Cardiovascular system pathology lab
•
7 likes•1,386 views
This document provides information about various cardiovascular pathology cases for medical students. It includes questions and descriptions of thrombus, organizing thrombus, atherosclerosis, lung and spleen infarction, mesenteric artery occlusion, aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, and jars containing specimens of lung infarction, bowel infarction, early and advanced atherosclerosis, aortic dissection, left ventricular hypertrophy, and old myocardial infarction. Students are asked to identify features, causes, and complications represented in the images and specimens.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Bone marrow biopsy and interpretation
The document discusses bone marrow biopsy techniques and evaluation. It describes the structure of bone marrow, including cellular elements and stroma. Needle types and biopsy sites are covered. Processing involves fixation, decalcification, embedding and staining. Evaluation is based on clinical history, hemogram, smear and aspiration. Adequacy, cellularity, cell topography, proliferation, fibrosis, infections, and infiltrative diseases are assessed. Stromal changes like fibrosis and necrosis are also evaluated. Common conditions affecting bone marrow including CML, MDS, Hodgkin's, NHL, CLL and metastasis are discussed. Adequate history, processing, cellularity, topography, stromal changes, infections and gran
Amyloidosis
This document discusses amyloidosis, which is the extracellular deposition of abnormal protein fibrils called amyloid in tissues and organs. Amyloidosis can be primary, meaning the deposition is in the disease itself, or secondary, as a complication of another underlying disease. Diagnosis involves biopsy and staining of tissues with Congo red dye to detect amyloid deposits. The kidney is a commonly affected organ where amyloid deposits are seen in the glomerular capillary tuft and surrounding tissues, which can lead to atrophy and impaired function.
Patterns in histopathology
This document discusses various histopathological patterns seen in tissue samples. It defines terms like trabeculae, syncytium, alveolus, herringbone, storiform, fascicle, cribriform, tubule, papillae, Indian file, hobnail, rossette, microcystic, and follicle. Examples of diseases that exhibit each pattern are provided. The objectives are to help differentiate patterns in histopathology. Key patterns include trabecular, syncytial, alveolar, herringbone, storiform, fascicular, cribriform, tubular, papillary, micropapillary, Indian file, hobnail, and rossette
Soft tissue tumours
- Soft tissue tumors arise from non-epithelial connective tissues like fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They represent less than 1% of cancers.
- Soft tissue tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin and characteristics like morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics. Major categories include adipose, fibrous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and tumors of uncertain origin.
- Specific tumor types discussed in detail include lipoma, liposarcoma, nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferent
Pigments
This document discusses various endogenous pigments found in tissues and their diagnostic applications. It classifies pigments as endogenous (produced within tissues) or exogenous (deposited from outside). Endogenous pigments include hematogenous pigments derived from blood like hemosiderin, hematogenous non-blood pigments like lipofuscin, and endogenous minerals. Various histological staining techniques are described to demonstrate different endogenous pigments microscopically.
PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION
MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA, COMPETENCY BASED UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM FOR THE INDIAN MEDICAL GRADUATE, 2018
Infarction
1. Infarction is localized tissue death caused by reduced blood supply, usually from arterial blockage.
2. The main causes of infarction are arterial obstruction, capillary occlusion, or venous obstruction which leads to ischemia, hypoxia, thrombus formation, and ultimately necrosis in the affected tissue.
3. Infarctions are classified based on their color (red hemorrhagic or white anemic) and presence of infection. Factors that influence infarction development include the anatomy of blood supply, rate of occlusion, tissue susceptibility to hypoxia, and degree of hypoxemia. Common sites of infarction include the heart, brain, intestines, kidneys, and liver.
Soft tissue tumor
This document discusses soft tissue tumors. It defines soft tissue and describes its composition. It notes that soft tissue tumors can be caused by radiation, burns, trauma, viruses, or genetic syndromes. The document outlines various tumor types including liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. It describes histologic patterns seen in different tumors and discusses grading systems. Pseudosarcomas like nodular fasciitis are also summarized.
Recommended
Bone marrow biopsy and interpretation
The document discusses bone marrow biopsy techniques and evaluation. It describes the structure of bone marrow, including cellular elements and stroma. Needle types and biopsy sites are covered. Processing involves fixation, decalcification, embedding and staining. Evaluation is based on clinical history, hemogram, smear and aspiration. Adequacy, cellularity, cell topography, proliferation, fibrosis, infections, and infiltrative diseases are assessed. Stromal changes like fibrosis and necrosis are also evaluated. Common conditions affecting bone marrow including CML, MDS, Hodgkin's, NHL, CLL and metastasis are discussed. Adequate history, processing, cellularity, topography, stromal changes, infections and gran
Amyloidosis
This document discusses amyloidosis, which is the extracellular deposition of abnormal protein fibrils called amyloid in tissues and organs. Amyloidosis can be primary, meaning the deposition is in the disease itself, or secondary, as a complication of another underlying disease. Diagnosis involves biopsy and staining of tissues with Congo red dye to detect amyloid deposits. The kidney is a commonly affected organ where amyloid deposits are seen in the glomerular capillary tuft and surrounding tissues, which can lead to atrophy and impaired function.
Patterns in histopathology
This document discusses various histopathological patterns seen in tissue samples. It defines terms like trabeculae, syncytium, alveolus, herringbone, storiform, fascicle, cribriform, tubule, papillae, Indian file, hobnail, rossette, microcystic, and follicle. Examples of diseases that exhibit each pattern are provided. The objectives are to help differentiate patterns in histopathology. Key patterns include trabecular, syncytial, alveolar, herringbone, storiform, fascicular, cribriform, tubular, papillary, micropapillary, Indian file, hobnail, and rossette
Soft tissue tumours
- Soft tissue tumors arise from non-epithelial connective tissues like fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They represent less than 1% of cancers.
- Soft tissue tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin and characteristics like morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics. Major categories include adipose, fibrous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and tumors of uncertain origin.
- Specific tumor types discussed in detail include lipoma, liposarcoma, nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferent
Pigments
This document discusses various endogenous pigments found in tissues and their diagnostic applications. It classifies pigments as endogenous (produced within tissues) or exogenous (deposited from outside). Endogenous pigments include hematogenous pigments derived from blood like hemosiderin, hematogenous non-blood pigments like lipofuscin, and endogenous minerals. Various histological staining techniques are described to demonstrate different endogenous pigments microscopically.
PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION
MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA, COMPETENCY BASED UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM FOR THE INDIAN MEDICAL GRADUATE, 2018
Infarction
1. Infarction is localized tissue death caused by reduced blood supply, usually from arterial blockage.
2. The main causes of infarction are arterial obstruction, capillary occlusion, or venous obstruction which leads to ischemia, hypoxia, thrombus formation, and ultimately necrosis in the affected tissue.
3. Infarctions are classified based on their color (red hemorrhagic or white anemic) and presence of infection. Factors that influence infarction development include the anatomy of blood supply, rate of occlusion, tissue susceptibility to hypoxia, and degree of hypoxemia. Common sites of infarction include the heart, brain, intestines, kidneys, and liver.
Soft tissue tumor
This document discusses soft tissue tumors. It defines soft tissue and describes its composition. It notes that soft tissue tumors can be caused by radiation, burns, trauma, viruses, or genetic syndromes. The document outlines various tumor types including liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. It describes histologic patterns seen in different tumors and discusses grading systems. Pseudosarcomas like nodular fasciitis are also summarized.
Platelets disorders
This document discusses quantitative platelet disorders, including thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and thrombocytosis (high platelet count). It covers the classification, causes, evaluation, and management of various platelet disorders in pregnancy. Key points include: thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, increased destruction/consumption, or splenic sequestration; common etiologies include gestational thrombocytopenia, ITP, and DIC; evaluation involves history, exam, CBC, smear, and specific tests; gestational thrombocytopenia typically resolves after delivery while ITP may require treatment; thrombocytosis can be essential/primary or reactive/secondary and risks include bleeding, thrombosis, and pregnancy complications.
8
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
Bone pathology
The document discusses several bone diseases including osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, cleidocranial dysplasia, focal osteoporotic marrow defect, Paget's disease of bone, central giant cell granuloma, cherubism, and fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws. It describes the clinical features, radiographic findings, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of each condition. The conditions vary in severity from mild to severe and are characterized by abnormalities in bone formation, resorption, and remodeling leading to fragile or dense bones.
4
Intracellular accumulation of proteins, glycogen, and pigments can result in reversible cellular injury and storage diseases. Abnormal accumulation of proteins can occur due to excess production or synthesis and results in "hyaline" deposits. Glycogen accumulation can be seen in poorly controlled diabetes or glycogen storage diseases due to enzyme deficiencies. Pigment deposits include endogenous pigments like hemosiderin from breakdown of hemoglobin and bilirubin, and exogenous pigments like carbon and lead.
PART 1: SPINDLE CELL LESIONS.pptx
The document provides an overview of spindle cell tumors, including their various origins, classification, clinical features, histopathology, and treatments. It describes different types of spindle cell lesions such as neural tumors, myofibroblastic tumors, smooth muscle tumors, and fibroblastic tumors. Classification is based on appearances and architectural patterns, with lesions categorized as monomorphic, pleomorphic, biphasic, or myxoid.
6 cell injury2
This document discusses various types of cell injury and growth disturbances. It describes reversible cell injury known as degeneration, which includes cloudy swelling and hydropic change caused by mild injury and accumulation of water in cells. Prolonged or severe injury can lead to irreversible necrosis or programmed cell death known as apoptosis. Fatty change is also a type of reversible degeneration caused by accumulation of lipids in cells. Different types of necrosis like coagulative, liquefactive, and caseous are outlined. The document also discusses cellular changes seen in apoptosis. Various growth disturbances like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia are defined and examples provided.
Cell injury
Cell injury can occur through various causes and results in either reversible or irreversible injury and cell death. Reversible injury involves changes that can be repaired if the stressor is removed, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through either necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death that occurs due to external factors and results in cell contents leaking out and triggering inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death where cells activate internal enzymes to degrade themselves without inflammatory response. The key differences between the two types of cell death include apoptosis affecting individual cells while necrosis affects groups of cells.
Intracellular accumulation of_lipid,_carbohydrate,_protein
This document discusses intracellular accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. It describes how accumulation can occur due to excess production or inadequate breakdown of normal substances, or buildup of abnormal endogenous or exogenous materials. Specific types of accumulation are then discussed in more detail, including lipid accumulation seen in fatty liver, cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis and xanthomas, protein accumulation in renal disease, and glycogen accumulation in diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage disorders. Causes and morphological features of each type are provided.
7
Irreversible cellular injury can occur through two main types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is premature, unprogrammed cell death that is always pathological, occurring due to external factors like ischemia, toxins, or infections. It is characterized by loss of membrane integrity and inflammatory changes. Apoptosis is a normal, programmed form of cell death important for development, hormone regulation, and removing damaged cells. It occurs through an active enzymatic process and does not cause inflammation. Both pathways ultimately lead to cellular demise but differ significantly in their mechanisms and morphological appearance.
Apoptosis in health and diseases
This document provides an overview of apoptosis in health and disease. It begins with definitions of apoptosis and its key characteristics. It then discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, involving proteins like caspases, Bcl-2 family members, cytochrome c, and death receptors. The document outlines the morphological changes seen in apoptotic cells and methods to detect apoptosis. It discusses the significance of apoptosis in physiological conditions like development and tissue homeostasis. Finally, it examines how dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Endothelium in health and diseases
This document summarizes key aspects of endothelium in health and disease. It discusses the structure and functions of endothelial cells, which form the inner lining of blood vessels. The endothelium regulates vascular tone, coagulation, permeability and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction occurs in diseases like hypertension, smoking, diabetes and leads to conditions like atherosclerosis and stroke. The endothelium is also involved in angiogenesis, both physiological and pathological tumor angiogenesis.
Soft tissue-tumors-2012
Soft tissue tumors are defined as mesenchymal proliferations that occur in extraskeletal, nonepithelial tissues. They are classified based on the tissue they originate from, such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, vessels, and nerves. The most common soft tissue tumors are lipomas, which are benign fatty tumors. Liposarcomas are malignant fatty tumors that can recur if not adequately excised. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children that arises in skeletal muscle tissue and is usually treated with surgery and chemotherapy.
