The document discusses soil stabilization techniques, particularly focusing on mechanical, lime, cement, and bitumen stabilization methods to enhance soil properties for construction. It highlights a case study from Syria, showing how the addition of natural pozzolana to lime-treated clayey soils can significantly improve geotechnical properties, including shear strength and compressibility. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of soil stabilization in construction projects to enhance soil performance and reduce costs.

1. Keep your eyes on the stars, your feet on the ground, and your hands
creating a Spark.

2. by
SHUBHAM GIRI -
150553
SOIL
STABALIZATION
GOVIND BALLABH PANT INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ARODOUCTION
WHY
HOW
B
EMENT
S
C
45%
ASTIC LIMIT
2.65
P. GRAVITY
D
N

3. HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
SOIL
STABALIZATION
Procedure wherein the engineering properties of the soil are ALTERED &
ENHANCED to increase its suitability for construction purposes

4. NEED OF SOIL
STABALIZATION ?
WHY
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

5. LETS UNDERSTAND WITH AN EXAMPLE
When unsuitable construction conditions are encountered, a contractor has 4 options
I) Find a new construction site
II) Redesign the structure so it can be constructed on the poor soil
III) Remove the poor soil & replace it with good soil
IV) Improving the engineering properties of the site soil
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

6. PROBLEMS WITH EXPANSIVE OR SOFT SOILS
Source http://texturelib.com/#!/category/?path=/Textures/road/damaged
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

7. http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/india-stop-paving-any-more-roads-
asphalt8726728987/
PROBLEMS WITH EXPANSIVE OR SOFT SOILS
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

8. MAIN OBJECTIVE
Stability
Cost of Construction
Shear Strength
Compressibility
Bearing Capacity
Permeability
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

9. Methods Of Stabilization

10. TYPES
MECHANICAL
WITHOUT
ADMIXTURE
WITH
ADMIXTURE
CEMENT LIME BITUMEN
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

11. Mechanical stabilisation involves 2 operations :-
a) Mixing or blending soils of 2 or more gradations to obtain a material meeting the required
specification.
b) The blended material is then spread & compacted to required densities by conventional
methods.
On the basis of gradation, soil particles generally divided in 2 major categories
a) Granular fraction ( ≥ 75µ) – Imparts strength & hardness to soil
b) Fine fraction ( < 75µ) – Provides cohesion & also act as a filler for the voids of coarse
fraction.
MECHANICAL STABILISATION
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

12. HOW IT WORKS
DryDensity()
Water Content (w)
ZERO AIR VOID LINE
Proper compaction has a great impact on soil properties
The properties of a soil under compaction depends upon
I) Optimum water content
II) Compaction Efforts
III) Method Of Compaction
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
MECHANICAL STABALISATION

13. LIME STABALISATION
Effective in case of Heavy Plastic clayey soil.
If used with cement, fly ash can be used for sandy soils also.
WHAT LIME DO: -
Increases
Early strength by starting a
long term pozzolanic
reaction.
Reduces
• Soil Moisture content
• Soil Plasticity
• Swell Potential
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

14. LIME STABALISATION
HOW IT WORKS
The addition of lime affects the shear strength, compressibility, and the permeability of soft
clays. These beneficial changes occur due to the diffusion of lime.
Soil-lime reaction
(I) Cation-exchange (II) Flocculation (III) Aggregation/ Pozzolanic
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

15. LIME STABALISATION
(I) Cation Exchange
• Quick lime, CaO , absorbs water from the surrounding ground, causing the lime to swell and
forms slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2) as per the following chemical reaction.
CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2 +15.6 kcal/mole
• As the surface of fine particles of clay is negatively charged, calcium ions (Ca++) from the slaked
lime are absorbed by the surface of clay particles.
• The cation replacement takes place in order of their replacing power
Li+ < Na+ < H+ <K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ <Ca2+ < Al3+
• As a result, clay particles are bonded with each other and the weak clay is improved with a
resultant increase in shear strength.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

16. LIME STABALISATION
(II) Flocculation
The fine clay particles react with lime & get flocculated or aggregated to into large particle groups
which are more stable even in soaking conditions.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

17. LIME STABALISATION
(II) Pozzolanic Reaction
Addition of lime to soil alters the properties of soil and this is mainly due to the formation of
various compounds such as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH)
and micro fabric changes(Pozzolanic reaction).
Ca2++2(OH-) + SiO2 CSH
Ca2++2(OH-)+ Al2O3 CAH
Pozzolanic effect Calcium ions continue to react with SiO2 and Al2O3 in the clay for a long time
forming compounds that cause the clay strength to be improved.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

18. LIME STABALISATION
Factors affecting lime stabalised soils
T
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

19. LIME STABALISATION
Variation of index properties with addition of lime
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

