It divides soils into 3 main categories - coarse grained, fine grained, and highly organic soils - based on grain size. Coarse grained soils are further divided into gravel and sand, each with subcategories based on fines content and plasticity. Fine grained soils are subdivided into low, intermediate, and high compressibility categories based on liquid limit and plasticity index. The document provides detailed explanations of each soil group and examples of classifying soils according to their properties.
Reinforced earth structures
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
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Soil penetration tests
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
Bituminous road construction
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
Vibration method for ground improvement technique
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques, including vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water through columns of pervious material placed in soil. Soil nailing uses steel tendons drilled and grouted into soil to create a reinforced composite mass. Stone columns form vertical columns of compacted aggregate through problem soils to increase strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands using vibratory probes to achieve a denser soil structure. Dynamic compaction improves soil by repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground from heights of 40 to 80 feet.
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The document studies the preparation and properties of biodiesel for use in diesel engines. It discusses the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats, and evaluates the performance, emissions, and efficiency of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results show that biodiesel has improved efficiency and reduced emissions except for NOx, but higher production costs and infrastructure needs compared to conventional diesel fuel.
Bio Diesel
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Oleochemicals and Catalysts Used
Oleochemicals - What are they?
fatty acids
fatty alcohols
fatty methyl esters
fatty amines
glycerine
Oleochemical pathways
What are they used for?
Where do they come from?
Review of Organic Functional Groups
Fatty Acids
- Uses
- Process
- Splitting
- Hydrogenation
Ni Catalyst for FA hydrogenation
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Comparison pore size & TG/FA molecules
Effect of pore dimensions in fatty acid hardening
Effect of premixing time on catalyst activity
Effects of catalyst dissolution summarized:
Reducing Ni soaps
Issues
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (i)
Precious metal catalyst cycle
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (ii)
Fatty Alcohols
- Uses
- Process
Fatty Ester Hydrogenolysis
Fixed Bed Hydrogenolysis
Slurry Phase Hydrogenolysis
Fatty OH polishing
Fatty Methyl Esters
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Advantages of ME vs FA as a feedstock
FME - Biodiesel
Fatty Amines
Glycerin
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- The Future
REFERENCE:
Some graphs and photographs, in particular the photo of "The nickel deposits in the tube section", were extracted from Johnson Matthey contributions to International conferences.
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TerraDura soil stabilization technology uses a liquid polymer concentrate that is diluted and sprayed onto soil or aggregates to chemically bond the particles together when the water evaporates, forming a strong and waterproof solid mass that can be used to construct durable roads, parking lots, and other infrastructure at reduced costs. The polymer treated areas have superior strength, are highly resistant to weathering and water damage, and provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional road building materials. The document provides information on how to use the TerraDura technology for various types of road construction and other applications such as dust control.
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Democratic socialist republic of Sri Lanka is an island nation in South Asia with a population of 20 million. It has been demarcated into 9 provinces and 25 districts. Sri Lanka has an executive presidency elected for a period of 6 years by universal adult suffrage. Sri Lanka has a 225 member parliament as well directly elected for 6 years by a system of proportional representation. Extensive powers have been devolved to 9 directly elected provincial councils and over 250 municipal councils, urban councils and pradeshiya sabhas. The current per capita income of Sri Lanka is USD 1617 and over the last 5 year period the economic growth had been around 5%. Sri Lanka will continue in general to pursue open economic policies, and its attitude towards foreign investment will remain positive and more, for several reasons, including those of environmental concerns. In 2007, the Sri Lankan economy recorded a growth above 6 percent for the third consecutive year for the first time since 1948. The need to improve on quality and productivity of Municipal Engineering management for sustainable development and decision making by improvement of future skills in Sri Lanka.
Sri lanka
Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state which is governed by a semi-presidential system with its official seat of government in Sri Jayawardenapura - Kotte, the capital.
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Cement stabilization of soils ppt
- 2. Stabilization of low quality aggregate or soil can be done by mechanical, chemical, electrical or thermal. Chemical stabilization involves addition of cement, lime, fly-ash, bitumen, chemical compounds etc
- 4. Two primary methods of soil stabilization •Mechanical •Chemical or additive
- 5. When unsuitable construction conditions are encountered, a contractor has four options; 1.Find a new construction site 2.Redesign the structure so it can be constructed on the poor soil. 3.Remove the poor soil and replace it with good soil. 4.Improve the engineering properties of the site soils.
- 6. Advantages to soil stabilization
- 8. Basic ingredients for cemented base/sub-base in pavement
- 9. Environmental Benefits of Soil Stabilization
- 11. Advantages of Cement Stabilization
- 12. Mix design
- 14. Tsunami Affected Area Rehabilitation Project (TAARP)- 1500 Million Grant in Trincomalee District Funded By ADB-EU
- 15. Roads Taken for rehabilitation 1.Trincomalee-Pulmoddai Road (7.0 km - 27.00 km & 27.00-47.5km) 2. Bhogahawatte-Pulmoddai Road (12.00 km-27.55 km).
- 16. Road Before Construction Trincomalee-Pulmoddai Road (7.0 km - 27.00 km & 27.00-47.5km)
- 17. Road Before Construction Bhogahawatte-Pulmoddai Road (12.00 km-27.55 km).
- 18. Pug mill
- 19. Pug Mill
- 21. Sub base Surface under Preparation for CSB Laying
- 22. Sieving the Soils collected from the Gravel Quarry
- 25. CSB Surface is Leveled and Compacted
- 27. Levels and compaction is Carried out on the Completed CSB Surface
- 28. Stabilization Process • 1.Seiving Collected Gravel from Borrow Pit • 2.Seived Gravel is Processed to Pug-mill • 3.Processed Gravel is sent to Stabilization • 4.Gravel Stabilization Process • 5.Stabilized Gravel for Road Work
- 29. Sand is Applied on CSB Surface to Maintain Moisture for Curing
- 30. Geo-Textiles Laid on CSB Surface to Maintain Moisture for Curing
- 31. Primed Surface after Curing
- 32. Finished Cement stabilized Road after surfacing Complete
- 33. THANK YOU