Handling of kidney specimen
This document summarizes key information about renal biopsies and nephrectomies:
1) Renal biopsies are typically performed under ultrasound guidance by a nephrologist and radiologist to evaluate renal function abnormalities. Adequate biopsy specimens contain at least 10 glomeruli and two arteries. Tissue is processed for light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy.
2) Nephrectomies are performed for renal tumors, nonfunctioning transplants, or native kidneys. Radical nephrectomies remove the entire kidney and surrounding tissues while partial nephrectomies resect tumors. Specimens are examined grossly and microscopically, with sections
2 hyperemia-congestion
This document discusses hyperemia and congestion, two vascular events that involve an increased volume of blood in a particular tissue. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation that increases blood volume on the arterial side, while congestion is a passive process caused by impaired venous outflow that increases blood volume on the venous side. Both lead to increased hydrostatic pressure and edema. Examples of congestion discussed include nutmeg liver seen in right-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema seen in left-sided heart failure. Microscopic findings of congestion in the liver include centrilobular necrosis and hemorrhage, while the lungs show engorged capillaries, edema, and hemorrhage.
Cytology of bone lesions
The document discusses cytology of various bone lesions. It covers classification of bone tumors and describes cytological features of inflammatory conditions like osteomyelitis. It also discusses osteoid forming lesions such as fracture callus and osteoblastoma. Cartilage forming tumors described include chondroma, chondromyxoid fibroma and osteochondroma. Giant cell containing lesions and cystic bone lesions are also mentioned. The document provides cytological details of various bone tumors like osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and chondroblastoma through multiple case studies. It highlights differential diagnoses and ancillary techniques used in evaluation of bone lesions.
Neoplasia Robbin's path
This document contains images and tables related to neoplasia and cancer from Robbin's Pathologic Basis of Disease. It includes images of colon polyps, parotid gland tumors, dermoid cysts, and classifications of benign and malignant tumors based on tissue of origin and characteristics. Tables compare features of benign versus malignant tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. Images also show examples of metastatic cancers in organs like the liver.
Pathology of Skin - Common Disorders
The document discusses various skin conditions including acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, and neoplasms. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and histopathology of conditions like urticaria, eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, impetigo, fungal infections, viral infections including warts and molluscum, and acne. Case studies are presented to demonstrate clinical presentations.
Cell injury-necrosis
Necrosis and apoptosis are both forms of cell death, but they differ significantly. Necrosis is premature cell death caused by external factors like infection, toxins, or physical trauma. It results in the uncontrolled release of cellular contents and causes inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs as part of natural biological processes. It is an actively regulated and controlled process where cells play an active role in their own death, avoiding inflammation.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Degeneration
Cellular swelling or cloudy swelling is a reversible degeneration where cells swell due to metabolic disturbances. Mild irritants like bacteria or temperature changes can cause swelling. Swollen cells appear cloudy under microscopy. Hydropic degeneration involves cellular swelling with fluid accumulation that can cause blistering. Mucinous degeneration is the excessive mucin production in epithelial cells due to irritants. Mucoid degeneration involves the appearance of mucin-like glycoprotein in connective tissue. Hyaline change results in a glassy, translucent appearance as cells or tissues lose structure and fuse. It can involve keratin, cells, or connective tissues.
Respiratory system pathology lab
There are two major types of emphysema: centrilobular and panlobular. Centrilobular emphysema involves primarily the upper lobes and occurs with loss of respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus, sparing distal alveoli. This pattern is most typical for smokers. Panlobular emphysema occurs with loss of all portions of the acinus from the respiratory bronchiole to the alveoli. This pattern is typical for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Microscopically, emphysema is demonstrated by the loss of alveolar walls with remaining airspaces dilated at high magnification.
Myocardial Diseases mi
This document summarizes different types of myocardial diseases including myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and their causes and characteristics. Myocarditis can be infective or non-infective and presents with chest pain, tachycardia, and heart failure signs. Cardiomyopathies include dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular types. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes heart failure symptoms while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy increases the risk of sudden cardiac death. Restrictive cardiomyopathy impairs diastolic filling and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy can cause ventricular arrhythmias.
More Related Content
What's hot
Platelets disorders
This document discusses quantitative platelet disorders, including thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and thrombocytosis (high platelet count). It covers the classification, causes, evaluation, and management of various platelet disorders in pregnancy. Key points include: thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, increased destruction/consumption, or splenic sequestration; common etiologies include gestational thrombocytopenia, ITP, and DIC; evaluation involves history, exam, CBC, smear, and specific tests; gestational thrombocytopenia typically resolves after delivery while ITP may require treatment; thrombocytosis can be essential/primary or reactive/secondary and risks include bleeding, thrombosis, and pregnancy complications.
8
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
Bone pathology
The document discusses several bone diseases including osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, cleidocranial dysplasia, focal osteoporotic marrow defect, Paget's disease of bone, central giant cell granuloma, cherubism, and fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws. It describes the clinical features, radiographic findings, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of each condition. The conditions vary in severity from mild to severe and are characterized by abnormalities in bone formation, resorption, and remodeling leading to fragile or dense bones.
4
Intracellular accumulation of proteins, glycogen, and pigments can result in reversible cellular injury and storage diseases. Abnormal accumulation of proteins can occur due to excess production or synthesis and results in "hyaline" deposits. Glycogen accumulation can be seen in poorly controlled diabetes or glycogen storage diseases due to enzyme deficiencies. Pigment deposits include endogenous pigments like hemosiderin from breakdown of hemoglobin and bilirubin, and exogenous pigments like carbon and lead.
PART 1: SPINDLE CELL LESIONS.pptx
The document provides an overview of spindle cell tumors, including their various origins, classification, clinical features, histopathology, and treatments. It describes different types of spindle cell lesions such as neural tumors, myofibroblastic tumors, smooth muscle tumors, and fibroblastic tumors. Classification is based on appearances and architectural patterns, with lesions categorized as monomorphic, pleomorphic, biphasic, or myxoid.
