The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the respiratory system. It describes:
1) The respiratory system works to supply oxygen to cells through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues, while eliminating carbon dioxide.
2) The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which branch into tiny alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
3) Respiration is controlled by both mechanical and chemical systems to regulate breathing and acid-base balance through carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
There are two major types of emphysema: centrilobular and panlobular. Centrilobular emphysema involves primarily the upper lobes and occurs with loss of respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus, sparing distal alveoli. This pattern is most typical for smokers. Panlobular emphysema occurs with loss of all portions of the acinus from the respiratory bronchiole to the alveoli. This pattern is typical for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Microscopically, emphysema is demonstrated by the loss of alveolar walls with remaining airspaces dilated at high magnification.
The document describes the histology of the respiratory system. It outlines the different parts of the lungs including the conducting portion made up of extrapulmonary bronchi, intrapulmonary bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Diagrams show the structures of the epiglottis, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the paranasal sinuses. There are 4 paired paranasal sinuses that are divided into anterior and posterior groups. The anterior group includes the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid sinuses which all drain into the middle meatus. The posterior group includes the posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. The paranasal sinuses function to lighten skull bones, add resonance to speech, condition inspired air, act as thermal insulators, provide extra surface area for olfaction, aid local immunological defense, and buffer against brain trauma. Each sinus is then described in more detail regarding its location, drainage pathways, blood supply, and other anatomical features.
The respiratory system functions to bring air into and out of the body to facilitate gas exchange. It has conducting and respiratory portions. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which warm and moisten air. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The document then describes the histology and development of the various structures in detail.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. It explains how gas exchange occurs through the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. The document also covers breathing mechanics, lung anatomy, and how the muscles of respiration work to increase thoracic cavity volume and decrease pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
The respiratory system has three main divisions: 1) conducting zone - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles which warm, moisten and conduct air, 2) respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli where gas exchange occurs, 3) ventilating portion - diaphragm and intercostal muscles which induce breathing movements. The conducting airways are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium while the respiratory zone contains alveoli lined by thin type I cells and surfactant-producing type II cells to facilitate gas exchange via an extremely thin blood-air barrier.
Anatomy & Physiology of pharynx. TonsillitisEneutron
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the pharynx. It begins with the anatomy of the pharynx, including its divisions and structure. It then covers the physiology of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring and tonsils. The majority of the document discusses tonsillitis, including classifications of acute and chronic tonsillitis, symptoms of chronic tonsillitis, stages of chronic tonsillitis, indications for surgical treatment, and complications. It also briefly mentions other diseases of the pharynx including adenoid vegetations, epipharyngitis, and pharyngitis.
There are two major types of emphysema: centrilobular and panlobular. Centrilobular emphysema involves primarily the upper lobes and occurs with loss of respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus, sparing distal alveoli. This pattern is most typical for smokers. Panlobular emphysema occurs with loss of all portions of the acinus from the respiratory bronchiole to the alveoli. This pattern is typical for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Microscopically, emphysema is demonstrated by the loss of alveolar walls with remaining airspaces dilated at high magnification.
The document describes the histology of the respiratory system. It outlines the different parts of the lungs including the conducting portion made up of extrapulmonary bronchi, intrapulmonary bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Diagrams show the structures of the epiglottis, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the paranasal sinuses. There are 4 paired paranasal sinuses that are divided into anterior and posterior groups. The anterior group includes the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid sinuses which all drain into the middle meatus. The posterior group includes the posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. The paranasal sinuses function to lighten skull bones, add resonance to speech, condition inspired air, act as thermal insulators, provide extra surface area for olfaction, aid local immunological defense, and buffer against brain trauma. Each sinus is then described in more detail regarding its location, drainage pathways, blood supply, and other anatomical features.
The respiratory system functions to bring air into and out of the body to facilitate gas exchange. It has conducting and respiratory portions. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which warm and moisten air. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The document then describes the histology and development of the various structures in detail.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. It explains how gas exchange occurs through the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. The document also covers breathing mechanics, lung anatomy, and how the muscles of respiration work to increase thoracic cavity volume and decrease pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
The respiratory system has three main divisions: 1) conducting zone - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles which warm, moisten and conduct air, 2) respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli where gas exchange occurs, 3) ventilating portion - diaphragm and intercostal muscles which induce breathing movements. The conducting airways are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium while the respiratory zone contains alveoli lined by thin type I cells and surfactant-producing type II cells to facilitate gas exchange via an extremely thin blood-air barrier.
Anatomy & Physiology of pharynx. TonsillitisEneutron
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the pharynx. It begins with the anatomy of the pharynx, including its divisions and structure. It then covers the physiology of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring and tonsils. The majority of the document discusses tonsillitis, including classifications of acute and chronic tonsillitis, symptoms of chronic tonsillitis, stages of chronic tonsillitis, indications for surgical treatment, and complications. It also briefly mentions other diseases of the pharynx including adenoid vegetations, epipharyngitis, and pharyngitis.
Histology of respiratory system larynx trache and lungkohlschuetter
The respiratory system document describes the anatomy and histology of several key structures:
1. The larynx contains cartilage including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages that form the framework. It is lined with epithelium and contains vocal folds and vestibular folds.
