Early Christian architecture was influenced by existing Roman styles, using materials and architectural features from older Roman buildings. Common structures included basilican churches with naves, side aisles, and apses, as well as separate baptistries. Some key early examples are the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls, Santa Maria Maggiore, and Santa Sabina in Rome. Tombs and catacombs provided underground burial spaces for Christians.
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
Simple explanation of History of architecture ll ( early Christianity , Byzantine Architecture, Islamic, Romanesque,Gothic, Renaissance,
Baroque and Rococo ).
Done by : AUM students .
Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Dominicans, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style. It continued to dominate religious architecture until the appearance of French Gothic architecture in the Ile-de-France between about 1140-1150.
Distinctive features of French romansque architecture include thick walls with small windows, rounded arches; a long nave covered with barrel vaults; and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults, all supported by massive columns; a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes; and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. Churches commonly had a cupola over the transept, supported by four adjoining arches; one or more large square towers, and a semi-circular apse with radiating small chapels. Decoration usually included very ornate sculpted capitals on columns and an elaborate semi-circular sculpted tympanum, usually illustrating the Last Judgement, over the main portal. Interior decoration often included murals covering the walls, colored tiles, and early stained glass windows. Late in the 12th century, the rib vault began to appear, particularly in churches in Normandy and Paris, introducing the transition to the Gothic style.
There are also present the some epic examples of churches of french romanesque architechture.
1. The Church of St. Trophime in Arles
2. The Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
3. The Basilica of St. Sernin
4. The Abbey Church of Sainte Foy
5. Le Puy Cathedral
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
Simple explanation of History of architecture ll ( early Christianity , Byzantine Architecture, Islamic, Romanesque,Gothic, Renaissance,
Baroque and Rococo ).
Done by : AUM students .
Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Dominicans, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style. It continued to dominate religious architecture until the appearance of French Gothic architecture in the Ile-de-France between about 1140-1150.
Distinctive features of French romansque architecture include thick walls with small windows, rounded arches; a long nave covered with barrel vaults; and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults, all supported by massive columns; a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes; and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. Churches commonly had a cupola over the transept, supported by four adjoining arches; one or more large square towers, and a semi-circular apse with radiating small chapels. Decoration usually included very ornate sculpted capitals on columns and an elaborate semi-circular sculpted tympanum, usually illustrating the Last Judgement, over the main portal. Interior decoration often included murals covering the walls, colored tiles, and early stained glass windows. Late in the 12th century, the rib vault began to appear, particularly in churches in Normandy and Paris, introducing the transition to the Gothic style.
There are also present the some epic examples of churches of french romanesque architechture.
1. The Church of St. Trophime in Arles
2. The Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
3. The Basilica of St. Sernin
4. The Abbey Church of Sainte Foy
5. Le Puy Cathedral
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
Geographical Influence
Christianity had its birth in Judea,
Eastern province of the Roman Empire.
Early Christian Architecture was
influenced by the existing Roman Art.
3. Geological Influence
The ruins of the Roman buildings provided quarry
where materials were obtained. This influence of
the style for construction, decoration for columns
and other architectural features as well as fine
sculpture and mosaic from other buildings which
were turn into basilican churches of the new faith.
Columns and other architectural features and
marbles from the older buildings were worked into
the design of new Basilican churches of the
Christians
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
4. Climatic Influence
The climatic condition of Roman provinces where
Christianity was established naturally modified the
styles.
The fiercer the sun and hotter climate necessitated
small windows and other Eastern features.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
5. Social and Political Influence
Constantine assumed sole control over the empire in
A.D. 324. Rome, however, was losing its luster for
him, he removed his empire from Rome to Byzantium
and developed a new style of Architecture.
In 364 A.D., the division of the Roman empire took
place. Conflicts between east & west. Italy passed
through several wars.
In 476 A. D., the empire was reunited, Constantinople
was the capital.
Many kings then took over ruling the empire in Italy
and north Africa.
In 800 A.D., The power of the Pope has increased in
Rome, and it has been named the holy empire of
Rome until 1806 A.D.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
6. Religious Influence
Christianity spread out rapidly and was an important
factor in the development of early Christian
architecture and inspired the building of some of the
greatest architectural monuments.
The rise of Christianity inspired the construction of
Churches.
In 323 A.D., Christianity became the established
religion of the Roman empire.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
7. Historical Influence
The final phase of Roman Architecture from 4th to 6th
Century, primarily in church building.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
8. Architectural Character
Early Christian Architecture is basically Roman in
character but executed it through:
1. Simplicity in design
2. Coarseness in execution
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
9. Important Features of Early Christian Architecture
1. They contributed in the development of “ribbed
vaulting and arcades and timber trussed roof”.