6 cell injury2
This document discusses various types of cell injury and growth disturbances. It describes reversible cell injury known as degeneration, which includes cloudy swelling and hydropic change caused by mild injury and accumulation of water in cells. Prolonged or severe injury can lead to irreversible necrosis or programmed cell death known as apoptosis. Fatty change is also a type of reversible degeneration caused by accumulation of lipids in cells. Different types of necrosis like coagulative, liquefactive, and caseous are outlined. The document also discusses cellular changes seen in apoptosis. Various growth disturbances like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia are defined and examples provided.
Cell injury
Cell injury can occur through various causes and results in either reversible or irreversible injury and cell death. Reversible injury involves changes that can be repaired if the stressor is removed, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through either necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death that occurs due to external factors and results in cell contents leaking out and triggering inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death where cells activate internal enzymes to degrade themselves without inflammatory response. The key differences between the two types of cell death include apoptosis affecting individual cells while necrosis affects groups of cells.
Intracellular accumulation of_lipid,_carbohydrate,_protein
This document discusses intracellular accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. It describes how accumulation can occur due to excess production or inadequate breakdown of normal substances, or buildup of abnormal endogenous or exogenous materials. Specific types of accumulation are then discussed in more detail, including lipid accumulation seen in fatty liver, cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis and xanthomas, protein accumulation in renal disease, and glycogen accumulation in diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage disorders. Causes and morphological features of each type are provided.
7
Irreversible cellular injury can occur through two main types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is premature, unprogrammed cell death that is always pathological, occurring due to external factors like ischemia, toxins, or infections. It is characterized by loss of membrane integrity and inflammatory changes. Apoptosis is a normal, programmed form of cell death important for development, hormone regulation, and removing damaged cells. It occurs through an active enzymatic process and does not cause inflammation. Both pathways ultimately lead to cellular demise but differ significantly in their mechanisms and morphological appearance.
Apoptosis in health and diseases
This document provides an overview of apoptosis in health and disease. It begins with definitions of apoptosis and its key characteristics. It then discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, involving proteins like caspases, Bcl-2 family members, cytochrome c, and death receptors. The document outlines the morphological changes seen in apoptotic cells and methods to detect apoptosis. It discusses the significance of apoptosis in physiological conditions like development and tissue homeostasis. Finally, it examines how dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Endothelium in health and diseases
This document summarizes key aspects of endothelium in health and disease. It discusses the structure and functions of endothelial cells, which form the inner lining of blood vessels. The endothelium regulates vascular tone, coagulation, permeability and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction occurs in diseases like hypertension, smoking, diabetes and leads to conditions like atherosclerosis and stroke. The endothelium is also involved in angiogenesis, both physiological and pathological tumor angiogenesis.
Soft tissue-tumors-2012
Soft tissue tumors are defined as mesenchymal proliferations that occur in extraskeletal, nonepithelial tissues. They are classified based on the tissue they originate from, such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, vessels, and nerves. The most common soft tissue tumors are lipomas, which are benign fatty tumors. Liposarcomas are malignant fatty tumors that can recur if not adequately excised. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children that arises in skeletal muscle tissue and is usually treated with surgery and chemotherapy.
Handling of kidney specimen
This document summarizes key information about renal biopsies and nephrectomies:
1) Renal biopsies are typically performed under ultrasound guidance by a nephrologist and radiologist to evaluate renal function abnormalities. Adequate biopsy specimens contain at least 10 glomeruli and two arteries. Tissue is processed for light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy.
2) Nephrectomies are performed for renal tumors, nonfunctioning transplants, or native kidneys. Radical nephrectomies remove the entire kidney and surrounding tissues while partial nephrectomies resect tumors. Specimens are examined grossly and microscopically, with sections
2 hyperemia-congestion
This document discusses hyperemia and congestion, two vascular events that involve an increased volume of blood in a particular tissue. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation that increases blood volume on the arterial side, while congestion is a passive process caused by impaired venous outflow that increases blood volume on the venous side. Both lead to increased hydrostatic pressure and edema. Examples of congestion discussed include nutmeg liver seen in right-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema seen in left-sided heart failure. Microscopic findings of congestion in the liver include centrilobular necrosis and hemorrhage, while the lungs show engorged capillaries, edema, and hemorrhage.
Cytology of bone lesions
The document discusses cytology of various bone lesions. It covers classification of bone tumors and describes cytological features of inflammatory conditions like osteomyelitis. It also discusses osteoid forming lesions such as fracture callus and osteoblastoma. Cartilage forming tumors described include chondroma, chondromyxoid fibroma and osteochondroma. Giant cell containing lesions and cystic bone lesions are also mentioned. The document provides cytological details of various bone tumors like osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and chondroblastoma through multiple case studies. It highlights differential diagnoses and ancillary techniques used in evaluation of bone lesions.
Neoplasia Robbin's path
This document contains images and tables related to neoplasia and cancer from Robbin's Pathologic Basis of Disease. It includes images of colon polyps, parotid gland tumors, dermoid cysts, and classifications of benign and malignant tumors based on tissue of origin and characteristics. Tables compare features of benign versus malignant tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. Images also show examples of metastatic cancers in organs like the liver.
Pathology of Skin - Common Disorders
The document discusses various skin conditions including acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, and neoplasms. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and histopathology of conditions like urticaria, eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, impetigo, fungal infections, viral infections including warts and molluscum, and acne. Case studies are presented to demonstrate clinical presentations.
Cell injury-necrosis
Necrosis and apoptosis are both forms of cell death, but they differ significantly. Necrosis is premature cell death caused by external factors like infection, toxins, or physical trauma. It results in the uncontrolled release of cellular contents and causes inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs as part of natural biological processes. It is an actively regulated and controlled process where cells play an active role in their own death, avoiding inflammation.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Degeneration
Cellular swelling or cloudy swelling is a reversible degeneration where cells swell due to metabolic disturbances. Mild irritants like bacteria or temperature changes can cause swelling. Swollen cells appear cloudy under microscopy. Hydropic degeneration involves cellular swelling with fluid accumulation that can cause blistering. Mucinous degeneration is the excessive mucin production in epithelial cells due to irritants. Mucoid degeneration involves the appearance of mucin-like glycoprotein in connective tissue. Hyaline change results in a glassy, translucent appearance as cells or tissues lose structure and fuse. It can involve keratin, cells, or connective tissues.
