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Hsf c2 l1 the cell and its organelles (aa s2 2015) (2 slides)
- 1. 16/02/2016 1 Compendium 2 How do cells do what they do? Lecture 1 of 4 - The cell and its organelles HUMB1000 Human Structure & Function Dr Ajanthy Arulpragasam Building 308, room 208 9266 3358 hsf100@curtin.edu.au COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulation 1969 WARNING This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on behalf of Curtin University of Technology pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice
- 2. 16/02/2016 2 Compendium 2 learning outcomes • List the major cell organelles and briefly describe their functions. • Distinguish between the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton. • Describe the structure of the cell (plasma) membrane. • Define the four different types of primary tissues. • Define the main characteristics of epithelial tissue. • Describe the different cell shapes of epithelia. • Define simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional epithelia and give an example where each is found including an understanding of why (functionally) it is found in this location. The cell • Structural and functional unit of all living things, including humans http://www.sebiology.org/cell/Physical_cell.html http://www.cfne.unimelb.edu.au/research-laboratories/stem-cells/ http://www.umassmed.edu/cemf/services/
- 3. 16/02/2016 3 Functional characteristics of cells 1. Cell metabolism and energy use 2. Synthesis of molecules 3. Communication 4. Reproduction and inheritance Human cell • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm • Cytoskeleton • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Centrioles • Cilia • Microvilli
- 4. 16/02/2016 4 Plasma membrane 1 • Also known as the cell membrane Function: • Encloses and supports cellular contents • Controls what goes into the cell and what comes out • Role in inter-cellular (cell-to-cell) communication Plasma membrane 2 Structure: • Lipid bilayer (phospholipids bilayer and cholesterol) (45-50%) • Provides flexibility to the cell • Carbohydrates (4-8%) • Proteins (45-50%)
- 5. 16/02/2016 5 Plasma membrane 3 Structure: • Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane) • Glycoproteins (carbohydrates and proteins) • Glycolipids (carbohydrates and lipids) • Carbohydrates Cytoplasm • Cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma membrane • Organelles (“little organs”) • Cytosol Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles
- 6. 16/02/2016 6 Cytosol • Fluid portion of the cytoplasm (ions and proteins in water) • Cytoplasmic inclusions – aggregates of chemicals • Cytoskeleton – supports the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement of its organelles Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles Cytoplasmic inclusion Cytoskeleton Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Ribosomes Nucleus Tubulin subunits Actin subunits 10 nm 8 nm 25 nm Endoplasmic reticulum Intermediate filaments are protein fibers 10 nm in diameter. Microtubules are composed of tubulin protein subunits. Microtubules are 25 nm in diameter with walls 5 nm thick. Protein subunits 5 nm • Supports the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement of its organelles • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Intermediate filaments Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles Cytoplasmic inclusion Cytoskeleton Microtubules,Microfilaments and Intermediatefilaments
- 7. 16/02/2016 7 Nucleus Function: • “Control centre” of the cell • Deoxyribonucleic (dee-ox-ee-rye-bow-new-clay-ick) acid (DNA) in the nucleus determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell Structure: • Nuclear envelope - a bilayer membrane surrounding the nucleus envelope. Porous • Nucleoplasm (new-cleo-plas-sem) • Nucleolus (new-cleo-less) – primarily produces ribosomes http://www.sebiology.org/cell/Physical_cell.htmlhttp://www.umassmed.edu/cemf/services/ Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Function: • Sites of protein synthesis • Nucleolus, nucleus and cytoplasm Structure: • Composed of 2 subunits: large and small • Free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes
- 8. 16/02/2016 8 Endoplasmic reticulum 1 Structure: • Fattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules • Rough endoplasmic reticulum – with ribosomes • Smooth ER – without ribosomes Nuclear pore Ribosomes Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cisternae Rough endoplasmic reticulum Outer membrane of nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum 2 Function: • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Synthesis and modification of proteins • Smooth ER • Site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis • Detoxification of harmful substances (e.g. drugs) • Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- 9. 16/02/2016 9 Transportvesicle Cisternae Secretory vesicles Golgi apparatus • Golgi spelt with a capital ‘G’ (1898, Camillo Golgi) Structure: • Flattened membranous sacs, with cisternae • Secretory vesicles Function: • “Traffic director” for cellular proteins • Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytoplasm 1 2 3 4 5 Plasma membrane Vesicle forming by endocytosis Vesicle taken into the cell Fusion of vesicle with lysosome Lysosome Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Structure: • Membrane-bound vesicles that form at the Golgi apparatus • Contain enzymes within them Function: • Cell’s “demolition crew” • Digestion of molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc) that are no longer needed by the cell