2. The trachea walls are made of cartilage, smooth muscle, and epithelium. It contains submucosal glands and transitions to bronchi in the lungs.
3. In the lungs, the walls of bronchi contain smooth muscle and cartilage that decrease in smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to alveoli which are lined by pneumocytes and an epithelial layer that forms the blood
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the conducting portion which includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles that warm, humidify and clean the air, but do not involve gas exchange. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the blood and air. It then provides detailed descriptions of the trachea, lungs, alveoli, alveolar epithelium consisting of Type-1 and Type-2 pneumocytes, blood-air barrier, interalveolar septum and alveolar phagocytes.
11.10.08(d): Histology of the Respiratory TractOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
1) The lungs develop from the foregut endoderm and associated mesoderm. The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli while the mesoderm forms the cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue.
2) During the 4th week, lung buds form as outgrowths of the foregut endoderm. Tracheo-esophageal ridges then fuse to separate the trachea from the esophagus. Incomplete fusion can lead to tracheo-esophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia.
3) Over successive developmental stages, the lungs continue to branch and the pleural membranes form, separating the pleural
This document summarizes the stages of human lung development from embryogenesis through adulthood. It begins with the formation of the lung bud from the foregut around 4 weeks of gestation. Branching morphogenesis occurs through the embryonic and fetal periods, forming the bronchial tree. Alveolar sacs begin developing in the late fetal period, and secondary septation transforms these into mature alveoli from birth through 2 years of age. The pleura and pulmonary vasculature also develop during this period. Congenital lung abnormalities such as agenesis, cysts, and tracheoesophageal fistulas can occur if development is disrupted.
The respiratory system has two main functions: to bring air into and out of the body and to allow for gas exchange. It has a conducting portion made up of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, which warm and moisten air. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. The walls of the respiratory tract have several layers including mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia. Ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, brush cells, and basal cells make up the respiratory epithelium in the conducting portion.
This document discusses the anatomy and diseases of the upper and lower airways. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of the upper airways including the nose, pharynx and larynx. It then describes the anatomy of the lower airways including the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Key details about the histology and embryological development of the lungs are also provided. The document concludes with short descriptions of some common airway diseases such as asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis that can affect the conducting airways and lungs.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passages. It functions to conduct air, filter air, exchange gases, produce speech, and stimulate smell. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The respiratory portion is where gas exchange occurs, including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs containing alveoli. Blood vessels branch with the airways to form capillaries surrounding alveoli for gas exchange. The nasal cavities warm, moisten, and filter air via ciliated epithelium and mucus. The trachea and bronchi contain cartilage and smooth muscle and transition to the bronchioles lined
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passageways. It has conducting and respiratory portions. The conducting portion includes structures like the nose, pharynx, and trachea that deliver air to the lungs. The respiratory portion includes lung structures like alveoli that exchange gases. The conducting airways contain lining, cartilage, smooth muscle and glands to warm, moisten and transport air while maintaining an open pathway. The document describes the detailed anatomy and histology of the different parts of the respiratory system.
The document summarizes the structure and histology of the bronchial tree. It begins with an overview of the primary, secondary, and tertiary branches. It then discusses the histological features of each part, including the presence of cartilage, glands, muscle layers, and epithelial cell types. The smallest branches are the bronchioles, which lead to the alveolar ducts and sacs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The document includes diagrams and micrographs illustrating these structures.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human lungs and respiratory system. It describes the branching structure of the bronchi and bronchioles into terminal bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. It also discusses common lung disorders like atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure which can result from issues with ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange or the respiratory centers in the brain.
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
The respiratory epithelium lines the respiratory tract from the nose to the trachea. It is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the upper airways, composed mainly of ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. The cilia beat in a coordinated way to move mucus up the airways via the mucociliary escalator, trapping pathogens and particles to be expelled or swallowed, protecting the lungs.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external and internal structures of the nose, including bones, cartilages, walls and openings. It also details the paranasal sinuses, blood supply, drainage and innervation. Special emphasis is given to the functions of the nose in respiration, air conditioning, protection and olfaction. Assessment of olfactory function is discussed.
The respiratory epithelium lines the respiratory tract and serves to protect the airways. It functions as a barrier to prevent infection through the mucociliary escalator, which uses cilia and mucus to trap and remove foreign particles. The respiratory epithelium is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the upper airways and stratified squamous epithelium in areas like the oropharynx that experience abrasion.
The respiratory system functions to supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide while also warming, moistening, and filtering air. It includes the upper respiratory tract consisting of the nose, pharynx, and associated structures, and the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through branching structures ending in alveoli that are lined with simple squamous epithelium and surrounded by blood vessels.