What's hot (20)
Intracellular accumulation of_lipid,_carbohydrate,_protein
Intracellular accumulation of_lipid,_carbohydrate,_protein
Viewers also liked
Respiratory system pathology lab
There are two major types of emphysema: centrilobular and panlobular. Centrilobular emphysema involves primarily the upper lobes and occurs with loss of respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus, sparing distal alveoli. This pattern is most typical for smokers. Panlobular emphysema occurs with loss of all portions of the acinus from the respiratory bronchiole to the alveoli. This pattern is typical for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Microscopically, emphysema is demonstrated by the loss of alveolar walls with remaining airspaces dilated at high magnification.
Myocardial Diseases mi
This document summarizes different types of myocardial diseases including myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and their causes and characteristics. Myocarditis can be infective or non-infective and presents with chest pain, tachycardia, and heart failure signs. Cardiomyopathies include dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular types. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes heart failure symptoms while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy increases the risk of sudden cardiac death. Restrictive cardiomyopathy impairs diastolic filling and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy can cause ventricular arrhythmias.
Pericardial dis.&cardiactumors 5
This document discusses pericardial diseases and tumors of the heart. It describes different types of pericardial effusions and pericarditis such as serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, and caseous pericarditis. The causes, morphology, and characteristics of each type are provided. It also discusses primary and metastatic tumors of the heart, describing the most common types like myxomas, lipomas, and rhabdomyomas, and how they present and are diagnosed. Metastatic tumors commonly spread to the heart from the lungs, breast, or lymphomas.
Cvs aneurysms&dissection-csbrp
1) Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels or the heart that can be congenital or acquired. Common sites include the abdominal aorta and left ventricle.
2) There are two main types of aneurysms - true aneurysms which involve a thinned arterial wall and false aneurysms/pseudoaneurysms which involve a defect in the arterial wall.
3) The main causes of aortic aneurysms are atherosclerosis, which commonly causes abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), and hypertension, which commonly causes thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Pericardial disease
This document summarizes three types of pericardial disease: pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis. Pericardial effusion involves abnormal fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity and can be caused by heart failure, kidney disease, or infections. Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency where a sudden large amount of fluid impairs heart function and can cause shock. Constrictive pericarditis develops after pericarditis and involves scarring that stiffens the pericardium and limits heart filling.
4. heart pathology; hypertensive heart diseases
This document discusses hypertensive heart diseases, including systemic and pulmonary types. Systemic hypertensive heart disease is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and evidence of hypertension, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial dilation, and left ventricular failure. It can also cause systemic thromboembolism. Pulmonary hypertensive heart disease features right ventricular dilation excluding congenital causes and left heart failure, resulting in right ventricular dilation and cor pulmonale, with possible functional tricuspid regurgitation. Pulmonary hypertension can be caused by lung parenchymal pathology from COPD or fibrotic lung diseases, or vascular pathology including thromboembolism, vasculitis, drugs and chemicals. Chest wall
Definition 0 f pericardial diseases
This document discusses pericardial diseases, including pericarditis. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium that can be acute or chronic. Acute pericarditis is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, while chronic pericarditis can lead to constrictive pericarditis. The diagnosis of pericarditis is based on symptoms like chest pain and pericardial rub on examination. Electrocardiogram may show ST elevation and inflammatory markers are often elevated. Echocardiogram can detect pericardial effusions. Causes include infections, autoimmune diseases, tumors, and renal failure. Tuberculous pericarditis remains an important cause
Pericardial Dse Cath Lab
The document discusses various pericardial diseases including normal anatomy, pericarditis, pericardial effusions, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis. Key points include:
- Pericardial effusions can lead to cardiac tamponade by exerting pressure on the heart and restricting filling.
- Cardiac tamponade is diagnosed using echocardiogram, chest x-ray and equalized diastolic pressures on catheterization.
- Constrictive pericarditis involves thickened pericardium constraining all chambers and is diagnosed using characteristic hemodynamic tracings on catheterization.
Pericardial Disease
The document summarizes pericardial diseases. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium, acute pericarditis including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, and pericardial effusion and tamponade. Acute pericarditis is usually self-limited and treated with NSAIDs. Larger effusions may require hospitalization. Pericardial effusion can progress to tamponade, where fluid accumulation compresses the heart and impairs filling.
Atn csbrp
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a type of acute kidney injury where there is severe or prolonged ischemia or exposure to nephrotoxins that injure the tubular epithelium, particularly in the proximal tubule and medullary thick ascending limb. ATN is characterized by tubular cell swelling, vacuolation, necrosis and sloughing of epithelial cells. The injury is caused by mechanisms like ATP depletion, oxidative stress, calcium overload and inflammation. Clinically, ATN presents with decreased urine output and rising creatinine over days. The diagnosis is supported by urine studies showing sodium greater than 40 mmol/L and muddy brown casts. Treatment is supportive with fluid management and treating the underlying cause.
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...Saminathan Kayarohanam
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy.Cardiovascular Diagnosis
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart, as well as various heart diseases. It describes the internal and external structures of the heart, how the heart pumps blood through the body, and how the heart gets its own blood supply. It then covers topics like the symptoms, signs, and investigations of general heart disease. It discusses specific conditions like coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, congenital heart diseases, heart rhythm disorders, and infectious endocarditis.
Pathology Review-Term1
Medical School Pathology Review - Term1 Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems.Video of this lecture is on youtube.
Cardiovascular Pathology (part 1)
NEW BLOGSITE ADDRESS:
"Nurses Information Site"
http://nursesinfosite.blogspot.com
The heart and arterial system.
Ischemic heart disease_Myocardial infarction_
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) results from inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle. There are four main clinical syndromes: angina, myocardial infarction (MI), chronic IHD, and sudden cardiac death. MI, also called a heart attack, is caused by necrosis of heart muscle due to ischemia. It is usually the result of a coronary artery becoming blocked by a blood clot, causing severe chest pain and potential heart damage or death if not promptly treated. Complications of MI can include cardiac rupture, arrhythmias, heart failure, and aneurysm formation. The risk of complications depends on infarct size, location, and thickness of the damaged heart muscle.
Histology quiz
The document is a practice quiz for a histology lab containing 37 multiple choice questions about various tissues including epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues. Students are instructed to write down their answers on paper to practice for the actual lab test and allow them to check their spelling. The quiz concludes by informing students that the answer key is provided on the next slide.