2. They used bell tower or “campanile” in their exterior.
3. They had either closely spaced columns carrying
the entablature (trabeated) or more widely spaced
columns carrying semi-circular arches known as
“archivolt”
4. They were usually with 3-5 aisles covered by a
simple trussed roof. Uses long rows of “off-repeated”
columns from entry to sanctuary for a long Church
appearance.
5. An “arch of triumph” (transaction thru death to life
eternal) gave entrance to sanctuary with the high altar
at the corner.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | INTRODUCTION
10. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Basilican Churches
In the construction of basilican churches, there is a
rule that it should be built right over the burial place of
the saint to whom the church was dedicated.
Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered
gods, the purpose of the Christian church was to
shelter worshippers.
Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or
campanile, and baptistery
11. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Basic Parts of Early Christian Basilica
The earliest Christian churches in Rome were all built
with the entrance to the east, like the Jewish temple in
Jerusalem.
12. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Parts of an Early Christian Basilica
1. Propylaeum
2. Atrium
3. Narthex
4. Nave
5. Side Aisle
6. Crossing
7. Transept
8. Apse
13. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Parts of an Early Christian Basilica
1. Propylaeum - the entrance building of a sacred
precinct, whether church or imperial palace.
2. Atrium - the forecourt of a church; as a rule
enveloped by four colonnaded porticoes.
3. Narthex - the entrance hall or porch preceding
the nave of a church.
4. Nave - the great central space in a church. In
longitudinal churches, it extends from the entrance
to the apse (or only to the crossing if the church
has one) and is usually flanked by side aisles.
14. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Parts of an Early Christian Basilica
5. Side Aisle - one of the corridors running
parallel to the nave of a church and separated
from it by an arcade or colonnade.
6. Crossing - the area in a church where the
transept and the nave intersect.
7. Transept - In a cruciform church, the whole arm
is set at right angles to the nave. Note that the
transept appears infrequently in Early Christian
churches.
8. Apse - a recess, sometimes rectangular but
usually semicircular, in the wall at the end of a
Roman basilica or Christian church. In the Early
Christian basilica, the apses contained the
"cathedra" or throne of the bishop and the altar.
15. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Basilica Papale di San Paolo Fuori le Mura
5. Side Aisle - one of the corridors running
parallel to the nave of a church and separated
from it by an arcade or colonnade.
6. Crossing - the area in a church where the
transept and the nave intersect.
7. Transept - In a cruciform church, the whole arm
set at right angles to the nave. Note that the
transept appears infrequently in Early Christian
churches.
8. Apse - a recess, sometimes rectangular but
usually semicircular, in the wall at the end of a
Roman basilica or Christian church. In the Early
Christian basilica, the apses contained the
"cathedra" or throne of the bishop and the altar.
18. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Basilica Papale di San Paolo Fuori le Mura
The basilica was founded by the Roman Emperor
Constantine I over the burial place of Saint Paul,
where it was said that, after the Apostle's
execution, his followers erected a memorial, called
a cella memoriae.
19. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Santa Maria Maggiore
The largest Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy.
The design of the basilica was a typical one during
this time in Rome: "a tall and wide nave; an aisle
on either side; and a semicircular apse at the end
of the nave.“
The key aspect that made Santa Maria Maggiore
such a significant cornerstone in church building
during the early 5th century were the beautiful
mosaics found on the triumphal arch and nave.
20. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
San Clemente al Laterano
Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a
three-tiered complex of buildings:
the present basilica built just before the year 1100
during the height of the Middle Ages;
beneath the present basilica is a 4th-century
basilica that had been converted out of the home
of a Roman nobleman, part of which had in the 1st
century briefly served as an early church, and the
basement of which had in the 2nd century briefly
served as a mithraeum;
the home of the Roman nobleman had been built
on the foundations of republican era villa and
warehouse that had been destroyed in the Great
Fire of AD 64.
21. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Santa Sabina
Santa Sabina is the oldest extant Roman basilica
in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded
rectangular plan and architectural style. Its
decorations have been restored to their original
restrained design.
22. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Baptistries
Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals
of Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoined atrium
23. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Lateran Baptistry
This baptistery was founded by Pope Sixtus III in
440, perhaps on an earlier structure, for a legend
grew up that Constantine the Great had been
baptized there and enriched the structure.
24. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Lateran Baptistry
This baptistry was for many generations the only
baptistry in Rome, and its octagonal structure,
centered upon the large octagonal basin for full
immersions, provided a model for others
throughout Italy, and even an iconic motif of
illuminated manuscripts, "The fountain of Life".
25. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Tombs or Catacombs
Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on consecrated ground
Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in immortality
Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic decorations
Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from
the bible
26. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE | STRUCTURES
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
Is a cruciform chapel or oratory that originally
adjoined the narthex of the Church of the Holy
Cross (Santa Croce) in Ravenna.
It was added to the World Heritage List together
with seven other structures in Ravenna in 1996.