Histology (histological structure of respiratory system)Osama Al-Zahrani
The document summarizes the histological structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the components of the trachea including hyaline cartilage, glands, muscle layers, and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. It then discusses the intrapulmonary bronchus containing bronchial glands, cartilage plates, and alveoli for air conduction and conditioning. Next, it examines the terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, and alveolar duct which connect to alveolar sacs for gas exchange and surfactant production. Finally, it outlines the interalveolar septum with blood capillaries, pneumocytes, macrophages, and alveoli for oxygenation of blood through gas exchange
The respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory portions. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It contains cartilage and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The respiratory portion includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. It lacks cartilage and contains simple cuboidal epithelium with Type I and II pneumocytes for gas exchange. The alveoli are surrounded by a highly vascularized connective tissue layer and are the primary sites of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange.
It describes the ultra-structure of various types of cells found in respiratory system. Some electron microscopic figures are there for proper understanding.
This document summarizes various pathologies of the lung including atelectasis, acute lung injury, ARDS, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, lung abscess, Good Pasture's syndrome, lung tumors, and a therapeutic classification of lung cancers. It describes the causes, symptoms, and pathology of each condition in detail over multiple paragraphs.
This document provides information about various cardiovascular pathology cases for medical students. It includes questions and descriptions of thrombus, organizing thrombus, atherosclerosis, lung and spleen infarction, mesenteric artery occlusion, aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, and jars containing specimens of lung infarction, bowel infarction, early and advanced atherosclerosis, aortic dissection, left ventricular hypertrophy, and old myocardial infarction. Students are asked to identify features, causes, and complications represented in the images and specimens.
Histology of respiratory system larynx trache and lungkohlschuetter
The respiratory system document describes the anatomy and histology of several key structures:
1. The larynx contains cartilage including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages that form the framework. It is lined with epithelium and contains vocal folds and vestibular folds.
2. The trachea walls are made of cartilage, smooth muscle, and epithelium. It contains submucosal glands and transitions to bronchi in the lungs.
3. In the lungs, the walls of bronchi contain smooth muscle and cartilage that decrease in smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to alveoli which are lined by pneumocytes and an epithelial layer that forms the blood
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the conducting portion which includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles that warm, humidify and clean the air, but do not involve gas exchange. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the blood and air. It then provides detailed descriptions of the trachea, lungs, alveoli, alveolar epithelium consisting of Type-1 and Type-2 pneumocytes, blood-air barrier, interalveolar septum and alveolar phagocytes.
11.10.08(d): Histology of the Respiratory TractOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
1) The lungs develop from the foregut endoderm and associated mesoderm. The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli while the mesoderm forms the cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue.
2) During the 4th week, lung buds form as outgrowths of the foregut endoderm. Tracheo-esophageal ridges then fuse to separate the trachea from the esophagus. Incomplete fusion can lead to tracheo-esophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia.
3) Over successive developmental stages, the lungs continue to branch and the pleural membranes form, separating the pleural
This document summarizes the stages of human lung development from embryogenesis through adulthood. It begins with the formation of the lung bud from the foregut around 4 weeks of gestation. Branching morphogenesis occurs through the embryonic and fetal periods, forming the bronchial tree. Alveolar sacs begin developing in the late fetal period, and secondary septation transforms these into mature alveoli from birth through 2 years of age. The pleura and pulmonary vasculature also develop during this period. Congenital lung abnormalities such as agenesis, cysts, and tracheoesophageal fistulas can occur if development is disrupted.
The respiratory system has two main functions: to bring air into and out of the body and to allow for gas exchange. It has a conducting portion made up of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, which warm and moisten air. The respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. The walls of the respiratory tract have several layers including mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia. Ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, brush cells, and basal cells make up the respiratory epithelium in the conducting portion.
This document discusses the anatomy and diseases of the upper and lower airways. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of the upper airways including the nose, pharynx and larynx. It then describes the anatomy of the lower airways including the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Key details about the histology and embryological development of the lungs are also provided. The document concludes with short descriptions of some common airway diseases such as asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis that can affect the conducting airways and lungs.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passages. It functions to conduct air, filter air, exchange gases, produce speech, and stimulate smell. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The respiratory portion is where gas exchange occurs, including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs containing alveoli. Blood vessels branch with the airways to form capillaries surrounding alveoli for gas exchange. The nasal cavities warm, moisten, and filter air via ciliated epithelium and mucus. The trachea and bronchi contain cartilage and smooth muscle and transition to the bronchioles lined
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passageways. It has conducting and respiratory portions. The conducting portion includes structures like the nose, pharynx, and trachea that deliver air to the lungs. The respiratory portion includes lung structures like alveoli that exchange gases. The conducting airways contain lining, cartilage, smooth muscle and glands to warm, moisten and transport air while maintaining an open pathway. The document describes the detailed anatomy and histology of the different parts of the respiratory system.
The document summarizes the structure and histology of the bronchial tree. It begins with an overview of the primary, secondary, and tertiary branches. It then discusses the histological features of each part, including the presence of cartilage, glands, muscle layers, and epithelial cell types. The smallest branches are the bronchioles, which lead to the alveolar ducts and sacs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The document includes diagrams and micrographs illustrating these structures.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human lungs and respiratory system. It describes the branching structure of the bronchi and bronchioles into terminal bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. It also discusses common lung disorders like atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure which can result from issues with ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange or the respiratory centers in the brain.