Hypertensive heart disease
This document discusses hypertensive heart disease, defined as heart diseases caused by direct or indirect effects of elevated blood pressure, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Hypertension is a global epidemic affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and contributes to over 7 million deaths per year. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, pharmacotherapy including different classes of antihypertensive drugs, and device-based therapies for resistant hypertension. The goals are to lower blood pressure to reduce risks of end organ damage like hypertensive heart disease and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Pathology of blood vessels
This document summarizes pathology of blood vessels. It begins by describing the normal structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. It then discusses the cells that make up blood vessel walls and their response to injury, which can lead to intimal thickening. It also briefly mentions some congenital vessel anomalies. The majority of the document focuses on arteriosclerosis and its subtype, atherosclerosis - describing the morphology, risk factors, pathogenesis, natural history and approaches for prevention. It concludes by outlining hypertensive vascular disease, its causes and pathogenesis.
Pathology of Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
Lp 13 respiratory system 2008
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the respiratory system. It describes:
1) The respiratory system works to supply oxygen to cells through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues, while eliminating carbon dioxide.
2) The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which branch into tiny alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
3) Respiration is controlled by both mechanical and chemical systems to regulate breathing and acid-base balance through carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Viewers also liked (20)
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...
Similar to Cardiovascular system pathology lab
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction, or a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, usually by a clot, damaging heart muscle. It can cause chest pain and is diagnosed through electrocardiograms, cardiac enzyme levels, and other tests. Over time, the damaged heart muscle is replaced with scar tissue through a healing process. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure, blood clots, or rupture of the heart muscle. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, or procedures like stenting or bypass surgery to restore blood flow.
23204940
The CT images show a high-attenuation collection displacing the heart to the right, indicating hemopericardium or blood in the pericardial sac. Figure 3B further shows a brightly enhancing structure near a surgical clip on the distal posterior descending coronary artery, consistent with a pseudoaneurysm causing the hemorrhage. The findings are most consistent with hemopericardium developing several days after coronary bypass surgery.
Ischaemic heart disease lecture.
Ischemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between blood supply and myocardial oxygen demand, most commonly due to atherosclerosis. It presents clinically as angina, myocardial infarction, or chronic heart failure. Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery becomes occluded by a thrombus, causing transmural or subendocardial necrosis of the myocardium. Complications include arrhythmias, heart failure, ventricular rupture, or aneurysm formation depending on the size and location of the infarcted area. Prognosis depends primarily on infarct size, with larger transmural infarcts carrying a higher risk of complications.
Moyamoya disease
This document provides an overview of Moyamoya disease. It defines Moyamoya disease as a progressive stenosis of the intracranial arteries, typically the internal carotid arteries and proximal middle and anterior cerebral arteries, accompanied by a compensatory network of collaterals at the brain's base. The cause is unknown but genetic factors are believed to play a role. Clinically, it can present with transient ischemic attacks, strokes, or hemorrhage. Diagnosis is based on neuroimaging findings on MRI, MRA, CTA or DSA showing the characteristic vascular changes. Treatment involves medical management as well as surgical revascularization procedures. Prognosis depends on the extent of vascular involvement and collateral formation.
pulmonary_bullet embolism
This is a very case of gunshot cardiac wound complicated by bullet embolism to left pulmonary circulation. The patient survived after extraction of the bullet through left thoracotomy 3 months after the accident.
23204910
This document presents two medical case studies involving imaging findings and diagnoses. The first case involves a woman with cough and dyspnea, and imaging shows a normal left lung but small right pulmonary artery and hypoplastic right lung. The most likely diagnosis is Swyer James Syndrome. The second case involves a woman with IV drug abuse presenting with fevers and leg pain, and imaging shows a filling defect across the iliac arteries. The most likely diagnosis is an embolism.
Myocardial infarction
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by coronary artery disease and plaque rupture, leading to thrombosis and reduced blood supply to the heart. It is a major cause of death. The heart muscle goes through stages of coagulative necrosis, inflammation, and is eventually replaced by scar tissue. Diagnosis involves clinical features, elevated cardiac enzymes and ECG changes. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac rupture.
Circle of Willis by Luiz Roberto Meier update 2
The Circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis in the brain that connects the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It allows for collateral blood flow if one part of the circle becomes blocked. Variations in anatomy are common, seen in only 34.5% of cases. The Circle of Willis plays an important role in blood flow by providing redundant pathways and preserving cerebral perfusion if one artery is blocked.
pathology cell injury lab
This document contains summaries of various histological slides in 3 sentences or less:
1) Sections show accumulation of lipids in liver cells indicating fatty liver disease (steatosis) caused by alcohol.
2) A lung section shows areas of necrosis containing yellow-white debris indicating tuberculosis caused by chronic inflammation and caseous necrosis.
3) A brain section shows necrosis and dissolution of tissue indicating fungal or hypoxic infection.
SARCOIDOSIS.pptx
This document discusses sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs. It can range from asymptomatic to progressive disease. Pulmonary manifestations include dyspnea, cough, and chest pain. Extrapulmonary signs include arthritis, skin lesions, and eye inflammation. Chest imaging and biopsy showing noncaseating granulomas support the diagnosis. Cardiac and neurological involvement are also discussed.
Myocardial infarction
1. A myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is caused most often by atherosclerosis and plaque buildup that obstruct coronary arteries.
3. Symptoms include chest pain and other signs of reduced blood supply to the heart. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and blood tests showing cardiac enzyme levels.
23204949
The document describes a case involving a chest x-ray and pulmonary angiogram findings in a 57-year-old female patient who presented with chest pain two weeks following a hemorrhagic stroke. The pulmonary angiogram shows multiple filling defects in the left main pulmonary artery and its branches, consistent with pulmonary embolism. While anticoagulation is usually the standard therapy for pulmonary embolism, it is contraindicated in this patient due to her recent stroke. Therefore, the best management option is placement of an inferior vena cava filter to prevent further pulmonary emboli while existing clots dissolve, as anticoagulation cannot be used due to her recent hemorrhagic stroke.