- 10. 16/02/2016 10 Enzymes (a) Crista DNA Outer membrane Inter membrane space Inner membrane Matrix Mitochondria 1 Structure: • Outer membrane • Intermembrane space • Inner membrane • Matrix • Change shape continuously • Has its own genetic material reproduce itself Mitochondria 2 Function: • “Power plants of a cell” • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production and supply • ATP is the unit of currency for energy
- 11. 16/02/2016 11 Centrioles (and the centrosome) Structure: • Barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other • Wall of centrioles is composed of microtubules • Two centrioles can be found in the centrosome (cell’s centre) Function: • Cell division Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles Cytoplasmic inclusion Cytoskeleton Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediatefilaments Cilia Structure: • Whip-like, motile cellular extensions which project from the outer surfaces of certain cells Function: • Movement of substances across the surface of cells • E.g. cilia lining the respiratory tract which move mucus out of the lungs • E.g. cilia in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system which moves the egg from the ovary to the uterus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium
- 12. 16/02/2016 12 Flagella Structure: • Similar to cilia but longer • Found in humans on sperm cells only (one flagellum per sperm) • Unlike cilia which moves substances across the cell surface, flagella move the actual cell itself i.e. sperm cell Function: • Motility http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Microvilli Structure: • Extensions of the plasma membrane • Each cell has many microvilli usually • 1/10-1/20 size of cilia, hence micro • Non-motile Function: • Increases the cell’s surface area • E.g. absorptive cells of intestine or kidney tubules
- 13. 16/02/2016 13 Plasma membrane Fluid portion of the cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Site of steroid, carbohydrateand lipid synthesis Nucleus Cell’s demolition crew Ribosomes Encloses and supports cellular contents Golgi apparatus Control centre of the cell Lysosomes Supports the cell and its organelles Mitochondria Cell’s centre where centrioles can be found Centrosome Modifies, packages and distributes proteins Flagella Increases the cell’s surface area Microvilli Power plant of a cell Cytosol Site of protein production Endoplasmic reticulum Action of this structure moves the actual cell itself Test your knowledge: the cell’s organelles Plasma membrane Encloses and supports cellular contents Cytoskeleton Supports the cell and its organelles Nucleus Control centre of the cell Ribosomes Site of protein production Golgi apparatus Modifies, packages and distributes proteins Lysosomes Cell’s demolition crew Mitochondria Power plant of a cell Centrosome Cell’s centre where centrioles can be found Flagella Action of this structure moves the actual cell itself Microvilli Increases the cell’s surface area Cytosol Fluid portion of the cytoplasm Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Site of steroid, carbohydrateand lipid synthesis df Test your knowledge: the cell’s organelles
- 14. 16/02/2016 14 Compendium 2 questions • What makes up the environment of a cell? • What are the main organelles inside a cell and what is their function? • What happens to a cell if an organelle stops working? • Are all cells in the body the same? • What are the four primary tissue types? • What are the general characteristics and functions of epithelia? • Where are epithelial tissues found? • What are the types of cell surface modifications found in epithelia and what functions do these have? • What are the 3 types of simple epithelia? Give an example of where they are found and how are they adapted for their specificfunctions? • What are the two main types of stratified squamous epithelia? Give an example of where they are found and how are they adapted for their specific functions? • What are the general characteristics of connective tissue? • How do the general characteristics of connective tissues compare with those for epithelia? • Name the 3 types of muscle found in the body and briefly describe their functions? • What are the general characteristics of nervous tissue?