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
The respiratory epithelium lines the respiratory tract from the nose to the trachea. It is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the upper airways, composed mainly of ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. The cilia beat in a coordinated way to move mucus up the airways via the mucociliary escalator, trapping pathogens and particles to be expelled or swallowed, protecting the lungs.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external and internal structures of the nose, including bones, cartilages, walls and openings. It also details the paranasal sinuses, blood supply, drainage and innervation. Special emphasis is given to the functions of the nose in respiration, air conditioning, protection and olfaction. Assessment of olfactory function is discussed.
The respiratory epithelium lines the respiratory tract and serves to protect the airways. It functions as a barrier to prevent infection through the mucociliary escalator, which uses cilia and mucus to trap and remove foreign particles. The respiratory epithelium is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the upper airways and stratified squamous epithelium in areas like the oropharynx that experience abrasion.
The respiratory system functions to supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide while also warming, moistening, and filtering air. It includes the upper respiratory tract consisting of the nose, pharynx, and associated structures, and the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through branching structures ending in alveoli that are lined with simple squamous epithelium and surrounded by blood vessels.
Histology (histological structure of respiratory system)Osama Al-Zahrani
The document summarizes the histological structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the components of the trachea including hyaline cartilage, glands, muscle layers, and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. It then discusses the intrapulmonary bronchus containing bronchial glands, cartilage plates, and alveoli for air conduction and conditioning. Next, it examines the terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, and alveolar duct which connect to alveolar sacs for gas exchange and surfactant production. Finally, it outlines the interalveolar septum with blood capillaries, pneumocytes, macrophages, and alveoli for oxygenation of blood through gas exchange
The respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory portions. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It contains cartilage and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The respiratory portion includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. It lacks cartilage and contains simple cuboidal epithelium with Type I and II pneumocytes for gas exchange. The alveoli are surrounded by a highly vascularized connective tissue layer and are the primary sites of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange.
It describes the ultra-structure of various types of cells found in respiratory system. Some electron microscopic figures are there for proper understanding.
This document summarizes various pathologies of the lung including atelectasis, acute lung injury, ARDS, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, lung abscess, Good Pasture's syndrome, lung tumors, and a therapeutic classification of lung cancers. It describes the causes, symptoms, and pathology of each condition in detail over multiple paragraphs.
This document provides information about various cardiovascular pathology cases for medical students. It includes questions and descriptions of thrombus, organizing thrombus, atherosclerosis, lung and spleen infarction, mesenteric artery occlusion, aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, and jars containing specimens of lung infarction, bowel infarction, early and advanced atherosclerosis, aortic dissection, left ventricular hypertrophy, and old myocardial infarction. Students are asked to identify features, causes, and complications represented in the images and specimens.
This document provides an overview of lung pathology, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of the lungs, mechanics of breathing, and common pathological processes.
- Descriptions of various obstructive lung diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.
- Restrictive lung diseases including fibrosis, granulomatous diseases, and smoking-related conditions.
- Pulmonary vascular diseases, infections, tumors, and pleural diseases. Details are given on pathology, presentation, and microscopic features of many common lung conditions.
This document provides guidance on chest X-ray positioning and interpretation. It outlines different chest X-ray views including PA, lateral, AP, decubitus, and inspiratory-expiratory views. For a PA view, the patient faces the cassette with the tube 6 feet away. Proper inspiration is important, with the diaphragm at the 8th-10th posterior or 5th-6th anterior rib. Key areas to examine include the trachea, heart, diaphragm, lungs, pleural spaces, and bones. Paired inspiratory-expiratory views can demonstrate air trapping and diagnose foreign bodies.
Presentation1.pptx. interpretation of x ray chest.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides guidance on interpreting chest x-rays from Dr. Nazeer. It outlines common indications for chest x-rays such as evaluating chest symptoms or physical exam findings. It then describes how to analyze x-rays for abnormalities like consolidation, nodules, masses, cavities, and effusions. Specific pathological conditions are also discussed such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and mediastinal lesions.
The document is a practice quiz for a histology lab containing 37 multiple choice questions about various tissues including epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues. Students are instructed to write down their answers on paper to practice for the actual lab test and allow them to check their spelling. The quiz concludes by informing students that the answer key is provided on the next slide.
Wilhelm Roentgen was a German scientist who discovered X-rays in 1895. He received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery but refused to patent X-rays. He died in poverty in 1923 but donated his entire Nobel Prize money to his university. The document then provides detailed information about normal chest X-ray views, techniques, anatomy, and various pathological findings visible on chest X-rays.
The document provides an overview of the pathology of lung diseases as seen on chest x-rays, including signs, appearances and common causes of conditions such as consolidation, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, lung masses, fibrosis and infections like tuberculosis. Differential diagnoses are also provided for various lung abnormalities seen on x-rays.
This document provides an overview of a chest x-ray procedure, including:
- What a chest x-ray is and its common uses such as evaluating the lungs, heart, and chest for conditions like pneumonia or lung cancer.
- How the procedure is performed, including positioning the patient and obtaining frontal and lateral x-ray images.
- How chest x-rays work by exposing the chest to low-dose radiation and producing images based on tissue density.