Vulnerable plaque
The document discusses vulnerable plaques and patients. It defines vulnerable plaque as a plaque susceptible to rupture. Research has shown that ruptured thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs) are the most common underlying plaque morphology in cardiac deaths. The goal is to identify vulnerable plaques in stable patients to prevent events like heart attack and sudden cardiac death. A vulnerable plaque is typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and inflammation. Identifying high-risk features in plaques can help determine which patients are vulnerable.
Myocardial infarction_ Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Pathology
Myocardial infarction_ Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and PathologyImhotep Virtual Medical School
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is a common cause of death worldwide.
- Types are classified as STEMI or NSTEMI based on ECG changes. Diagnosis requires cardiac biomarkers and symptoms.
- Pathology involves atherosclerosis causing plaque buildup in arteries leading to blockages and lack of blood flow to heart muscle.
- Treatment depends on presentation but may include medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery. Proper lifestyle also important to control risk factors.Picture Medicine
The document describes several medical imaging findings and pathological specimens related to various pulmonary and renal conditions:
1) Chest x-rays and CT scans showing findings consistent with Goodpasture's syndrome including diffuse bilateral infiltrates, alveolar densities, and lung biopsy findings.
2) Imaging of rheumatoid lung nodules, pneumothorax, and silicosis nodules.
3) Pathology slides of kidney tissue demonstrating Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules in diabetic nephropathy.
Emergency Quiz Cases
There are bilateral upper lobe predominant alveolar opacities.
2. Bilateral lobar pneumonia. The distribution of the opacities in the upper lobes is characteristic of pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).
3. The lungs are divided into zones to help localize abnormalities:
- Upper zone: above the level of the carina
- Middle zone: between the carina and inferior pulmonary veins
- Lower zone: below the inferior pulmonary veins
Knowing the zone helps determine the likely causative organism - S. pneumoniae causes upper lobe pneumonia typically.
Broken Heart Syndrome.Takotsubo Syndrome
Takotsubo syndrome diagnostic criteria.
position papers :Mayo clnic ,HFA and InterTAK Diagnostic Criteria.Takotsubo Syndrome and COVID-19.Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging
in the Diagnosis and Management
of Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome
Atherosclerosis and aneurysm
This document provides information about atherosclerosis, including its definition, locations where it commonly occurs, complications that can arise, risk factors, pathogenesis, and histological features. It defines atherosclerosis as a hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. The most common sites are the abdominal aorta, iliac arteries, coronary arteries, and carotid arteries. Complications include myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm formation, and gangrene. Major risk factors include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. The pathogenesis involves response to endothelial injury from various insults, resulting in inflammation and deposition of lipids in the arterial wall.
05 Cat. Cardiovascular I
The document discusses various congenital cardiac defects including:
1) Ventricular septal defects which allow left-to-right shunting of blood and can cause pressure/volume changes in the ventricles.
2) Transposition of the great arteries where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle, causing right-to-left shunting.
3) Tetralogy of Fallot, a condition characterized by four defects that cause deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and mix with oxygenated blood.
Similar to Cardiovascular system pathology lab (20)
Myocardial infarction_ Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Pathology
Myocardial infarction_ Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Pathology
More from Mohammad Ihmeidan
Anatomy physiology and embryology of urinary tract
The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. They remove urea and other waste through urine while producing hormones like erythropoietin and renin. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb nutrients in the tubules. Urine is transported by the ureters to the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The urinary system develops from intermediate mesoderm through pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros stages, with the metanephros becoming the adult kidneys.
Fusion prostatic biopsy
This document discusses multiparametric MRI and its use in guiding prostate biopsies. It provides information on anatomic, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and how they help visualize prostate tumors with high sensitivity and specificity. It then describes different approaches to targeted prostate biopsies using MRI information, including cognitive fusion, software-based fusion, and in-bore fusion biopsies. It discusses limitations and advantages of each method and concludes that while targeted biopsies improve cancer detection, mapping biopsies supplemented with targeted biopsies remain the standard for identifying clinically significant tumors.
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 3% of adult solid malignancies in the US, with over 51,000 new cases and 12,900 deaths annually. It arises from renal tubular epithelium and includes several subtypes associated with different genetic mutations and prognoses. Surgery is the main treatment for localized disease, while advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis despite newer targeted therapies and immunotherapies that have improved outcomes.
Male reproductive system - Anatomy
The major components of the male reproductive system are the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct on each side. The scrotum contains the testes and is divided into two compartments. The testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth. Within the testes are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. The epididymis is a coiled duct that courses along the testes where sperm mature. Blood flows into the testes via the testicular artery and drains via the testicular veins. The penis contains three cylinders of erectile tissue and transmits semen and urine.
Testicular tumors
This document provides information about testicular tumors including presentation, risk factors, classification, staging, and treatment. It begins with an introduction stating that testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in males aged 15-35. It then discusses signs and symptoms, risk factors such as cryptorchidism and family history, tumor markers, patterns of spread, staging classifications, and treatment options based on stage for both seminomas and non-seminomas. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, lymph node dissection, and surveillance depending on tumor type and stage. Prognosis has improved significantly over time with overall 5-year survival rates now over 95% due to advances in diagnosis and treatment.
Vesico ureteral reflux
This document summarizes key points about vesicoureteral reflux (VUR):
- VUR is retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is more common in females under 5 years old. It can be primary due to UVJ deficiency or secondary to bladder issues.
- VUR is graded I-V based on VCUG findings. Low grade (I-III) often resolves spontaneously while high grade (IV-V) is less likely to without intervention. Treatment involves watchful waiting with antibiotics or surgical correction.
- Surgical correction aims to lengthen the UVJ tunnel to satisfy a 5:1 ratio using various techniques. Endoscopic injection
Wilms tumors
Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most common renal tumor of childhood. It has an annual incidence of 7.6 cases per million children under 15 years old. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy in a multimodal approach. The goal is to remove the tumor bulk surgically while using chemotherapy to eliminate any micrometastases in order to cure the cancer. Protocols vary depending on factors like age, tumor stage and histology, but generally include either surgery followed by chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery, with excellent long-term survival rates with modern therapies.