20. CEMENT STABALISATION
• Soil stabilized with cement is known as SOIL CEMENT
• Cementing action is believed to be the result of chemical reaction of cement with
silicious soil during hydration
• The binding action of individual particles through cement may be possible only in
case of COARSE Grained Soil. In case of FINE grained soil only some of the particles
are expected to have Cement bond & rest are bonded through natural cohesion.
• By using pozzolanic materials such as fly ash, rice husk fine grained soils can also be
stabilized.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

21. CEMENT STABALISATION
1) NATURE OF SOIL: -
Coarse Grained Soils are more feasible with this method as compared to Fine Grained.
Well Graded soils ( < 50 % finer then 75 µ & Plasticity Index < 20 % ) give best results.
2) CEMENT CONTENT: -
Soil cement strength increases with increase of cement content.
Approximate amount of cement for different types of soils may be
GRAVELS SANDS SILTS
5-10 % 7-12 % 12- 15 %
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

22. CEMENT STABALISATION
3) COMPACTION & CURING
It has been observed that better soil strength & stability develops if Fine grained are compacted
wet of optimum Coarse grained are compacted dry of optimum.
Strength of soil cement increase with AGE. Hence it must be MOIST CURED for at least 7 days.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

23. CEMENT STABALISATION
If the clay is saturated with Ca(OH)2 , a pozzolonic reaction between the components occurs.
Adsorption of Ca(OH)2 by the clay, cation exchange reaction
The calcium hydroxide generated is up to 25% of the weight of cement.
Hydration of cement produces Ca(OH)2.
HOW IT WORKS
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

24. BITUMEN STABALISATION
• Asphalts & Tars are bituminous materials which are used for stabilisation of soil.
• The Fluidity of both are increased either by heating or by Cut-Back process .
• Bituminous material when added to a soil impart Binding Action & reduce Water
absorption.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

25. BITUMEN STABALISATION
Depending upon their actions & nature of soils, bitumen stabalisation is classified in 4 types
1) Sand Bitumen
2) Soil Bitumen
3) Water Proof mechanical Stabalisation
4) Oiled Earth
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

26. CHEMICAL STABALISATION
1) Sand Bitumen: -
The term refers to bitumen stabalised Cohesion less soil.
The primary function of bitumen is to bind the soil particles.
2) Soil Bitumen: -
It refers to a cohesive soil stabalised by Bituminous material.
The main function is to preserve the natural cohesive strength by water proofing the soil
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

27. BITUMEN STABALISATION
3) Water proof Mechanical Stabalisation
Small amount of bitumen ( 1-3 %), are sometime added to mechanically stabalised soils to make
them water proof.
4) Oiled Earth
Slow & Medium curing road oils are spread on the ground surface to make it water & abrasion
resistant.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

28. CASE STUDY - SYRIA
Effect of adding natural pozzolana on geotechnical properties
of lime-stabilized clayey soil

29. CASE STUDY
Abstract
Clayey soils in Syria cover a total area of more than 20,000 km2 of the country, most of which are
located in the southwestern region. In many places of the country, the clayey soils caused severe
damage to infrastructures. Extensive studies have been carried out on the stabilization of clayey
soils using lime. Syria is rich in both lime and natural pozzolana. However, few works have been
conducted to investigate the influence of adding natural pozzolana on the geotechnical properties
of lime-treated clayey soils. The aim of this paper is to understand the effect of adding natural
pozzolana on some geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized clayey soils. Natural pozzolana and
lime are added to soil within the range of 0%–20% and 0%–8%, respectively.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

30. CASE STUDY
Consistency, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and linear shrinkage properties are
particularly investigated. The test results show that the investigated properties of lime-treated
clayey soils can be considerably enhanced when the natural pozzolana is added as a stabilizing
agent. Analysis results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDX) show significant changes in the microstructure of the treated clayey soil. A
better flocculation of clayey particles and further formation of cementing materials in the natural
pozzolana-lime-treated clayey soil are clearly observed.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

31. CASE STUDY
1. Introduction
Clayey soils usually have the potential to demonstrate undesirable geotechnical properties,
such as low bearing capacity, high compressibility, shrinkage and swell characteristics and
high moisture susceptibility (Sakr et al., 2009). Several methods have been adopted to
improve the geotechnical properties of such soils so that the stability and serviceability
requirements can be met.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

32. HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
CASE STUDY
Lime is the oldest traditional stabilizer used for soil stabilization (Mallela et al., 2004). Many
significant geotechnical properties of clayey soils can be beneficially modified by lime treatment,
as lime decreases the plasticity index (PI), increases the workability, shrinkage limit, strength and
California bearing ratio (CBR) as well as eliminates almost all swelling problems (Rogers and
Glendinning, 1996; Sakr et al., 2009).

33. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Soil
The soil samples used in the study have been obtained from a site called Aalqeen situated at
about 40 km southwest of Damascus.
The clay minerals are kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite, with the percentages of 23%, 14% and
7%, respectively. The main non-clay minerals are quartz, feldspar and calcite.
2.1.2. Lime
The lime used was a quick lime. It was quarried from Hama Governance at about 200 km north of
Damascus
CASE STUDY
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

34. Color Depth
(m)
S.G
(G)
Passin
g
75 μm
(%)
Media
n
particl
e size
(μm)
LL (%) PL (%) PI (%) Classif
icatio
n
(USCS
)
Optim
um
moist
ure
conte
nt
(OMC
) (%)
Maxi
mum
dry
densit
y
(MDD
)
(kN/m
3)
CBR
of
soake
d
sampl
e (%)
CBR
of
non-
soake
d
sampl
e (%)
Swelli
ng
using
CBR
mold
(%)
Brow
n to
red
1 2.68 95 27 58.8 30 28.8 CH 27 14.8 2.89 6.38 7.41
CASE STUDY
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

35. CASE STUDY
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
2.1.3. Natural pozzolana
ASTM C125 (2003) describes pozzolana as a siliceous or silicious and aluminous material which
in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to
form compounds possessing cementitious properties. The natural pozzolana used in the
experiments was collected from a Tal Shihan's quarry, about 70 km southeast of Damascus,

36. CASE STUDY
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
2.2. Methods
A series of laboratory tests consisting of initial consumption of lime, Atterberg limits, compaction,
CBR was conducted on the clayey soil.
3. Results and discussion
The PI of lime-treated clayey soil decreased with increasing natural pozzolana.
Reduction of this index is an indicator of improvement which can be correlated with an
increase in the strength and a reduction in swelling and compressibility.

37. Soil mixture LL PL PI
0% Natural pozzolana
and 0% lime (control)
58.8 30 28.8
0% Natural pozzolana
and 4% lime
50.8 44.75 6.05
0% Natural pozzolana
and 8% lime
49.9 44.11 5.79
10% Natural pozzolana
and 0% lime
57 34.23 22.77
10% Natural pozzolana
and 4% lime
47 42.21 4.79
CASE STUDY- ATTERBERG TEST RESULTS
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

38. Soil mixture LL PL PI
20% Natural pozzolana
and 0% lime
56.1 34.86 21.24
20% Natural pozzolana
and 4% lime
43.2 40.24 2.96
20% Natural pozzolana
and 8% lime
44.4 41.53 2.87
CASE STUDY – ATTERBERG TEST RESULT
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

39. (2) CBR TEST
Adding natural pozzolana has a beneficial effect on the bearing capacity of lime
treated soil. It has the potential to significantly increase the CBR value up to 90%
(a value that normally characterizes an excellently compacted pavement
subgrade).
CASE STUDY
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

40. CASE STUDY – CBR TEST RESULTS
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

41. CONCLUSION
• Stabilisation methods are employed for modifying the properties of a
soil to improve its engineering performance.
• Soil stabilisation is used in construction of road and air-field pavements,
where the main objective is to increase the strength of soil and to
reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally available
materials.
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

42. 1) BOOKS REFFERD
B.C Punmia
Khanna N Justo
Manoj Dutta
2) NPTEL
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105108075/module6/Lecture17.pdf
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105108075/module2/Lecture05.pdf
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105108075/module6/Lecture19.pdf
2) RESEARCH GATE
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292090709_Influence_of_Delay_after_Mixing_on_
Compaction_Characteristics_of_Cement-Locust_Bean_Waste_Ash_Modified_Lateritic_Soil
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322059624_STUDY_ON_UNCONFINED_COMPRESS
IVE_STRENGTH_OF_SOIL_CEMENT_STABILIZED_BY_NORMAL_PORTLAND_CEMENT
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
REFRENCE

43. 4) SLIDE SHARE
https://www.slideshare.net/husna004/introduction-to-soil-stabilization-and-introduction-to-
geo-textiles-and-synthetics-applications/5
https://www.slideshare.net/safiullahkha/soil-stabilisation-1
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/prashanthkumar81/stabilization-of-soil-using-bitumenous-
emulsions-40717891
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/VeluppillaiMohan1/cement-stabilization-of-soils-ppt
5) https://globalroadtechnology.com/definition-soil-stabilization/
6) https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b538/f91d5d13229e413aa9c80b56c4024bdae578.pdf
7) https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/810652/
8) http://envirotac-dust-control-products.blogspot.in/2016/11/why-stabilizing-soil-with-
polymers-is.html?m=1
9) http://www.bitumina.co.uk/cutback-bitumen.html
10) http://www.civilengineeringterms.com/soil-mechanics-2/bitumen-and-lime-stabilization/
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
REFRENCE

44. REFRENCE
10) YOUTUBE
a) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_RzcFofsK3DKYuNyR5P75Q
b) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC5YWjZjVVM&list=PLbMVogVj5nJRb_yA6oMKfo
T89hyUcuHIA
c) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahlu0gVP42I
11) QUORA
12) SCIENCE DIRECT
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674775517302019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0008884695002197
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705816304465
12) GBPIET HELP GUIDE ( Animated images)
https://gbpietguide.000webhostapp.com/
HOME INTRO METHODS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

45. THANK YOU