- The benefits of chest x-rays in providing fast, low-risk imaging to diagnose chest conditions, weighed against the small radiation exposure risk.
- Key anatomy seen on chest x-rays like the lungs, heart borders, f
The respiratory system consists of the airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles that mediate air flow into and out of the body. Within the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged between air and blood through diffusion. The system also helps maintain acid-base balance by efficiently removing carbon dioxide from the blood. Air flows through the upper respiratory tract into the lower respiratory tract and lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism, intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment, explore anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, from nasal passages to the lungs
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the respiratory system. It describes the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal passages, pharynx and larynx. It then details the lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. It explains the processes of inspiration, expiration, gas exchange and the control systems that regulate breathing.
The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Air enters through the nasal cavity and pharynx, then travels through the trachea and bronchi into the bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs. The lungs are divided into lobes and contain millions of alveoli which facilitate gas exchange with blood capillaries. During inhalation, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm expand the lungs to create negative pressure and draw in air. Exhalation is passive as the lungs recoil.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses which warm, moisten and filter inhaled air. The lower respiratory tract includes the lungs and airways inside the chest. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During respiration, oxygen is absorbed into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide is released, in a continuous cycle of breathing in and out.
1. The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through a process called gas exchange that takes place in alveoli in the lungs.
2. It is made up of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs and works through the processes of external respiration which exchanges gases between the body and environment, and internal respiration which transports gases between the blood and cells.
3. Breathing is regulated through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage which expands and contracts the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
1. The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through a process called external and internal respiration.
2. It involves the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. The lungs exchange gases via alveoli and capillaries.
3. Breathing is regulated by the diaphragm and rib cage, inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide through a cyclic process called pulmonary ventilation.
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs,
mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,
and resuscitation methods.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through a series of major organs. Air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into the lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Oxygen then passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and is exhaled. Breathing is facilitated by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage which expands and contracts the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
The document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including:
1. The primary functions of the respiratory system are to provide oxygen for metabolism and remove carbon dioxide, while secondary functions include smell, speech, and maintaining pH balance.
2. Air enters the nose or mouth and travels through the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx, before entering the lower respiratory tract.
3. The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs through diffusion across the alveolar membranes into the bloodstream.
The document describes the key components and functions of the respiratory system. It explains that the respiratory system brings oxygen into the body through a series of organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. In the lungs, oxygen passes from the air into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air to be exhaled. The document provides details on the structure and roles of various respiratory organs like the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange between the external environment and cells in the body. Air enters through the nose and mouth, and passes through the pharynx and larynx before entering the trachea and bronchi. The bronchi divide into smaller branches culminating in alveoli in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood by diffusion. The system works to supply cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues.
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through a series of organs. Air enters through the nose and mouth, then travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi into the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen passes into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. Breathing is facilitated by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage, which decreases and increases the volume of the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system. It defines respiration as the process of oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output. It describes the different parts of the respiratory system including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated muscles. It explains the two types of respiration - external between lungs and blood, and internal between blood and tissues. It details the two phases of respiration - inspiration and expiration. It provides a summary of the mechanisms, cycles and factors involved in the process of respiration.
The respiratory system of goats consists of the upper respiratory tract including the nostrils, nasal cavity, and pharynx, and the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out, in a process called external respiration. Inspiration is driven by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles expanding the lungs, while expiration is driven by relaxation of these muscles and contraction of other muscles compressing the lungs. The brain controls respiration rates through inspiratory and expiratory nerves in response to carbon dioxide levels, body temperature, and other factors.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria to produce ATP, while respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment. Respiratory systems move oxygen into tissues for cellular respiration and remove the carbon dioxide waste. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx, and warms and filters incoming air. The lower respiratory tract within the thorax includes the trachea and bronchial tree leading to the lungs, which extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide through millions of alveoli. Common respiratory diseases that can impair function include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria to produce ATP, while respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment. Respiratory systems move oxygen into tissues for cellular respiration and remove the carbon dioxide waste. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx, and warms and filters incoming air. The lower respiratory tract within the thorax includes the trachea and bronchial tree leading to the lungs, which extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide through millions of alveoli. Common respiratory diseases that can impair function include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria to produce ATP, while respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment. Respiratory systems move oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide out of cells. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx, and warms and filters incoming air. The lower respiratory tract within the thorax includes the trachea and bronchial tree leading to the lungs, which extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide through millions of alveoli. Common respiratory diseases that can impair function include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce ATP in mitochondria. Respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment, allowing oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Respiration is also commonly referred to as breathing. The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower tract. The upper tract includes the nose, sinuses and pharynx. The lower tract contains the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs through diffusion. Several respiratory diseases are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology, summarizing the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas. It also covers some common endocrine disorders like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, and discusses some relevant laboratory tests.
This document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems in animals. For the male anatomy, it describes the testes, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis and other structures. It also discusses sperm production, testosterone production and common male pathologies. For the female, it outlines the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva. It explains the estrous cycle, hormones, pregnancy, parturition and common female reproductive issues. It concludes with descriptions of vaginal cytology and semen analysis for laboratory evaluation.