Bladder injuries
Bladder injuries can occur from trauma or medical procedures and range from extraperitoneal to intraperitoneal. Extraperitoneal injuries make up 70% of cases and are often associated with pelvic fractures, while intraperitoneal injuries expose the bladder more directly. Clinical signs include hematuria, pelvic pain, and inability to catheterize. Diagnosis involves cystography to detect contrast leakage. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the injury, with uncomplicated extraperitoneal injuries often managed conservatively with catheter drainage and complicated or intraperitoneal injuries typically requiring surgical repair.
Urethral trauma
This document discusses urethral trauma, including classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and principles of management. It separates discussions of posterior and anterior urethral injuries. For posterior injuries, immediate suprapubic cystostomy is standard, while delayed reconstruction is typically done via open posterior urethroplasty after 3 months. Anterior injuries may be treated with catheter diversion or primary realignment, while anastomotic urethroplasty is preferred for obliterated bulbar urethras after several weeks.
The cystoscope and accessories
The rigid cystoscope and its accessories are described. Key components include the cystoscope sheath, bridges, obturators, and telescopes. The cystoscope sheath comes in different sizes measured in French and is used to intoduce the rigid cystoscope into the bladder. Bridges connect the sheath to the telescope and may have one or two accessory channels. Obturators are specific to each sheath size and make the tip smooth for insertion. Telescopes have different viewing angles and are classified by this. The document outlines the parts and uses of these rigid cystoscope components.
Physicochemistry of renal stones
Urinary stones are the third most common problem of the urinary tract. Stone formation is a complex process that depends on the interaction of urinary concentration of ions, pH, flow rate, and inhibitors. Crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, and adherence to the epithelium are required steps. Urine must be supersaturated for stones to form, but supersaturation alone is insufficient due to urinary inhibitors like citrate, magnesium, and glycoproteins. Common calcium stones may originate from subepithelial plaques that serve as anchors for stone growth.
Postobstructive diuresis
Post-obstructive diuresis occurs after relief of a urinary tract obstruction, where large amounts of salt, water, and urea are excreted in the urine. It is caused by accumulation of fluids and solutes during obstruction and impairment of tubular reabsorption capabilities. Risk factors include edema and azotemia. The pathophysiology involves derangements in urinary concentrating ability due to disrupted aquaporin channels and sodium transport, as well as insensitivity to ADH. Treatment focuses on complete relief of obstruction, fluid replacement, electrolyte correction, and monitoring.
Renal physiology
The kidney has several important functions including regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and blood pH. The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct) for reabsorption and secretion. Filtration occurs due to blood pressure gradients, with most filtrate reabsorbed along the nephron. The kidneys also produce hormones like renin, prostaglandins, and erythropoietin to help regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production, and other processes.
Peri-operative Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by the sudden release of mast cell and basophil mediators. It can be triggered by IgE-mediated or non-IgE mediated mechanisms. Common triggers include medications like antibiotics and contrast dyes, as well as stings, foods and latex. Symptoms affect multiple organ systems like the skin, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Treatment involves stopping the trigger, supportive care, and medications like epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Patients require monitoring for 24 hours due to risk of recurrence or delayed reactions.
ABSITE Review: Practice Questions, Second Edition 2nd edition by FIser,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise has also been shown to increase gray matter volume in the brain and reduce risks for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
More from Mohammad Ihmeidan (20)
Anatomy physiology and embryology of urinary tract
Anatomy physiology and embryology of urinary tract
ABSITE Review: Practice Questions, Second Edition 2nd edition by FIser,
ABSITE Review: Practice Questions, Second Edition 2nd edition by FIser,
Recently uploaded
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...chandankumarsmartiso
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel With 100% Satisfaction
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Recently uploaded (20)
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Cardiovascular system pathology lab
- 1. Cardiovascular System- Pathology Lab 3rd year medical students Dr. Nisreen Abu Shahin
- 2. Thrombosis This picture represents a bisected abdominal aorta with advanced atherosclerosis complicated by thrombosis. The blue lines highlight a characterestic color pattern in the thrombus. 1- what are these color changes called? 2- what is the clinical significance of these lines?
- 3. Organizing thrombus slide # BB69: 1- describe the changes you see in the vessel wall. 2- what does the pink material (black arrows) represent?
- 4. Atherosclerosis slide # BB224: The microscopic picture shown summarizes the features of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, name those.
- 5. Infarction These are examples of lung infarction (A), and spleen infarction (B). 1- what is the type of the lung infarct? 2- what is the type of the splenic infarct? 3- what are the differences between them? 4- describe the microscopic features you expect to see in A and B.
- 6. A 70 year old man presents to ER with severe abdominal pain and rectal bleeding. Investigations had lead to a suspicious sudden mesentric artery occlusion. This is a picture of his small intestines upon surgery. 1- what is your diagnosis? 2- what type of infarcts is it? Why? Infarction
- 7. Aortic dissection This microscopic picture is from a whole thickness section of the aorta. What does the asterisk represents?
- 8. Aortic dissection slide # BB17: 1- what is the most common precipitating cause of this disease? 2- name an autosomal dominant connective tissue disease that can be associated with it?
- 9. Myocardial infarct 1- what does the arrow represent? 2- what does the arrowhead represent? 3- what does the asterisk represent?
- 10. Myocardial infarction slide # BB208: 1- in old myocardial infarcts, what is the type of tissue that replaces the myocytes? 2- name 3 possible complications of MI.
- 11. Please examine the following jars in pathology lab: • 22/18 lung infarction • 32/14 bowel infarction • 21/17 early atherosclerosis (fatty streaks) • 27/17 advanced atherosclerosis • 46/17 aortic dissection • 25/17 lt ventricular hypertrophy • 4/17 old myocardial infarction
- 12. Hemangioma
- 13. A, Characteristic coalescent cutaneous red-purple macules and plaques. B, Histologic view of the nodular stage, demonstrating sheets of plump, proliferating spindle cells and slitlike vascular spaces
- 16. Morphology of fatty streaks
- 17. Embolus derived from a lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and now impacted in a pulmonary artery branch
- 19. kidney infarct, now replaced by a large fibrotic scar
- 20. A, Hyaline arteriolosclerosis. The arteriolar wall is thickened with the deposition of amorphous proteinaceous material, and the lumen is markedly narrowed. B, Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis ("onion-skinning") (arrow) causing luminal obliteration
- 21. Microscopic features of myocardial infarction and its repair.