Cell membrane and membrane transport
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The document discusses cell membrane structure and function, including its composition of lipids and proteins. It also covers various types of membrane transport mechanisms, such as passive diffusion, osmosis, and active and facilitated transport. Finally, it briefly touches on energy storage in ATP and how enzymes function, including their use of activation energy and feedback inhibition.
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The document discusses different types of transport across cell membranes. There are two main types: passive transport, which requires no energy and involves molecules moving from high to low concentration areas via diffusion or osmosis; and active transport, which requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. Passive transport includes diffusion of molecules and osmosis of water moving through membrane channels and proteins from high to low concentration areas. Active transport transports molecules from low to high concentration areas using energy.
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This document contains information about the movement of substances across the plasma membrane of cells. It discusses the necessity for movement, the structure of the plasma membrane, and the processes involved. The plasma membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins that allow for both passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport processes that require energy from ATP. Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradients, while active transport moves them against gradients with energy.
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1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms, with over 200 cell types that vary in shape, size, and function.
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3. The cytoplasm contains organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes that carry out specialized functions to keep the cell working properly.
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The document describes key aspects of cell structure and function, including:
1. A typical cell is 10 micrometers in size, with a nucleus and cytoplasm separated by a cell membrane. Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
2. The cell membrane is a thin, semipermeable bilayer composed of phospholipids and proteins that envelops the cell and regulates what passes in and out.
3. Substances can pass through the cell membrane through passive diffusion or active transport mechanisms like pumps and channels. Passive diffusion occurs down concentrations gradients while active transport works against gradients and requires energy.
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This document describes the structure and function of different types of cells and cell organelles. It discusses the components of the cell membrane, including the fluid mosaic model. It also outlines the roles of various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Additionally, it covers cell fibers, extensions, and connections like gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes.
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The document summarizes several key organelles in cells:
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This document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the major components of the human cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It also discusses cellular processes like protein synthesis, cellular reproduction, the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. Additionally, it covers topics related to human anatomy and physiology like the structure and function of blood cells, blood plasma, and the immune system.
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The plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell. It is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It is composed of 50-75% proteins, 21-50% lipids, and 8% carbohydrates. There are three models that describe its structure: the sandwich model depicts outer and inner protein layers with a phospholipid middle layer; the unit membrane model also has a trilaminar structure but with extended fibrous proteins; the fluid mosaic model views the membrane as a mosaic of integral and peripheral proteins existing within the fluid phospholipid bilayer. The plasma membrane functions to protect the cell, provide shape, regulate transport, receive signals, act as a receptor, and facilitate chemical exchange.
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This document provides information on the structure and function of various tissues in the human body, including epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. It describes the key components and classifications of each tissue type. For example, it notes that epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities, and can be simple, stratified, transitional or pseudostratified. Connective tissue provides structure and connection between organs. Muscular tissue allows for body movement and posture, while nervous tissue forms the communication network in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral proteins embedded within it, peripheral proteins attached to its surface, and lipid-anchored proteins. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion using channel proteins, and active transport using carrier proteins that require ATP. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow bulk transport across the membrane through vesicles.
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The human body contains over 200 cell types that all originate from a single fertilized egg cell. Cells differentiate and specialize to perform specific functions. The basic components of cells are the nucleus, which houses the DNA, and the cytoplasm, which contains organelles. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. Cells communicate through signaling molecules that bind receptors and trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to be transported into and out of cells while maintaining membrane integrity. The nucleus contains DNA and directs cellular activities through gene expression.
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Cell & Tissues document provides an overview of cell structure and function including:
1. It defines cells and their basic parts like the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles. The plasma membrane regulates passage of substances into and out of the cell via proteins and lipids.
2. Protein synthesis is summarized as transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, followed by translation of mRNA to proteins by ribosomes.
3. Cell division and the stages of cell cycle are also briefly discussed. The document aims to describe cellular structures, functions, transport mechanisms, and protein synthesis at the basic level.
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The document discusses the mechanism of cell division in eukaryotic cells. It describes the four main phases of the cell cycle - growth, DNA synthesis, nuclear division through mitosis, and cytokinesis. The S phase involves DNA replication, while the M phase comprises mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further broken down into the prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by control proteins to ensure proper division.
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The cytoplasm contains organelles and inclusions and is where most cellular activities occur. The cytoskeleton acts as the cell's structure and includes microtubules, filaments and microfilaments. Cilia, flagella and microvilli project from the cell membrane and have specific functions. Organelles such as mitochondria generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum modifies proteins, vesicles transport materials and the golgi apparatus packages proteins. The nucleus contains the nucleolus and chromosomal DNA and directs cell activities. Mitosis involves specific phases that result in two daughter cells each with the same genetic material.
Non-membranous Organelles
Describe the nonmembranous organelles of a typical cell with their structure and specific functions.
Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
Presaented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Guided by-
Dr. Zinnat Ara Yasmin
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This document provides information on the basic structures of animal cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It discusses the components and functions of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, and nucleus. The key structures and their roles in transport, synthesis, modification and packaging of molecules are summarized.
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(
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�
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Editor's Notes
- “Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram” by Dhatfield. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_3.svg
- “Adenylate Cyclase” by Bensaccount. Released into public domain by the copyright holder. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenylate_cyclase.png
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- Top: “Osmotic pressure on blood cells diagram” by LadyofHats. Released into public domain by the copyright holder. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg Bottom: “Turgor pressure on plant cells diagram” by LadyofHats. Released into public domain by the copyright holder. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg
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- “Induced Fit Diagram” by TimVickers. Released into the public domain by copyright holder. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Induced_fit_diagram.svg
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