The document provides information on the urinary system and urinalysis. It describes the structures of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It then discusses the functions of the kidneys including production of urine, regulation of fluid balance and acid-base balance, and hormone production. Microscopic anatomy of the nephron is explained along with terms like osmosis, diffusion, reabsorption, and secretion. Physiology concepts such as urine concentration and regulation of volume are summarized. Finally, some common urinary conditions and what they indicate in urinalysis are briefly mentioned.
The digestive system consists of a tube running from the mouth to anus and accessory organs including the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands. The functions of the digestive system include ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. The document describes the anatomy and functions of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and their roles in digestion. It also discusses several diseases that can affect the digestive system.
The document provides information on cardiovascular anatomy and physiology for veterinary technicians. It discusses the major components and functions of the cardiac system including the heart chambers and valves, conduction system, blood vessels, and cardiac cycle. It also covers some common cardiac pathologies such as heart failure, valvular disease, patent ductus arteriosus, and persistent right aortic arch.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory input, integrates information, and directs motor responses. Within the CNS, the brain is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. The nervous system allows animals to integrate internal and external sensory information to direct activities and maintain homeostasis.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and storage. The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage. There are two types of bones - compact bone which makes up the outer layer and is very dense, and cancellous bone which is less dense and found in the interior. Bones are composed of cells including osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
Joints are connections between bones that allow movement. The main types are fibrous joints with little movement, cartilaginous joints with some movement, and synovial joints which are freely movable. Synovial joints contain articular cartilage, a joint capsule, synovial membrane that produces fluid, and many have ligaments. The fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint. Common synovial joints include the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and small joints of the hands and feet. Joint pathology includes arthritis, bursitis, dislocations, and conditions like hip dysplasia. Joint fluid analysis evaluates the fluid for signs of inflammation or infection.
Muscle is one of the four basic tissues of the body. There are three main types of muscle: skeletal muscle which is voluntary and controls movement, cardiac muscle which is involuntary and found only in the heart, and smooth muscle which is involuntary and found in organs and blood vessels. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and contract when stimulated by nerves to cause movement. The microscopic structure of muscles allows them to shorten through interactions between thin actin and thick myosin filaments.
2. Introduction
The body’s cells need a constant
supply of oxygen to produce energy.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of
these energy-producing reactions and
must be eliminated.
3. Types of Respiration
External- occurs in the lungs and is the
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in
the lungs and the blood flowing through the
pulmonary capillaries.
Internal- occurs all over the body.
It is the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the blood
and the cells & tissues.
Both types of respiration are constantly
taking place.
4. Secondary Functions
**Voice Production- “phonation”
The process begins in the **larynx (voice
box).
Vocal cords stretch across the lumen of
the larynx and vibrate as air passes over
them.
5. Secondary Functions…
Body Temperature Regulation-
A network of superficial blood vessels just
under the epithelium of the nasal
passages helps warm inhaled air before it
reaches the lungs.
The respiratory system prevents over-
heating by panting.
6. Secondary Functions…
Acid-base Balance Regulation-
For normal chemical reactions to occur, the
relative acidity or alkalinity of their environment
must be controlled carefully.
The unit used to express acidity or alkalinity is
pH.
The respiratory system uses its ability to
influence the amount of CO2 in the blood.
The more CO2 there is in the blood, the lower the
blood pH.
8. Nose
Begins with the nostrils (nares) which lead
to the nasal passages.
The nasal passages are located between
the nostrils and the **pharynx (throat).
A midline wall separates the right from the
left nasal passage called the nasal septum.
The hard & soft palates separate the
nasal passages from the mouth.
9. Nose
Turbinates-
Thin, scroll-like
bones that help
warm and humidify
inspired air.
They also filter
particulate matter,
such as dust and
pollen, before it can
reach the lungs.
10. Nose
Paranasal Sinuses-
Contained within the spaces of the
maxillary and frontal bones of the
skull.
11. Pharynx
The nasal passages lead back into the
pharynx .
It is the common passageway for the
respiratory and digestive systems.
The soft palate divides the pharynx
into the dorsal nasopharynx
(respiratory passageway) and the
ventral oropharynx (digestive
passageway).
12.
13. Pharynx…
At the caudal end, the
pharynx opens
dorsally into the
esophagus and
ventrally into the
larynx.
The larynx & pharynx
work together to
prevent swallowing
from interfering with
breathing.
14. Larynx
“Voice box”
A short, irregular
tube that connects
the pharynx with the
trachea.
The larynx is
supported in place
by the hyoid bone.
15. Larynx…Contents…
Vocal folds- the most lateral
structures, located on the lateral edges
of the glottis.
Epiglottis- a triangular flap of tissue
that covers or protects the glottis when
in the “up” position.
Glottis- the most ventral opening of
the larynx.
16. Larynx…Functions
Voice production
Keeps foreign material out of the lungs
by the trapdoor action of the epiglottis.
It controls airflow to the lungs by
adjusting the diameter of the glottis.
17. Glottis
Closure of the glottis even aids in non-
respiratory functions that involve
straining such as: urination, defecation,
and parturition.
Straining begins with the animal holding
the glottis closed while applying pressure
to the thorax with the breathing muscles.
18. Glottis…
This stabilizes the thorax and allows the
abdominal muscles to effectively
compress the abdominal organs when
they contract.
Without the closed glottis, contraction of
the abdominal muscles merely forces air
out of the lungs.
19. Trachea
A short, wide tube that extends from
the larynx to the thorax where it divides
into the two main bronchi that enter the
lungs.
This division is called the bifurcation of
the trachea and it occurs at the level of
the base of the heart.
20. Trachea
The trachea is composed of
fibrous tissue and smooth
muscle held open by hyline
cartilage rings.
If nothing held the trachea open,
it would collapse each time the
animal inhaled as a result of the
partial vacuum created by the
inhalation process.
Each tracheal ring is C-shaped
with the open part of the C
facing dorsally.
The gap of each ring is bridged
by smooth muscle.
22. Lower Respiratory Tract
Starts with the bronchi, ends with the
alveoli, and includes all the air
passages in between.
Most of the structures in the lower
respiratory tract are located within the
lungs.
23. Bronchial Tree
The air passages that lead from the
bronchi to the alveoli.
After it enters the lungs, each main
bronchus divides into smaller and
smaller bronchi until they become
tiny bronchioles.**
The smallest air passageways are
called alveolar ducts.**
24. Bronchial Tree…
The alveolar ducts end in groups of
alveolar sacs.
The diameter of each bronchi can be
adjusted by smooth muscle-
Bronchiodilation
Bronchioconstriction
25. Alveoli
External respiration
takes place in the
alveoli.
They are tiny, thin-
walled sacs that are
surrounded by
networks of capillaries.
The wall of each alveoli
is composed of thin
epithelium.
26. Alveoli…
The capillary walls
are composed of
the same thin
epithelium.
These two thin
layers allow oxygen
and carbon dioxide
to diffuse back and
forth.
27. Lungs
The base of each lung lies directly on top of
the diaphragm.
Between each lung is an area called the
mediastinum, which contains:
Heart
Large blood vessels
Nerves
Trachea
Esophagus
Lymphatic vessels & lymph nodes
28. Lungs…
**The left lung has 2 lobes-
Cranial and Caudal
**The right lung has 4 lobes-
Cranial, middle, caudal, & accessory.
Each lung has a well-defined area on
its medial side called a hilus where
blood, lymph, and nerves enter and
exit the lung.
29. Lungs…
Physically the lungs are very light and
have a spongy consistency.
If a piece of lung from an animal that
has taken one breath was placed
under water, it would float.
30. Thorax
A thin membrane called pleura lines
the thoracic cavity and its organs.
Organs- visceral pleura
Cavity- parietal pleura
The diaphragm is the thin sheet of
skeletal muscle that forms the caudal
boundary of the thorax.
32. Physiology…
The process of respiration requires
effective movement of air in and out of
the lungs at an appropriate rate and
sufficient volume.
33. Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
The pressure within the thorax is
negative with respect to the
atmospheric pressure.
A partial vacuum exists within the
thorax.
That partial vacuum pulls the lungs
against the thoracic wall and aids in
the return of blood to the heart.
34. Inspiration
The basic mechanism for inspiration is
enlargement of the thoracic cavity by
the inspiratory muscles.
The main muscles of inspiration are
the diaphragm and the external
intercostals.
35. Expiration
The main muscles of expiration are the
internal intercostals and the abdominal
muscles.
When abdominal muscles contract, they
push abdominal organs into the diaphragm.
Expiration does not require as much work
because gravity pulls the ribs down helping
to decrease the thoracic cavity volume.
36. Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume- the amount of air
inspired and expired in one breath.
Minute Volume- the amount of
volume inspired and expired in one
minute.
37. Gas Exchange
Occurs in the alveoli.
Gas exchange follows
the laws of simple
diffusion.
Basically, gas
molecules from areas
of a high concentration
like to move to areas of
low concentration.
39. Control of Breathing
Breathing is controlled by an area of the
brain stem known as the respiratory center.
The body has two main systems that control
breathing:
Mechanical system
Chemical system
44. Sinusitis
Usually involves the frontal or maxillary sinus
in the dog.
It can manifest as a collection of pus in the
area, resulting in a swelling over the sinus.
It can be a result of the openings of the
nasal passages swelling shut or becoming
plugged.
This results in the fluid from the sinuses having
nowhere to go.
46. Kennel Cough
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Caused by the bacteria Bordatella
bronchiseptica.
The disease is characterized by a dry,
hacking cough that can be stimulated
by palpating the throat.
47. Tracheal Collapse
This defect involves tracheal rings that lose
their ability to remain firm, subsequently
collapsing during respiration.
***Obese toy and miniature breeds of dogs
are predisposed.
The usually narrow space between the ends
of several of the C-shaped tracheal rings is
wider than normal.
48. Tracheal Collapse…
When the animals inhales, the widened area of the
smooth muscle gets sucked down into the lumen of
the trachea and partially blocks it.
This can cause a dry, honking cough and difficulty
breathing (dyspnea).
49. Tracheal Collapse…
Therapy includes:
Weight loss for
obese animals
Exercise restriction
Reduction of
excitement & stress
Surgical therapy
50. Feline Asthma p. 255
A disease characterized by
spontaneous bronchioconstriction &
airway inflammation.
Clinical signs include:
Coughing
Wheezing
Labored breathing
51. Feline Asthma…
Airway epithelium may hypertrophy,
goblet cells and submucosal glands
may produce excess mucus, and the
bronchial mucosa can become
infiltrated with inflammatory cells.
52. Feline Asthma…
All these changes result in decreased
air flow.
A 50% decrease in the lumen of the
trachea is possible.
53. Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
A highly contagious disease that is
extremely severe in young kittens.
Infections occur year-round in both
vaccinated and un-vaccinated cats.
Transmission occurs through aerosolization
(sneezing) and direct contact.
Queens may transmit the disease to their kittens
during grooming.
54. Pleural Effusion
The build-up of fluid in the pleural
space which results in respiratory
distress.
Right-sided CHF is the principal cause
of pleural effusion in both canine &
feline patients.
55. Pleural Effusion…
As systemic venous hypertension
increases, significant amounts of the
fluid accumulates in the pleural space,
causing respiratory difficulty.
56. Pleural Effusion…
All pleural effusions produce symptoms
of respiratory distress, dyspnea,
cough, & circulatory compromise.
57. Pneumothorax & Lung Collapse p. 258
Pneumothorax: the presence of free air
in the pleural space.
58. Pneumothorax & Lung Collapse…
Without negative intrathoracic
pressure, normal breathing cannot take
place.
If air leaks into the pleural space, that
negative pressure is lost.
This results in the lung falling away
from the thoracic wall.
59. The dark black region on the right side of this CT
image clearly shows where the lung has separated
from the chest wall.
Note the difference between the two lungs.
One is fully expanded and fills up the chest cavity,
the other is shrunken (i.e. collapsed) and only fills up
part of the chest cavity.
60. Pneumothorax & Lung Collapse…
The general cause is the air comes
either from the outside, as in the case
of a penetrating wound, or from the
lung itself due to the rupture of the
alveoli as a result of lung disease or
injury.
61. Pneumothorax & Lung Collapse…
Treatment consists of re-establishing
the partial vacuum within the pleural
space by:
Sucking out the air with a needle.
Placement of a chest tube.
62. Coughs, Sneezes, Yawns, Sighs, & Hiccups
p. 262
All Are temporary interruptions in the
normal breathing pattern.
They can be:
Responses to irritation (coughs &
sneezes)
Attempts to correct imbalances (yawns &
sighs).
Or they may occur for unknown reasons
(hiccups).
63. Coughs, Sneezes, Yawns, Sighs, & Hiccups
A cough is a protective reflex that is
stimulated by irritation of foreign matter
in the trachea or bronchi.
It consists of a sudden, forceful expiration
of air.
64. Coughs, Sneezes, Yawns, Sighs, & Hiccups
A sneeze is similar to a cough, but the
irritation originates in the nasal passages.
The burst of air is directed through the nose and
mouth in an effort to eliminate the irritant.
A yawn is a slow, deep breath taken
through a wide-open mouth.
It may be stimulated by a slight decrease in the
oxygen level of blood, or it may just be due to
boredom, drowsiness, or fatigue.
65. Coughs, Sneezes, Yawns, Sighs, & Hiccups
A sigh is a slightly deeper than normal
breath.
It may be a mild corrective action when
the blood level of oxygen gets a little low.
It may also serve to expand the lungs
more than the normal breathing pattern
does.
66. Coughs, Sneezes, Yawns, Sighs, & Hiccups
Hiccups are spasmodic contractions
of the diaphragm accompanied by
sudden closure of the glottis, causing
the characteristic “hiccup” sound.
67. Other Respiratory
Pathology
Aspiration pneumonia (p. 253)-
An inflammatory condition of the lungs
produced by inhalation of foreign material.
Reverse Sneeze-
Asthmatic symptoms, usually from post
nasal drip.
68. Other Respiratory Pathology…
Emphysema-
The alveoli sacs loose elasticity, remain
stretched and full, CO2 bulids up in the
blood and can lead to cardiac arrest.
69. Other Respiratory Pathology…
Pulmonary Hypertension-
Left CHF, the left side of the heart can’t
pump fast enough,
Pressure rises, no gas exchange can
occur.
Pulmonary Edema-
Increase in fluid in the alveoli resulting in
compromised gas exchange.
70. Other Respiratory Pathology…
Diaphragmatic Hernia
A break in the diaphragm allows the
protrusion of abdominal viscera into the
thorax.
82. Collection- Tracheal Wash
Orotracheal- directly through an
endotracheal tube
Nasotracheal-
Via the nasal passages
Transtracheal-
Through the skin and trachea
Infuse sterile saline as a wash solution
May collect tracheal, bronchial or
bronchioalveolar washes
Collect into RRT and LTT
91. Analysis
Record cell numbers during smear
evaluation
Little mucous-
Decreased cell numbers
Prepare smear from sediment
Heavy mucous-
Increased cell numbers
Don’t centrifuge, make an impression smear